Umdlalo umhlaziyi Dzhon Nesh

Dzhon Nesh ube ngokubanzi yaziwa kulo lonke kubulela ihlabathi movie "A Beautiful Mind." Ngoko ngokumangalisayo echukumisayo, ityala kunye nokholo kumandla buchopho babantu, movie ubomi ngenene. Le biopic, film shoka bhanya-ndaba izovela. It wazisa kumboniseli kulo ihlabathi kwixesha elizayo, apho ingqondo isebenza imimangaliso. interweaving achukumisayo ubutyhakala obukhulu ubunye boluntu kunye nomzabalazo. Collection "Oscars" - ubungqina boku. Yenziwe ngu le kwezezibalo, umdlalo sele asiphethule phantsi iziseko ishishini loshishino. iphepha 27 izifundo ithisisi Nash zaba nempembelelo esinjalo uluntu kunye noqoqosho, njengoko 21 page ithisisi physics ithiyori Einstein kaThixo zobugqirha.

Imfundiso Adam Smith, leyo ngokwesiqhelo ilandela ekuphuhliseni uluntu yongxowankulu silinene, xa kuthelekiswa indlela uphonononga Dzhon Nesh, ikhangeleka libunile, kungekhona enika ingcaciso ecace gca iziganeko ezininzi lwanamhlanje. Le ngcamango ingentla ezinxulumene ngendlela efanayo njenge geometry okuntlandlo-mbini liqela elisezantsi kuphela ye-ntathu.

yokuqalisa

UJohn wazalelwa 13.06.1928, e Bluefield (West Virginia). Esi sikolo hayi "nerd", wafunda eliphakathi. Ngokutsho umlinganiswa - amabi, abazingcayo.

Khawucinge yezibalo elizayo (geometry umahluko kunye nethiyori imidlalo) akazange ayithande isikolo eso sifundo. Kweli nqanaba, konke okukuwo nokusola medium. Njengoko ukuba wayekrelekrele Walala wamlinda kuhlabana. Kwaye usatsho nangoku weza.

Xa wayeneminyaka engama-14, elivisayo yawa ezandleni ethi "lomdali lwemathematika 'of compatriot wakhe Erika Bella, yezibalo kunye nombhali ye yesayensi. Le ncwadi evumelana kakhulu ichaza ubomi zezibalo enkulu ezibakhuthazayo negalelo inkqubela.

Kwenzeka ntoni xa ufunda iincwadi? Ngubani owaziyo ... kodwa ke ngathi yokwaluka, emva koko ukuya kweli-avareji kakhulu umfundi "grey" Dzhon Nesh ithatha akunakwenzeka ngesiquphe kwabanye ubonisa theorem encinane Fermat kaThixo. le meko ongenalwazi wokugcina kancinane ukutsho. Kodwa, kholwa ndim, ukuba ummangaliso. Waba yintoni Wabufanisa? Mhlawumbi kunjalo, ngokungathi umdlali engahlawulwayo yephondo siwuvulela kunjalo, babukhulu ukudlala Hamlet kwikomkhulu.

Polytechnic Institute

Uyise (nonyana kuphindwa igama lakhe) kwakukho indoda efundile, wasebenza wenjineli neeletroniki kwinkampani yorhwebo. Umzali emva kokuba ubungqina theorem yokugqibela Fermat ka-kwakucaca ukuba Dzhon Nesh, Omnci uya kuba sisazinzulu.

Olunye uphando brilliant wavula banzi emnyango umfana kwi Polytechnic Institute ngendlela encumisayo, Carnegie, apho umfana kuqala wanyula chemistry, ngoko uqoqosho lwehlabathi lisekiwe ekugqibeleni ngokwayo nomnqweno abe yezibalo. Wafumana iidiploma, nefuna kuqala ukuba kunye izidanga umninindlu, ngokuhambelana kunye okukhethekile "theory and Applied Mathematics".

Ukuze ufunde ukuze siqonde indlela ootitshala zakhe kwiziko, uthi ingcebiso ekhutshwe yi ngutitshala Richard Duffin zokwamkelwa kwabafundi University Princeton. Apha kwisicatshulwa ngokupheleleyo yaye ngqo: "! Lo mfo - yingqondi"

Princeton University

Kodwa enkosi na iingcebiso, kunye neemviwo yakhiwe wegqitha wangena University of Dzhon Nesh. Biography of kuyo ngexesha lofundo bacinge ukuba ngokwenene ikamva wakhokelela. Njani ebonakalisa?

Oko wayengazi owayeneminyaka esithoba kuphela ngaphambi kokuqalisa, xa impambano iminyaka engamashumi amathathu kuya kuvalwa sisigubungelo salo emnyama ngesifo paranoid kwihlabathi ngaphandle, unqumle ngaphandle oluntu, elonakalisileyo iintsapho, ukuphelisa imisebenzi kunye namakhaya.

Abantu abatsha nje abazi njani yaye babengazi apho umgca omhle esahlula misebenzi kukugeza. Yena ngemincili wabingelela ntetho emalunga nenzululwazi entsha umdlalo, loo ngumqondo zoqoqosho Morgenstern noYohane von kunikezelo, yaye ngoko nangoko wathabatha loo iintloko lingxamiseke ke. iminyaka engamashumi buchopho ikwazile ukwakha ngokuzimeleyo izixhobo angundoqo theory umdlalo, eneminyaka engama-21 uye wagqitywa umsebenzi ehambelana ithisisi zobugqirha.

Apho ugqirha oselula phantse isayensi ukwazi ukuba emva kweminyaka 45 imfundiso Dzhona Nesha Nobel Prize uya kuvavanywa? Inkampani kuya kufuneka phantse isiqingatha senkulungwane ukuqaphela ukuba idabi!

umsebenzi

zakwangoko kakhulu kule minyaka 1950-1953., Xa Scientist unyaka-22-25 ubudala iqala ixesha lokuvuthwa yokudala. Wabhala imisebenzi emininzi esisiseko kwi ekuthiwa-theory of imidlalo kunye isixa nonzero. Yintoni na? Qaphela uya kufumana kamva kweli nqaku.

Dzhon Nesh - sezibalo odumileyo kunye nempumelelo. indawo yakhe yomsebenzi ezidumileyo kakhulu Massachusetts Institute of Technology, elise eCambridge. Wandula ke unkabi luck: kumfowunelwa eRandi Corporation propentagonovskoy. Oko mali mda yokubanda War udlayo, abe omnye eziphambili ziingcali zaseMelika kolawulo lwayo.

Yintoni na umdlalo

Igalelo nkolelo umdlalo kummiselo owayephila zoluntu kunzima ukuba zazi. Yintoni uluntu ngokwalo Uqoqosho? Impefumlelwano abadlali abaninzi. Umzekelo, ishishini aggregate, urhulumente, amakhaya. Nokuba kweli nqanaba macro, kucacile ukuba ngamnye kubo ubasukelayo isicwangciso salo.

Business ezinokuba abayithobanga ukuba ayikhulise iingeniso zabo (amakhaya utesnyaya) kunye nokunciphisa irhafu (underpaying State).

State buyanceda zivuthelana irhafu (abathintela amashishini amancinane kunye naphakathi) kunye namanqanaba asezantsi ukhuseleko loluntu (bavune inkxaso amacandelo oluntu asesichengeni).

Amakhaya ukhululekile eqolo inkxaso kwezentlalo evela kurhulumente kunye namaxabiso ubuncinane kweempahla kunye neenkonzo eziveliswe ishishini.

Njani ukufumana kunye ezi Swan, Cancer Pike kunye dynamically tsala inqwelo, igama apho - inkampani? Sichaza umdlalo.

Le ngumqondo Dzhona Nesha - ingxaki sum non-zero

Iklasi ngasentla yeengxaki apho nzuzo iqela elinye yokulahlekelwa omnye, ebizwa ingxaki i-mali zero. Alimazanga ukubala nendlela Morgenstern kunye von kunikezelo. Noko ke, khumbula ukuba lo udidi iingxaki ukudalile izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ingqiqo Dzhon Nesh.

Kodwa yezibalo ekuphenduleni le modeli nto wayeka, kungqineke imisebenzi ethe ngakumbi kwiklasi (zero-mali). Umzekelo, nezobuchule zokulawula impixano kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi, ukuba benze amabango ukunyusa imivuzo.

Bayinyusela imeko logwayimbo elide, macala omabini ziya zilimale. Xa usebenzisa njengoko imibutho yabasebenzi kunye nolawulo, isicwangciso efanelekileyo, kunye nabo kunye nabanye baya kuhlala win. Le meko kuthiwa lwesilinganiso non-imifelandawonye okanye Nash kuvuselele. (Le uhlobo iingxaki yimiba oonozakuzaku, iimfazwe zorhwebo.)

uluntu kukhuphiswano namhlanje ibonisa iintlobo engenasiphelo ngokwenene leendibano of abadlali ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye phantse zonke efanele ukuxhomekeka kolungiso njenge ingxaki a non-zero mali.

impilo Personal

Kude elizayo Nobel Prize Ngasekupheleni 50 ka-Dzhon Nesh ndakhwela leri wezifundo, kunye, ngoko ukuthetha, ukutsiba amanyathelo amathathu. Iimbono eziphambili abazange abantu kuye. Bayala phandle yaye aphethe ngayo ubemthanda asebenza kwi MIT Eleanor Stier. Hayi amthinte nokuba wamzalela umntwana. Nje akazange avume makavume yakhe. Phela, akukho namnye iqela phakathi oogxa Nash akabanga abahlobo. Waba ome nezingaqhelekanga, babehlala kwihlabathi kusungulwe efanayo iifomyula na. Yonke ingqalelo yakhe sanikezelwa kwinto enye - kuphuhliswe isicwangciso efanelekileyo.

Akubuzwa, kwatyatyamba ehamba lolwazi lwe Cold War, mathathu Dzhon Nesh. Nomfanekiso naye kule minyaka ifana kakhulu ukuya umfanekiso umdlali lowo wadlala ngaye Rassela Krou. Brunette nge ubuso onengqondo kunye ujongo ngolwazelelelo. Fortune Magazine ukuqikelela uzuko lwakhe nodumo. NgoFebruwari 1957, watshata Alicia lard, kuba kwiminyaka emibini nonyana kubonakaliswa uMartin. Noko ke, oku kubonakala ngathi indawo ephezulu andize omsebenzi kunye nempilo qete yomntu uYohane waqalisa ukubonisa iimpawu ngesifo usoyika.

isifo

Okulandelayo ku Dzhona Nesha waqalisa lishologu: a insulin therapy ngqwabalala Hospital State Trenton, ukugxothwa, uqhawulo-mtshato emva kweminyaka emithathu zokugula kunye lithemba Alicia lard, ebhadula ngeenxa zonke izindlu crazy.

Kwiminyaka engama-60 azive bhetele, yaye Eleanor Stier wanika abantu abangenamakhaya nophahla phezu Scientist yabo entlokweni, wachitha ixesha uncokola nonyana wakhe wokuqala. Nash wayecinga ukuba wayelikhoboka, yaye wayeka ukuthatha amayeza antipsychotic. Isifo wabuya.

Ngoko, kwi '70s, wabanika indawo Alicia lard. Nabo wamnika umsebenzi.

Indlela alulame

Kweli ithuba, waqonda ukuba siphila ngendlela, schizophrenia nolulahlekisayo gqitha yaye ihlabathi paranoid, waza waqalisa ukuya kulwa sifo. Kodwa yena ugqirha sisazinzulu. Ngoko ke, iingalo zakhe zaba na ubuchule zonyango, kwaye ziphuhliswe ngokwakhe Game Theory. Ngenzululwazi gqolo alwa clinical Dzhon Nesh. Imovie uRussell Crowe kwindima buchopho kubonisiwe. Walwa sifo imini nobusuku, ngaphandle vumelwano, ekhatywa ngumdlali welinye kwi umdlalo phambili inyathelo ukunciphisa amathuba okuba umda uluhlu imivumbo, bephika amanyathelo. Ngenxa yale nto ibalulekileyo ebomini bakhe iqela woyisa lamalela misebenzi: eye ukuncitshiswa rhoqo elililo unesifo esinganyangekiyo.

Ekugqibeleni, lo sigwebo ekwakukudala lilindelwe sisisiwa ezantsi ngo-1990 ngoogqirha: Dzhon Nesh wachacha. Kufuneka uhlawule irhafu ihlabathi lwenzululwazi eUnited States, le ngqondi olityelweyo emva kwayo yonke le minyaka engaphezu kwama-mahlanu, basebenzisa izixhobo eziphuhliswe yi Nash. Ngowe-1994, waphumelela ibhaso le-Nobel (ngokuba ithisisi yakhe zidanga, ebhaliweyo eneminyaka eli-21!). Ngowe-2001, Nash waphinda wambhinqisa ngeqhina lomtshato kunye Alicia lard. Namhlanje, i-nzulu esidumileyo waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe yezenzululwazi ofisi yakhe Princeton. Unomdla qhinga nonlinear zokusebenzisa iikhompyutha.

isiphelo

Le genius American - umntu ngokumangalisayo yonke, bonke ubomi bakhe - ubungqina kwengcamango imidlalo. Ubomi bakhe beza kunye ngoloyiso, uthando kunye nobugeza, uloyiso uqondwe phezu clinical. ukuba kuhlalutyo leyinene ezingqonge Dzhon Nesh ebesoloko ewuthanda yaphuhliswa ngokwalo njengoko izixhobo zenzululwazi.

Le Isazinzulu genius ngokucacileyo kakhulu ingachazwa yi ibinzana Umberto Eco (inoveli "pendulum Foucault kaThixo"), ukuba yingqondi isoloko idlala kwi ingxenye efanayo. Noko ke, umdlalo wakhe - wahlukile kwaye ezizodwa. Ngenxa yokuba xa udlala phezu kwayo, ngoko sebenzisa onke amanye amacandelo.