"Umzingeli" F-22 (F-22 Oluhlala) - into yesihlanu-isizukulwana multi-nxaxheba mbono

Ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba 1997 wenza bt ukubhabha ukulwa "Umzingeli" F-22. Nangona zlopyhaniya iingcali ezininzi basekhaya angaphandle, iimpawu moya ebalaseleyo lo moya, kodwa kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo ekugqibeleni ethatyathwe kwimveliso. Kwaye ukuba akukho kakhulu kangaka eninzi yayo mihle, kodwa iziganeko okuvela phakathi ukusebenza kwawo.

Blow berhafu

Ibali usithe i "Umzingeli" F-22, ukuze lupapashwe iincwadi ezintsha. Kuyo yonke ngalo: i intransigence i US Congress, yaye umntwana abaphuhlisi abathe banyanzeleka ukuba ukudibanisa non-superimposable, kwaye Siyithandile ukubhabha yokuqala, yaye ukufa obufihlakeleyo pilot, kunye nezithintelo asisigxina imithwalo zokusebenza ... I-mali, nto leyo ichithwa kuphuhliso moya ligqithe 70 billion dollar njengoko iingxelo.

Apho wangena zobe

iprojekthi yobugcisa indalo-moya omtsha F-22 Oluhlala American abayili wabuyayo ngo-1981, kodwa baxhamli ubuso urhulumente ayazi kakuhle (kodwa ingengabo bonkel), ukuba uphuhliso, kwi kakuhle, walibala ezimbalwa eminyaka. Enyanisweni, i-Force Air nje ngaloo minyaka ezifunyenweyo brand new F-15, iimpawu ekufuneka ibe ngokwaneleyo iminyaka embalwa. Kungenxa yoko le nto Washington wayefuna nje ukufumana indlela eyayiza kuba phantsi mkhulu zombini eSoviet namaYurophu. Abezopolitiko baphupha-moya ubhetyebhetye kakhulu ukuba akwazi ukusebenza njenge umlweli ahlasele moya. Yenzeka njani loo nto? Kukugweba.

Uhlengahlengiso abupheli

Xa Akunakuba isixhobo yondlalwa nje elingaziwayo kwi iimfuno ngexesha. Ngoko ke, lo ikhompyutha ekwinqwelo kwafuneka ukuba umthamo Gflops ubuncinane 10 memory ukuya gigabyte omnye. Ndimele ndithi ababhekisi phambili baye bakwazi ukusombulula ingxaki engenamsebenzi ezifana usebenzisa umqhubekekisi i486 elula. Kodwa ke emkhosini elindele ngesibetho: ngo-1996, kunyaka nje ngaphambi kokuba moya wokuqala, ombutho "Intel" wabhengeza kwisigaba-ngaphandle imifuziselo lixesha. Ngelo xesha, ntlanu ekuqaleni kulindeleke ukuba bafumane ubuncinane 1,200 moya, iyileyo efunekayo (!) Processors 80. abazange bathathe phi oko? Lockheed Martin liye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wazama "buthi" ababhekisi phambili, kodwa "Intel" yaba nut nzima ukuzivula yaye akazange afune ukuba uveze ngeebhetshi ezincinane izixhobo lixesha kakhulu.

Kwaye ngoko kwafuneka ngokukhawuleza uzibhale zonke software iprosesa elitsha. Kuphela sokulungiswa, ngokutsho data ezisemthethweni, kufuneka achithe i billion ubuncinane zeerandi. Ngokubanzi, i "amaxesha mda" baba damn athandana eninzi. Eso yaba sisiqalo nje. Enyanisweni, lo umlweli yesihlanu-isizukulwana ...

Bala wachitha nje iinyembezi ezimbalwa

Military ngokwabo bephupha vundervaffe, iindleko zeziphi na ukuba lidlule $ 40 yezigidi-moya nganye. Kodwa ixabiso lukhula ngcembe, yaye kuba ntlanu kwafuneka ukunciphisa izidingo zabo. Xa 187 moya (kwaye iphele kwemveliso) yakhiwa ngo-2011, kwaye kwacaca ukuba iindleko umatshini enye ngaphezulu kwe $ 150 million. Ngoko ke iindleko F-22 "Oluhlala" "Ugqwesile" (kwaye eninzi) nkqu amazinga F-117 (eyaziwa ngokuba yi "goblin isiqhwala"), apho ingqalelo ukuze ubhale kwiziphawuli. Nangona kunjalo, lo matshini usenalo a kakhulu omhle nangakumbi iimpawu ngaphezu imodeli 117, nto leyo yabaqhubi American ngokwabo ngentlonelo ngokuthi "Flying Iron".

Isethi eziphikisanayo

Nje ngombandela, njengoko "Umzingeli" F-22 ungekabikho kwi umlo wokwenene, lo moya mhle kakhulu esibhakabhakeni. Ukususela ngokombono ukubonakala radar akukho ezahlukeneyo ukusuka koomatshini "umgangatho" ukuze kakhulu. Ukubetha ne kwinqanaba umbono lo moya - ububhanxa nje, kuba le mali unako ukuthenga ubuncinane neshumi elinesibini ukuhlasela eqhelekileyo moya, iindleko zokusigcina sisebenza leyo amakhulukhulu amaxesha ngaphantsi (!).

Kwaye konke oku ngenxa yokungabikho nobuchwepheshe kwe nabayili. AmaMelika njalo nakuwe-moya elungileyo, amava kweli candelo, kodwa musa kude. Kanye ngelo xesha ababhekisi kwakufuneka enze ukubhabha yokuqala ngaphandle emotweni iseti yorhwebo-okuthile. Kwaye oku, njengoko unako ukuqonda naziphi abantu wobugcisa unekhono, ungaze nantoni na elungileyo akunjalo.

indlela yokuhlangabezana

Ngoko ke, kwafuneka ukuba rhoqo ukuya komsebenzi zisiba mbi. Umzekelo, "Umzingeli" F-22 akanayo ukunqunyanyiswa lwangaphandle izixhobo enomjukujelwa iibhombu ukubetha leyo kunciphisa ixabiso layo ku zero. Oku baya kuba kuxhomekeke ekufumanekeni-moya nokumiswa waba ezingabonakaliyo ngokugqibeleleyo radar. Indlela ebonakalayo kamatshini iinkqubo zale mihla Ubhaqo radar, akwaziwa ngokuba "silwa" sebenzisa "Umzingeli" yokuthandana kulinganiselwe Ukulinganisa computer.

Kwaye ngenxa yokuba zonke i "zokuzaliswa" ifumaneka kwi amagumbi angaphakathi. Zonke ezine kubo. Ezi zinto zombini - enomjukujelwa enye, ezinye ezimbini - ezimbini. Ngaphezu koko, ngokwemfuneko loMthengi, kufuneka uqale kwi kuhlaselwa, kunye lwalo mbono. Ngenxa yoko, kwakufuneka ukudala isixhobo ephucukileyo na "lokutyhala phandle" a enomjukujelwa ngesantya supersonic. Kwaye oku kwenziwa kube kanye ngezigaba ezibini. actuator wokuqala womoya onamandla ngokoqobo inkqonkqoza isixhobo evela yangaphandle zixinaniswe umoya ezikroziswayo, uze uyazityeshela i hydraulics projectile kwi necala eya ngakulo.

Agadwe US Air Force wayefuna impendulo ixesha-nobulumko lo matshini ufanele mayingagqithi imizuzwana 0.2. Loo nto nje, nangona imigudu Herculean zokuba iinjineli kunye izazinzulu, xa kusenziwa, eli xabiso imizuzwana 0.9. Kwaye ayikho ubucukubhede kade, ukuba irula lityhale isantya afterburner ngokukhawuleza na imbubhiso wayo. Sothi abasabela ngayo moya, bathetha njalo, kade.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba run akumangalisi ezinjalo, hayi yonke imijukujelwa hayi kuzo zonke iindlela moya: kuhlaselwa osemhlabeni iyasebenza ngaphezu kokuba isixhobo elula. Ngaphandle kokuba zibe iinkcukacha, ezabo bay evulekileyo, rocket ibekwe phezu neentsimbi, kunye nabo ekuqaleni ngokusesikweni projectile xa kuyimfuneko.

Nokonyulwa eziphambili

Ekugqibeleni bonke ukuba beze phantsi, ukuze indiza F-22 "Oluhlala" kwiibhodi zokuzoba, ndingemkanga, kodwa ngenxa yokuba kukho into eye ukuba idini. Izazinzulu lwamiselwa ukuba nkulu intsebenzo mbono yokubhabha. Emva koko ke Iinjineli bagqiba ukusebenzisa iinjini ne variable lugxile vectoring, kwaye saphucula ngokubonakalayo iikhonto le airframe. Ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu, baseMerika bakhetha ukuhlala kuphela utshintsho saliphosa nkqo (Su-35 zethu, umzekelo, ungayitshintsha kwicala othe tye).

Ezingabonakaliyo screens radar abeke kwindawo yesibini. Mu kuya kwa nshita "Lame Goblin ', oko kukuthi, i-F-117, zasetyenziswa ukuze kakubi imilo ezaziwa le airframe, hayi ukuba lo moya kwi intsimbi ngokwemigaqo yokubhabha. Sehla umva ukusuka sifundo, umzekelo, ukuba ngowe-1990, xa imveliso "Night Hawk" lwaye Eyisongile kamsinya, yonke imali kule nkqubo ilifa kwi "Umzingeli". Le mbono yokuba ndawo ukusasaza e F-22 Oluhlala ngu 0.3 m². I "Goblin", eli nani yabo ku 0,01 ukuya 0,0025 m². Kodwa "Umzingeli" kodwa wagqiba ukwenza oko moya, endaweni yentsimbi aziphethe. Ngamafutshane, le nkampani Lockheed Martin, bagqiba eli xesha ukuba ukuvavanya umonde i-Congress.

Nangona kunjalo, lo eqhelekileyo urhwebo-off phakathi okuchaneka bombing lahlukile akazange ukusebenza. Nokuba ukufumana isisombululo eninzi imali ichithwe. Ngoko ke, ngenxa yokuba "Oluhlala" ngexesha udale zibhombu "smart" safakwa uphawu GPS. Isibakala sokuba iingcango ibhombu mincinane F-22 nje okungalungelaniyo ezabo zokukhomba eqhelekileyo esebenzayo. Ukuba usebenzisa i "ezilula" iimbumbulu into lidiza ngokubethwa umqadi laser, moya yonke lahlukile uhamba phantsi idreyini. Ngoko uncedo satellite waba phantse isicombululo kuphela kule ngxaki.

Ngokubanzi, ezabo yajika emikhulu: ziphaphazele kwi imigama ukuya neekhilomitha ezingama-30 ukusuka kwindawo ukubhobhoza, ukuphambuka ukusuka thagethi ngaphantsi kweemitha ezili-11. Ngokwenene, ke rocket, ubeka ebotshelelwe zilungelelanise ezithile ngaphantsi komhlaba. Ngoko ke ukuba njongo ngamaqhinga, ukubetha yesihlanu-isizukulwana karma yakhe iya kukwazi ukuba kwenzeke. Kwakhona Liphelisa uhlaselo yekhono lakhe. Kodwa oku ezimbi kuphela. Ukuze luqhube i "smart" ukuqhushumba ekujoliswe zokubhala, "Umzingeli" kufuneka ukubhabha ngaphantsi nje impumlo imikhosi air yokhuselo utshaba. Ngoko ke ukuba umthwalo ongaphaya naseminyango yemoto iibhombu amacala ngaphezulu imijukujelwa eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ncam ukuba ukulwa esi wokhuselo anti-moya.

ubuthakathaka ukuhlaselwa

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ubhetyebhetye F-22 "Oluhlala", iimpawu leyo, siyaqonda, akukho iintsimbi ezikhethekileyo ukubhaqa umkhondo ekujoliswe emhlabeni, nto leyo kwakhona kunciphisa amathuba ayo ukubetha ukuya ubuncinane. Ngokubanzi, kwaye hayi ukuba ukutyhola abayili: izixhobo ekuqaleni efanayo kwi-moya, kodwa oko ethatyathwe ulwakhiwo isicelo ntlanu, xa iindleko zenkqubo kakhulu off isikali. Ukuze samatyala iinjineli of "Lockheed Martin:" Ndimele bathi ubuncinane izixhobo ezisisiseko ngqo bombing, baye bakwazi ukugcina. Ngoko, kwi-moya, kukho zonke iinketho eziyimfuneko, leyo makhe kuwe kamsinya, kungekho nayiphi na ilahleko kunjalo kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa ekwinqwelo izixhobo, ukuba oko kuya kunika abaphathi elungileyo.

Noko ke, ukuza kuthi ga njengendlela yokuqala kutshabalalisa iithagethi emhlabeni nje efanayo kunye naweebhombu GPS ikhankanywe apha ngasentla, apho ukusebenza liphezulu, kodwa kuphela xa besebenza kunye nezinto zokubhala. Ngokubanzi, oku isizathu sokuba "Ookhetshe" wathabatha Aninasabelo US imisebenzi zomkhosi e Afghanistan kuyafana. Ngubani na khona ukubamba GPS? Ngokunjalo ngenxa yesi sizathu ukuba abaxhobileyo baseMerika ziyihlanganyele kuma i F-16 ubudala, kukho indawo eyaneleyo ubani na.

Ngokubanzi, ngenxa imfazwe e-Iraq, apho emkhosini US wadibana umdlali ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kakhulu owaba eyama ngokuphindaphindiweyo sigqibo enye kuphela: ukusetyenziswa F-22 imfazwe kunye namazwe of the World Okwesithathu - engaphandle ububhanxa. Bukela ukubhabha moya phantse ngaphezu kokuba isibini F-15 ubudala, nto leyo yenze ngempumelelo imisebenzi efanayo.

inkqubo yenkxaso yokuphila pilot

Mhlawumbi kubonakale ukuba US Air Force wafumana imoto, nto leyo iseti absurdities zobugcisa. Enyanisweni, isiseko kuba lo mbono, kodwa eneneni, le ndlela ifaka ubugcisa ezininzi phambili. Yiloo nje they are kanjalo "ekrwada", ukuba zonke iingenelo elanikwa - nto ebusweni iingxaki ukuba odale. izinto ezintsha imbaxa, zibiza imali eninzi kwaye abangenazigqibo e USB. Omnye lo mzekelo yoku ezizodwa isuti pilot ubomi inkxaso. Enyanisweni, "sonke" zintsonkotha phantse bubalaselayo kwisuti.

Le nkqubo zinhle kangangokuba kufuneka asebenze ngokusebenzisa kude ikhompyutha olubuthathaka kakhulu. Ukuba ayiwenzi, kukho ukhetho utshintshayo manual ukulawula manual (ngoku iswitshi ngokuzenzekela). Kodwa sele kuvavanyo lokuqala yokulwa iiyunithi yabaqhubi boss wawusondela ezininzi iingxelo ezivela abaqhubi kunye nezicelo lokususa nabo c Lockheed iBoeing F-22 Umzingeli ukuya into efanelekileyo ngakumbi. Isibakala sokuba owongozelelweyo yokuphuma le uhlela kunye sindisa ngamandla onke yabaqhubi bafumana anoxia etsolo, esengozini waphela. Emva koko ke bureaucrats umkhosi abangazange baqhoboshele naziphi na izikhalazo ngokubaluleka. Yiloo kuphela ngo-2010, emva kokuba umqhubi yaba "ubuthathaka" kwaye nje zadilizwa Ukuveliswa of "Umzingeli" le begoba. Ngenxa yoko, yimoto, indoda abulawe.

Yayamkela kwavela ukuba inkqubo le kukopha kunye nomoya yokuchithwa kokungcola isuti ye pilot kaThixo kakubi kuphuhliswa. Okunye ngqo, "Khimich" vana: ngokuba ixesha layo zezulu ukuba akahlambulukanga yophiswa umsebenzi asanelanga, kangangokuba abantu acudisiweyo nje xi kwemfuneko. Kwaye omninzi waba namandla kangangokuba nkqu alveoli lung zixinaniswe. Ngenxa yoko, anekhulu elinamanci mahlanu iimoto ezibe ngelo xesha ezintlwini, kwafuneka ukuba ukuphinda-EQUIP ngokungxamisekileyo. Ngaphezu konyaka "Umzingeli" akuvumelekile ngqo ukhwela ngaphezulu kwe amawaka amahlanu eemitha (kunye nophahla million 20).

izifundo bafunda

Kukholelwa ukuba umhla, imoto kubonakala ukuba kuziswa imeko lokugqibela. Kodwa ke umbuzo uvuliwe - yintoni ukuchitha imali eninzi ekuphuhliseni lo moya. Ngombandela umlweli ofezekileyo kufakwe yi isizukulwana moya 4 ++, nohlaselo babo ntlanu kunye namathuba musa ukuzama kwakhona ukukhumbula.

Noko ke, asimele siyazikhohlisa: sifundo krakra baseMerika bafunda wayengekho ezimbi. Xa F-35 uyilo, uphume wagqiba ekubeni abayibingelelayo wakhetha cwaka. Ngumthengi lakhetha ukuba ezinjalo iimpawu yokusebenza efanelekileyo engekho ziluncedo kakhulu ngomsebenzi omkhulu umqondiso RF kwiintsali. Nangona kunjalo, eli xesha baseMerika weza kwelinye ngeharika, kodwa ngoku lo mbuzo ngaloo nto ... Elokuphetha, ndingathanda ukuthi ngoku ngokupheleleyo kuvavanywa Pak-FA wethu. Kungenzeka, nabayili bethu bakwazi ukuthatha ingqalelo amava elibi oogxa babo aphesheya kwaye kunqabile ukuba ukuphinda iimpazamo zabo.

Kufuneka igxininiswe into yokuba, nakuba zonke iziphene zayo, mlweli F-22 "Oluhlala" - mhlawumbi moya Western kuphela, unako ukwenza i odumileyo 'Cobra Pugachev ". Kwaye lo umqondiso embi kakhulu, ebonisa uphume eliphezulu ngomatshini, nto leyo bakwazi ukukhuphisana ngokulinganayo imifuziselo zethu Su-37 kamva.

ukucaciswa basic

• Iyonke airframe ubude - 18.9 m.
• Full cabinet ukuphakama ubuninzi - 5,09 m.
• Le chopho iyonke - 13,56 m.
• indawo Gross kobuso iphiko - 78,04 m.
• Weight moya wapha - kg-19 ukuya kuma-700.
• Ukucutha ubunzima isuka - 38000 kg.
• Area kwiintsali - 0.3-0.4 macala onke. m.
• Push iinjini Intonga - 2 x 15.876 kgf.
• Kwesona santya siphezulu nolufikelelekayo - 2700 km / h.
• Isantya kwimo yesiqhelo, ngaphandle afterburner - 2410 km / h.
• eliphezulu Isantya kuvumelekile kwinqanaba elwandle - 1490 km / h.
• Kwirediyasi ukusetyenziswa yokulwa - 760 km.
• Ubuninzi indawo enokufikelelwa - 20,000 eemitha.
• Omninzi ngexesha kokuba unikezelo - 9 g.
• Eyona kwezikhali ephambili F-22 "Oluhlala" --20 mm gun oluzenzekelayo, imijukujelwa ezisibhozo 'umoya-to-moya "okanye iziqhushumbisi ezintandathu" smart ", okanye zombini.

Lokugunyazisa kwenzeka ngo-2005. imveliso Iyonke 187 moya. Lost abalwa ezintlanu.

Xa ndiqukumbela, ndithanda kwakhona ukugxininisa ukuba i "Umzingeli" - umzekelo ogqibeleleyo PR elibi kakhulu ingahlakazeki yi-US zomkhosi efanayo. Ewe, lo moya ezininzi iingxaki isicwangciso kwezoqoqosho, apho ntlanu ingqalelo abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula. Kodwa ukusuka kwindawo lobugcisa lwembono, le moto enesidima kakhulu. Le ethile real kuphela - ukungabikho kakhulu multi-tasking.

ekujoliswe Ground karma F-22 "Oluhlala" umsebenzi ngokoqobo akakwazi, ukusebenza iziqhushumbisi ezintathu okanye ezine kubonakala zingabalulekanga. Kodwa moya kulungile ngokuqinisekileyo, kwanokuba xa kusenziwa oku kuqinisekiswe ngokwemigaqo yokujongana mlilo yotshaba.

Hi ndlela leyi, yethu T-50 nayo kuphela ivalekile izixhobo zangaphakathi bay, kunye nolwazi malunga phambi yangaphandle ikhithi umzimba ... Ngoko ke thina kunye US isizukulwana sesihlanu karma ngokucacileyo efanayo omnye komnye. Kuyathenjwa ukuba lupwa uvavanyo imisebenzi yabo ayiyi kwenziwa. Ukongeza, nazo zonke izithintelo zobugcisa "Umzingeli" asifanele silibale ukuba kwisabelo mihla air ulupwa sengonyama empumelelo - ukusetyenziswa mijukujelwa mihla. Kwaye nabo, amaMelika konke kulungile.

Okokugqibela, kukho iinkqubo enkulu plus kuba F-22 kunye F-35 (kuba US, kunjalo) - inzululwazi Movement kwaye isebenza iteknoloji entsha ngokupheleleyo. Domestic Su-47 "Berkut" wadala kwaye sisebenze kunye neenjongo ezifanayo.