Uphando lwakutshanje e Antarctica. Antarctica Research in the 21st Century

Ukufunyanwa kunye nesifundo Antarctica - enye iziganeko inkulu ezimbalini. Ukufunyanwa kwe kwilizwekazi lesithandathu kunye nokufunda ngakumbi iimpawu zayo usinike emininzi namathuba ukuba bandise ulwazi lwabo malunga ihlabathi. Uninzi elikhulu-isikali imisebenzi yophando olwenziwe Antarctica phakathi kwenkulungwane yokugqibela, kodwa namhlanje kwilizwekazi enomkhenkce akukho evinjwa ingqalelo.

kuvunyelwene

Modern uphando e Antarctica olwenziwa yimikhosi kumazwe aliqela. Olu xwebhu kwi ukudibana ezithile ithi ezahlukeneyo kummandla kwelizwekazi enomkhenkce lasekwa ngo-1959. Ngoko ke kumazwe elinambini asayina Antarctica, ekuthe phakathi kwilizwekazi wesithandathu akuvumelekanga ukuba aqhube imisebenzi emkhosini, ukuya kungcwaba inkunkuma kunye namanye, kunye okwethutyana emkhenkceni na amabango indawo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, esi sivumelwano yadibana ngamazwe 33. Ngenxa yoko, uphando Antarctic kwinkulungwane yama-21 ngokufuthi ngezizwe indalo. Ukongezelela, ukususela ngo-1991 kwilizwekazi enomkhenkce ibhengeze World Natural Reserve.

Isikhundla Russia

ilizwe lethu liye ngokusesikweni akukho mabango indawo. Abaphandi Russian basebenza ezininzi yesizwe amacandelo Antarctica. Ubungakanani umsebenzi lwenzululwazi, Noko ke, akakafiki inqanaba esibe ngexesha eSoviet Union. Nangona kunjalo, le meko iba ngcono ngonyaka ngamnye. hambo okusisigxina bamazwe Russian polar befunda ezahlukeneyo kwimiba enxulumene zejoloji, zejografi, zemozulu kunye nezinye iimpawu belizwekazi.

Neendawo ezenza umdla

Uphando lwakutshanje e Antarctica oluqhutywa kwiindawo ezininzi eziphambili:

• isifundo esibalulekileyo Antarctic;
• Uphando lwezenzululwazi kunye isicelo kunye nophuhliso;
• ukuqokelelwa kwedatha kwi kwindalo yonke mmandla polar South;
• ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo,
• ulungiselelo uphando, igalelo, ingakumbi, ukwanda umthamo kunye nentuthuzelo kwezikhululo Russian kuhlala phezu kwabo.

sekuba

Antarctica - esimi landscape yayo, abemi eziphilayo, ingakumbi imozulu - ukhangeleka kakhulu ukuqonda. Noko ke, kwingingqi nganye kwezi ngingqi zaba izithuba zabo. Umzekelo, ingqalelo izazinzulu liya ngoka a sekuba izwekazi ngokungaqhelekanga. iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo kunye fungi ezikhoyo apha zahlukile kwezo izalamane zabo kwezinye izakhono amazwekazi ukumelana neemeko ezinzima kakhulu Antarctica. Ukuba ngaba uthathe ingqalelo imimandla yaselunxwemeni, ubushushu apha lingaphumi ngasentla 20 ° C, umoya owomileyo, imimoya enamandla Bovuthela rhoqo.

Ezininzi zophando yanamhlanje e Antarctica zinxulunyaniswa ngokuchonga iimpawu ezincinane. umthamo wabo ngendlela encomekayo icetyelwe ukuba isetyenziselwe iinjongo zonyango. Izazinzulu kukho imbono yokuba kwilizwekazi enomkhenkce kuyimfuneko ukufumana ezinye iindawo abe nenkani. Apho zinaso iimpawu kunye neempawu ezifunekayo ukuze basinde, uze emva koko esekelwe phezu kwazo ungenza amayeza ngempumelelo ngakumbi.

chibi Vostok

Enye zoluntu ezininzi umdla ezincinane, oosonzululwazi balindele ukufumana engaphantsi-ice ndawo. Lake Vostok, ogama lakhe behlonipha isikhululo ezikufuphi Russian, zibekwe unzulu nama-4000 eemitha. yokuvelela yalo kwi akukho wadibana koMhlaba iminyaka million eliqela. Le eziphila kwechibi "mothballed" kwaye inokuba liqulathe lukhulu ezincinane ezimangalisayo. Putative "abahlali" ichibi kufuneka bakwazi ukumelana uxinzelelo oluphezulu, iqondo elisezantsi kakhulu, oxygen xiyimiso amaxesha 50 ngaphezu inqanaba kwi amanzi okusela, ukutya kunye carbon nezingaphiliyo. De kube ngoku, eziphilayo ezinjalo ezingaziwayo kwinzululwazi.

Kuba ukufunda chibi kwi 70s kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukuqalisa kusombiwa. Noko ke, komhlaba East kufikelelwa njengoko kutshanje-2012. Ezi sampuli koko wafumana yaye kamva 3507 ulandelelwano DNA unique zifunyenweyo. Abaninzi kubo, malunga 94%, omelwe ukwenziwa iintsholongwane, elandelwa amakhowa - ekhulwini babo abane. Kwakhona, landelanisa anesibini ku Archean afumaneka iisampulu.

Lake Uphando kuyaqhubeka namhlanje, ekubeni kuyimfuneko ukufumana amanzi iisampuli ukusuka ezantsi kwayo, kwakunye ukuqinisekisa iziphumo zangaphambili okanye ukuphikisa. Isimo sengqondo ngakwabo ehlabathini yenzululwazi luyathandabuzeka. Abanye abaphandi kwangaphambili ukufunyanwa eziphilayo nokuba ezinkulu ezifana nentlanzi. elinye iqela bathi mhlawumbi inxalenye DNA iye yaziswa brown, omnye imele iintsalela izidalwa extinct.

ezininzi

East - ichibi kuphela subglacial belizwekazi. Namhlanje siyazi of amadama 145, wavele kukho izinto ezakhiwe efanayo. Ukongeza, uphando lwangoku e Antarctica buzinze elithile okanye elinye macala amachibi open belizwekazi. Ezinye zazo uzele ngamanzi acocekileyo, omnye - indawo. "Abemi" yezi amachibi zonke Cya efanayo, oosonzululwazi ayinakubhaqa ubukho intlanzi kunye arthropods. amachibi Icandelo akhiwe ebizwa ngokuba yi-eMeribha neziqithi subantarctic bekhululwe kule ice ngonyaka. Abanye zisoloko ifihliwe. Kanti abanye kukhutshwa kanye kuphela iminyaka eliqela.

phezulu

Umhlaba e Antarctica, ngakumbi kanye komhlaba kwilizwekazi kunye nesakhiwo yayo yangaphakathi ayikho into kuphela ukuba abaphandi abanomdla. Xa isifundo kwentliziyo isoloko iinkqubo esesibhakabhakeni kunye nemozulu. "Mngxuma Ozone 'yafumaneka ngo-1985 phezu Antarctica. Ukususela ngoko, yena usoloko phantsi ziyapicothwa liQela izazinzulu. Idatha eqokelelwe abaphandi kwizikhululo Russian, ibonisa ukuba lo mngxuma kungekudala "ukumphilisa." Abanye abaphandi kulo mongo linoluvo lokuba isenzeko ayikho eyenziwe ngumntu, njengoko obekumele ngaphambili, nezendalo.

Ezikude, oyinqaba, umkhenkce, emazantsi - Antarctica ukususela ukuvela Mandulo Ingqikelelo lokuqala ubukho bayo ufumene ezininzi izichazi. Yaye bonke kubo ngokupheleleyo qete. Isigaba sangoku nokuphuhliswa kwelizwekazi i yesithandathu olwahlukileyo yangaphambili best nokulungiselela ubugcisa kunye neengcali. iindlela Ukwanda intuthuzelo nokuhlala kwizikhululo, ukuphuculwa ukhetho polar (ngokwe izifundo, imozulu engqondweni kakhulu ibaluleke kakhulu iimeko zemozulu). Ukuhlala ekuphuculeni inkxaso yobugcisa namagqiza. Ngokufutshane, zonke iimeko zokufunda phambili iimfihlakalo kunye iimfihlelo ngumkhenkce lizwekazi.