Umbuzo yesiqalo kwahlukile ukusuka usomajukujuku usomajukujuku

iminyaka eli-100 kuphela eyadlulayo, abantu ababa nokuphupha ngayo ukuba ahambe emoyeni, silwe imigama ezinkulu ngesantya esiphezulu. Ingakumbi into mbono fantastic kwabonakala abantu emajukujukwini. Kwixesha langoku sisiganeko bemihla semi-abantu bahlale orbit. Amaxesha amaninzi kumabona kude ethetha nabantu, ukoyisa isithuba ongaphandle. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa oosomajukujuku, yaye ngamanye amaxesha - oosomajukujuku. Yintoni umahluko?

Indlela ukuqala igama

Ukuze uqonde ukuba ngusomajukujuku ukusuka usomajukujuku yahlukile, kufuneka siqonde imvelaphi yamagama.

Okokuqala, ihlabathi wafunda elithi "usomajukujuku". Kukholelwa ukuba wenza bt yayo phezu kumaphepha kweenoveli fantasy umbhali IsiNgesi P. Gregg ngo-1880. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthandwa ekhethekileyo ezifunyenwe. Ngowe-1929, lo gama yayisetyenziswa njengendawo inkcazelo yenzululwazi kwinqaku le-British Astronomical Association.

Igama elithi "usomajukujuku" ngo-1935 wacebisa ukuba sisazinzulu ozibandakanye ekubaleni iindlela ngohambo imijukujelwa kunye popularizer wenzululwazi isithuba - Shternfeld A. A. Kodwa bume yenzululwazi akukho ngoko nangoko baqonda le ezintsha. Abanye abaphengululi wala igama elitsha, oluphezulu oko neologisms ezingeyomfuneko. Kodwa igama elithi "usomajukujuku" emva kwenkulungwane XX phakathi, wajoyina isigama lwenzululwazi kuqala, uze emva koko isigama komntu eqhelekileyo.

Omabini la magama zivela Greek. "Cosmonaut" kunye ulwimi kaPythagoras ngokoqobo bubonakala "esasihamba jikelele" yaye "usomajukujuku" - "matiloshe nkwenkwezi".

Ukuba sicinga kwenkcazelo ngqo kwigama ngalinye, umahluko ukusuka usomajukujuku usomajukujuku ayifumanekanga. Ngapha koko, zombini ebhekisela kumntu ozibandakanye yophando lwenzululwazi emoyeni ongaphandle. Noko ke, kumazwe ahlukeneyo kula magama, ibhekisela kubantu umsebenzi ofanayo. Ngoko ke, masikhe ukucacisa umahluko phakathi ngusomajukujuku ukusuka usomajukujuku, yintoni umahluko?

impi ebandayo

Le umahluko imigaqo ezopolitiko wadlala indima enkulu. Yena kwaye amisele ukuba yintoni na ezahlukeneyo ukusuka usomajukujuku ngusomajukujuku. Emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, eSoviet Union kunye United States amashumi eminyaka waxinga iingalo ubuhlanga kunye ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu ezikuvumela ilizwe yogqithe yotshaba. Okanye, ngokufuthi kangangoko xa bathi, xa Cold War.

Kweli xesha kwemfazwe oko yaqala uphuhliso olusebenzayo lweenkqubo ezinxulumene ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni. Siqalise wahlola kwi ekuphelisweni iziphekepheke swi ku Earth orbit. Abantu bathumela phesheya Earth, kwi-USSR, kwagqitywa ekubeni igama oosomajukujuku, kwaye eMelika - oosomajukujuku. Kwaye nangona, eneneni, la magama kuyahambisana, amazwe alwayo ngabom swi umahluko ukusuka usomajukujuku ngusomajukujuku.

De kube ngoku, kumajelo eendaba kunye noncwadi lwenzululwazi kumazwe ahlukeneyo, bethetha nabantu ukulima the Universe, sebenzisa amagama ezahlukeneyo. Kubonakala ukuba umahluko omkhulu kwizinto ngusomajukujuku yahlukile ngusomajukujuku - ubuzwe bakhe. Ukuba iinkwenkwezi eziphaphazelayo pilot Russian ethetha ngaye, "usomajukujuku" ukuba American, Japanese, yaseYurophu - "usomajukujuku".

I yokuqala space

Thina, Kakade ke, uyazi ukuba akunamsebenzi ukuba yintoni na usomajukujuku yahlukile ngusomajukujuku, kuba bonke aba bantu amaqhawe ngokwenene.

Umntu wokuqala, okwacaca emajukujukwini yaba pilot test yiSoviet, kwaye zidityaniswe - cosmonaut, Yuriy Alekseevich Gagarin. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1961, ngo-Aprili 12. Lo moya wathatha ngaphezulu kancinane imizuzu 100. Ngoku, ngale mini kwilizwe lethu babhiyozela uSuku Cosmonautics.

Owesibini umntu lowo wahamba rocket nezijikeleza, yaba cosmonaut waseJamani Stepanovich titov. Xa isithuba, wachitha ngaphezu ngemini.

E Melika, umntu wokuqala nowesithathu ehlabathini, wenza moya yayo intombi kwi komzila komHlaba isiphekepheke, waba ngusomajukujuku Dzhon Gershel Glenn Jr .. Ngoxa isithuba moya ehlabathini jikelele kathathu.

A usomajukujuku obhinqileyo lokuqala, waphumelela babeziindleko cosmic, waba Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (1963).

Ngoobani ngoku orbit?

Ngokutsho Mission Kumbindi Wolawulo ngoJuni-2, 2017 kwi -International Station Space i abasebenzi abathathu:

1. Test cosmonaut kwiklasi 1, injengele ISS-52 - Yurchihin Fedor Nikolaevich (Russia).
2. NASA usomajukujuku, flight injineli - Peggy Winston (USA).
3. NASA usomajukujuku, flight injineli - Dzhek Fisher (USA).

Kuba aba bantu, akunamsebenzi, into eyahlukileyo ukusuka usomajukujuku ngusomajukujuku. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - abantu yenzululwazi kunye nophando umsebenzi, nto leyo eza kuvumela earthlings kuyiwe iimfihlelo iphela. Mhlawumbi ngenxa abantu abazinikeleyo siya kuba nako ukuhamba phakathi kweenkwenkwezi kunye nezinye iiplanethi.