Umthamo esemthethweni yabemi: izithintelo ingqiqo kunye nesiqulatho

Ingcamango ixesha kunye nesiqulatho besikhundla abemi ingqalelo kwilizwe lethu yaye zilawulwa yimithetho. Ngokukodwa, ezisebenzela kweli lizwe kufuneka imimiselo amandla busenza ukuba ukuba amalungelo oluntu oluntu. Ngelo xesha linye elidityaniswe ngqo kunye nemisebenzi uqeshwe kuye wonke ummi. Oku kuchaza GC kwinqaku th 17.

theory jikelele

Iimpawu eziphambili izinto ezisemthethweni:

• nakwenzeka nokwahlukanisa;
• abstractness.

KoMgaqo-Civil, kulandela ukuba amandla civil esemthethweni yabemi, (ingqiqo, umxholo, imvelaphi, ukumisa - konke kufikelelwa kule senzo zomthetho esisiseko) ziyalandeleka, xa sihlolisisa ngenyameko izibophelelo, amalungelo abemi ukuba ziyafumaneka kwabo ngokusebenzisa imithetho yelizwe. Oku kulandela ngqo ukuba inkcazelo amandla isekelwe kwinto yokuba umntu othile - oku engqondweni nasemzimbeni iparameters ezizodwa, kwakunye into yokuba unelungelo elisemthethweni, umgangatho wentlalo.

Apho ukubona ku-nemithetho?

Ukuze siyiqonde ngakumbi yintoni na lo mbono, umxholo kunye nexabiso umthamo ngummi kufuneka ujonge mthombo lokuqala, okt i-Code Civil. umdla omkhulu kule mbono na Inqaku layo th-18. Libonisa uluhlu lwe ezo amalungelo ezijongwa angundoqo, eziphawuleka kakhulu kwihlabathi lethu.

Yintoni?

Ngawaphi amalungelo oluntu kubizwa ngokuba kakhulu kakhulu? Ingcamango kunye nesiqulatho besikhundla esemthethweni yabemi - abantu lubonisa ukunikela ingqalelo ekhethekileyo le migaqo ilandelayo:

• ilifa impahla;
• iveze;
• ilifa;
• ukuqhuba ishishini ngaphakathi komthetho;
• aphethe imicimbi;
• kuhlela amaqumrhu asemthethweni;
• inxaxheba ngokuphathelele iimbopheleleko;
• ngendlela efunwa yakho ukukhetha apho ukuze niphile;
• copyright.

Ingaba bonke?

Kwemithetho nokuchaza ingqiqo kunye nesiqulatho umthamo civil osemthethweni abemi, kwakhona kulandela ukuba abantu babe namanye amalungelo athile:

• impahla;
• Yokuziphatha.

Oku kusebenza inani lamalungelo awusosimiselo ngqo umthetho, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ukuba alwe ngemvo yomthetho yoluntu kunye nemigaqo umthetho wobukhaya. Oku kwenza kube kakhulu nzima ukwenza uluhlu olupheleleyo amathuba ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa amalungelo lokuba ngummi eqhelekileyo kwilizwe lethu. Ngelo xesha elinye njengoko kuchaziwe kwinqaku we-18 uluhlu olupheleleyo ngokwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu wazalwa umbono amalungelo kufuneka ngokuba ibalulekileyo, yaye musa ndingenguye kolu didi. Ngenxa yoko, ingqiqo kunye nomxholo besikhundla kunye nomthamo zabemi achazwe kwinqaku we-18 we-Code Civil okanye ulandele ukusuka ingcaciso kwi yapapashwa kulo senzo emisiweyo.

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Xa ukufunda amagama yeSiqendu 18 kwenza kucace ukuba, umzekelo, umthetho olawula ukuba wonke umntu unepropati, kuyimfuneko ophambili ukuyilwa amalungelo obunini. Kodwa enyanisweni, hayi yena yedwa. Le ngendlela elula ngqo umthetho, nto leyo ichaza ikhono ngabemi (ingqiqo, umxholo, izithintelo), ngokwenjenjalo ukubeka isiseko enkulu ngobuhlobo zomthetho ezikhoyo kuluntu lwethu namhlanje. Oku kuya kuquka, kwaye zinxulunyaniswa kunye nezibophelelo ezahlukeneyo. Le ngcaciso ilula: enyanisweni akunakwenzeka ukuba abe lilungu Relations Ipropati, ukuba akukho ilungelo into yokuba ezinye izinto kuba umnini.

Ntoni na, kwaye awuzithathi ii-

ukuba nje uhlanga enomphakathi ngokusemthethweni kwilizwe lethu. Kwangaxeshanye asikwazi sithi xa abantu ababini banamalungelo alinganayo ngokupheleleyo ukuba umthamo. Kodwa kungenzeka, okt ilifa kwamalungelo engaba esilingana onke. Umthamo amandla ayixhomekekanga imisebenzi yomntu, ningabi amalungelo azalwa.

Umzekelo ezaziwa ingqiqo ngulo ulandelayo. Masithi kukho umntu obufunyenwe - isakhiwo zokuhlala. Ngelo xesha, ukuba unawo amalungelo yomnini. Kodwa ukuba kukho umnqweno enjalo, ummi uya kufumana ilungelo seller ikhaya. Kodwa ngummi, yithi kulo, ipropati akanayo kwiimeko ekuqaleni, oko kukuthi, indlu le nto. Oku akuthethi ukuba emva kwethuba nako amalungelo lomthengisi.

Xa sicinga ukuba are

Imposiso Classical wachaza logic nokuqiqa - ukungavumi amalungelo yesibini ngummi umthengisi indlu. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba abantu abathi imela ingqiqo kunye nokugcinwa umthamo abemi, kakhulu, le nto bopha kwiimeko ezithile ezikhoyo apha ngoku. amalungelo luluvo lokuba umntu othile, musa ukuba unxibelelwano ngqo kunye esicacileyo zonke iimpawu emiselwe ngumthetho. CC inikeza iinketho ezahlukeneyo oko umntu unelungelo - kwiimeko ezininzi, nkqu nalawo engasoze ezenzeka kubomi ngummi eziqhelekileyo.

Ukufunda umthetho uchaze ingqiqo kunye nesiqulatho besikhundla abemi, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba ithuba lokuba umnini waloo nto, into - oku ibingelilo ilungu amandla omthetho. Endaweni yoko, umxholo umthamo iye njenge element ithuba ilifa ubunini into ethile. Ngoko ke, phantsi komthetho lwangoku besikhundla ngummi (ingqiqo, umxholo, inkangeleko, ukupheliswa ziyachazwa Code Civil) ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: indoda, kuzo zonke iinkalo eziphathelele ubutyala inokuba isifundo. Oku kusebenza kuzo izindlu zokuhlala, nemiqolomba. Ngaphezu koko, kusenokuba ulwalamano ekunene, udibaniso kunye zinto zilula - yes nokuba izinto zokudlala kunye nempahla.

Yaye yintoni elandelayo koku?

Masithi umntu, bawo, ngokuthatha amanyathelo ukushiywa yayo. Uye ngaphandle ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: unako ukuthengisa, ngaloo ndlela benza isivumelwano, unokunikela okanye usebenzise amanye amathuba ngumthetho. Ingcamango kunye nesiqulatho besikhundla abemi ulawula: Akukho tshintsho ngokumalunga umntu, akukho amalungelo azalwa.

Kuyafana nemeko kwimeko xa inkundla athimba kwepropati ukusuka umntu okanye ngenye ukuphelisa ngokusemthethweni ubunini. Le meko iya kusebenza into, nto leyo eye yaba nxaxheba isixando sokwenziwa kwetyala, kodwa oko akuthethi kuchaphazela amalungelo kunye namathuba lo mntu.

Ke ukuba nithi elula?

Ingcamango kunye nesiqulatho besikhundla abemi, enikwa yi-Civil Code of kweli lizwe kangangokuba abantu, kwanokuba ngenxa yezizathu ezithile wabuya waphuma ukuba ndihluthwe (yabo okanye wesithathu uya) asethi ezithile uhlala ne ilungelo lokuba ufumane entsha. Oku kungenxa yokuba wonke ummi njengoko amalungelo empahla kunye nokufunyanwa amalungelo obunini entsha.

Kwelinye icala, imithetho yelizwe lethu afakwa ezisebenza ummiselo yokuziphatha labemi, ukuze imeko yobulungisa weyisa. Umxholo ingqikelelo besikhundla abemi kangangokuba akunakwenzeka mhlawumbi ban ngoku, ayikokunqamla amalungelo oluntu njengenxalenye wezomthetho kwixesha elizayo. Oko kukuthi, kule umzekelo othile, kwilifa yokwenene, inkundla ingayalela ukuba ummangalelwa ifumaneka ithinjwe ngoku, kodwa musa isigqibo, ukuba lo mntu ovinjwa unelungelo lokuba nezinto ezizezakhe izinto, ngoku okanye kwixesha elizayo.

Akukho ukulinganiselwa! Yinyaniso le?

Le nkqubo ingentla iya kubonakala kusengqiqweni ukuba uqikelelo isiseko: phantsi komthetho ngoku ngeke nangayiphi na indlela zinqanda izakhono abemi. Ingcamango yale meko kwaye imixholo ezichazwe Civil Code, kangangokuba isifundo ngenyameko ibonisa indlela yommiselo le meko.

Ngamafutshane, ixabiso amalungelo angacuthwa, yaye kwiimeko ezithile ezingqalileyo, nokuba kuyimfuneko. Indlela elula ukujonga kunye mzekelo ulandelayo: amandla kuthetha ukuba nawuphi na ummi unelungelo lokukhetha ndawo ukuba zihlale phezu incasa nihlale apha. Kodwa ngokomthetho igunya isigqibo unakho phezu bangene ukusebenza loo mntu kufuneka kuhlala kwindawo ethile kule sayithi. Ngokunxuseneyo ukuba inkqubo esemthethweni vala yokuhlala kwenye indawo.

Akukho umzekelo kangako iqonda kunye nemisebenzi zoshishino. Ukuba umhlali ngamnye eRashiya, imithetho banelungelo lokuba olu hlobo msebenzi sisigqibo senkundla ngumntu othile ukuba ivalwe. Noko ke, nditsho ukuvalwa mandatory: inkundla inokuwisa isithintelo. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, umntu ndigcine umda amalungelo.

njani le ngcamango xa kusenziwa?

Elungiselelwe amacandelo karhulumente wethu umthetho ubukho wonke umntu onke amalungelo, wawabekayo kuye kwi-Code Civil - yinto isenzeko osisiseko, oqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo, amathuba alinganayo kunye neemfuneko ezifanelekileyo ubomi kunye nophuhliso imiba yezentlalo kunye yomthetho. Oku kuthetha into yokuba akwamkelekanga thatha nje ukunciphisa amalungelo umntu kaThixo nje kuba yi "wayefuna."

Idima umntu inkululeko, okanye kumkhanyela ilungelo ukuba aqhube ishishini, ukuba isicelo ngummi zolawulo, mthetho kunokwenzeka kuphela xa umthetho ufuna ukuba bakwenze. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko kuphela amandla omthetho kumiselwe yimithetho karhulumente, akukho echasene amaxwebhu ezingundoqo, ezifana:-siseko, i-Declaration of Human Rights.

Kwaye xa isicelo?

Unako ukuba kuthintelwe besikhundla ngummi kwimeko apho enze ulwaphulo - yolawulo, mthetho. Ukuba phantsi komthetho ukuba isenzo esinjalo ebekumele ukuba ohlwaywe oko, njengokuba umthetho, ngayo ukunciphisa amandla.

Kwenzeka ukuba umntu akakwazi banyanzelise uthintelo umsebenzi amagunya omthetho, kakhulu ngokuzimeleyo, kwakunye kuba nako kuphulukana amasuntswana amandla.

Kunye nomzekelo?

Masithi ummi unyanzelekile ukuba ushiye dolophu, umnyulwa wakhe ngaphambili njengendawo yokuhlala isigxina. Isizathu, wathi akafuni ngaphezu ukubona intsapho yakhe yangaphambili - umfazi wakhe, nabo umtshato, mntwana. Ngokutsho kwiinkundla isibophelelo iya kuqwalaselwa ungalanjathiswa.

Ke ukuba abemi bamazwe, ufanelwe ukuba benzelelele null isigqibo nengekhoyo, okanye ulibale ngayo - ukhetho Kuxhomekeke kulo mntu. Leyo umnqweno ngokwaneleyo njengeminqweno yoluntu, uthe umntu wakha ngokwenene ukushiya umzi endala, ku gqiba ayisendim nabo intsapho yakhe. Kodwa isenzo esinjalo engavumi nangayiphi na indlela degree of kwemiqathango. Cacisa ukuba kulula kunakuqala; nokuba ngummi olahla, kuba kuhlala kunokwenzeka ukugcina yokuhlala enye. Enyanisweni, uyaqonda nje into ephuma lilonke ngamalungelo abo: ukuhlala kwindawo enye, okanye khetha entsha. Wenza njengoko ufuna.

Yaye ngaba oko kukhokelela phi?

Imithetho yelizwe lethu ukuba wonke umntu unelungelo lokuba ukhethe indawo ebomini bakho, apho kubonakala ngathi lo mntu ifanelekileyo, ukhululekile kunye lula. Kakade ke, kukho ezinye ngaphandle: umzekelo, kungabi lula ukungena edolophini okanye yokuhlala yabucala kwindawo emdeni. Kodwa ukuba kuthathwe amatyala ngokwahlukileyo ezizodwa. Xa lwalo jikelele, umntu unelungelo ukuya naphi na apho ibona kufanelekile. Yaye akukho namnye iziphumo ngokwasemthethweni akayi kunyanzeleka ukuba ukuhambisa okanye phezu koko, ukuvalwa onjalo. Kakade ke, ukuba intetho ayikho lulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ke ukuba lo mzekelo?

Njengoko kuba umzekelo ezichazwe ngasentla, kucacile in yokusebenza: umfazi yangaphambili owayesakuba wekhaya wavakalisa umnqweno ukuya kwenye indawo, kangangokuba akukho nto ukuhlangabezana, athathe umntwana aye emva kokuba umntu.

Le ndoda wavakalisa umnqweno wakhe ukutshintsha ezihlala akakwazi athi ukwenza ukuba alibazise ukubulawa ngesigqibo ubuncinane de yokungapheli. Ngokuziphatha, kuza kuba kuhle kakhulu, kodwa ngokwemiqathango yovavanyo le meko ngokomthetho akukho mfuno. Kuwo nawuphi na iinketho onke amalungu entsapho bayaqonda ku umkhuba, ndilunike bona ngumthetho ilungelo lokukhetha indawo engcono yokuphila. Ukususela ngokombono umthetho kwimeko enjalo akunamsebenzi, olunjani izizathu ziye zabangela ukuba isigqibo sokugqibela.

Abathembele?

Of the Code Civil kufuneka ayipheli kuzelwe umntu, ngoko nangoko aze emi. Oko kuya lungachazwa ngummi weli lizwe ngexesha ngexesha elabelwe kuye, yaye uya kuphelisa kufa kuphela. Kileyo alizithathi iindlela zokubona umhla wokuzalwa, ukufa, njengoko ekholelwa ukuba amaxabiso iingqiqo ezinje kuphela komzimba kunye ezizodwa amalungelo abekho.

Biology kunye noMthetho

Ukususela ngokombono umthetho iya kuba yimiba ebalulekileyo oko owazalwa umntu, ukuba amagama kuthetha ukuba usana ukuphefumla ngokwabo. Xa oku kusenzeka, kukho umthamo yoluntu.

Phela, akukho ezingabalulekanga kangako. Kukho abanye abantwana abo abaziinkedama ekuzalweni. Umzekelo, ukuba uyise womntwana lowo okanye wafa, kunye nomama wakhe wafa zokubeleka, ngoxa umntwana wazalelwa phantse kwangoko uba umnini osemthethweni kwaye enelungelo ilifa konke okuseleyo yabazali. Kodwa nanku umntwana lowo ungekabikho azalwe, amalungelo abanjalo ilifa, yaye akukho nto banokuyenza. Nangona lo mthetho inika imigangatho ethile eyenzelwe ukukhusela izilangazelelo ezihlangwini abekwa.