Iimpawu zobuhlanga. iimpawu elibonisa kwamaqela asekuhlaleni. Isimo Science

Igama elithi "inguqu" kwabunjwa ngamagama 'demo "kunye" Bala ". NgesiGrike lithetha "abantu" kunye "bhala", ngokulandelelana kwazo. A utoliko yokoqobo eli binzana - "Inkcazelo yabantu", okanye "inkcazelo zabantu." Kodwa inzululwazi zabantu ukutyhubela imbali yayo zange kuphelela ngokwayo ukuba inkcazelo. Isifundo ukufunda wakhe bekusoloko ezinzulu kwaye abanzi.

Indaba

Science, leyo ufunda zabantu yabantu unesizathu ethile ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. isiseko salo sabekwa ngoJanuwari 1662 ngoko eLondon, yapapashwa incwadi ebhalwe ngumntu umthetheli IsiNgesi nomi, noziqulathe-ngokwakhe wafundisa Isazinzulu John Graunt. Ngelo xesha, xa umbhali wayesebenza phezu umsebenzi wakhe, kwakukho nokuqhambuka rhoqo isibetho kunye nezinye izifo ezosulelayo. Leebhulethini malunga lokufa kupapashwa qho ngeveki eLondon, yaye ezi data zinokubaluleka ezithile, ngenxa yokuba abafundi ngezinye uphawu yokuqala kusisisongelo kubomi bakhe off isixeko yingozi.

Le leebhulethini ezilusizi Graunt wabona iingenelo yenzululwazi. Wafunda zonke iingxelo ze ukuzalwa nokufa, epapashwe eLondon kwiminyaka asibhozo. Ngelo xesha Graunt watsalela ingqalelo inani imithetho. Ngokukodwa, waphawula ukuba inani elivisayo lamakhwenkwe kuneminye amantombazana, yaye lo mahluko njalo kwi 7.7%. Le Isazinzulu watsalela ingqalelo kwakuwo zokusweleka phezu yokuzalwa, ukufumana ukuba inani labantu eLondon banda kuphela ngenxa kufudukela abantu abavela kumaphondo. Ipateni ethile nalo iqatshelwe umtshato: Union ngamnye umlinganiselo ngokokuzalwa ezine. Ngokutsho inani ukuzalwa nokufa nzulu owayenokugqiba inani abahlali, kunye nobudala kwabafileyo - isakhiwo ubudala yabemi.

Ngokwesiphelo kubaluleke kakhulu, ngokuba wenza ngexesha zobalo. Ukongeza, ezi nkcukacha-manani oluntu, ngaphandle ibandla, akukho bani kuthwalelwa phandle.

Incwadi encinane, itekisi leyo yayimi kumaphepha asithoba, Lelona laba umthombo nje kuphela yokumiwa komhlaba kodwa kwabantu, kunye nengqokelela-manani.

uphuhliso olunye

Formation yokumiwa komhlaba njenge nenzululwazi kwiinkulungwane kamva wathatha indawo kumacala omabini. Kwelinye icala kubekho licuthe yokufunda yayo kwesi sifundo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, into yokumiwa komhlaba nempembelelo liyanda inani lezinto ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, kwacaca ukuba lo inzululwazi ihlanganisa indawo ebanzi kakhulu, nto leyo ubomi yonke ekuhlaleni. Ukumelana umsebenzi onjalo waziva phantsi amandla. Kungenxa yoko le nto ivela mba yokumiwa komhlaba, ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle chu imiba yoqoqosho, isakhiwo lwezentlalo, imfundo kunye akhuliswe ngayo, ukuziphatha, kushukunywe nempilo njalo njalo. Le miba kufuneka ukuphonononga nezinye izifundo zesayensi, ezifana kwabantu, pedagogy, ezizwe, ezoqoqosho, amayeza, njalo-njalo. D.

Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-gqira zenkulungwane lokugqibela, iingcali ezininzi baqalisa ukunciphisa le ngxaki yokumiwa komhlaba yokufunda lwentshukumo yendalo yabemi. Ngaphezu koko, lo traffic apha bengakuqondi ngokwenyama, kodwa ngendlela jikelele. Kwaye ithetha utshintsho.

ngezigaba

ubuhlanga abantu unokuba kweentlobo ezimbini. Omnye wabo - kokwemvelo enye ngomatshini, okanye nemfuduko. Uhlobo lwesibini utshintsho sabantu intshukumo abantu entsimini. intshukumo Natural - utshintsho esisigxina kubume kunye nabantu. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ukufa, imihla yokuzalwa, imitshato kunye umtshato. Ngu Kubalulekile kwakhona iquka utshintsho isini kunye nobudala isakhiwo abemi, nto leyo iba nefuthe ngqo kuzo zonke iinkqubo demographic.

Kule singenza kwisigqibo article: iidemografi zehlabathi ubonisa ukuba abemi etyhalela ezihlala ziguquka. Abantu bezalwa sife, wazeka-mtshato, ukutshintsha indawo yabo yokuhlala, umsebenzi, wobugcisa, njalo njalo .. Ngenxa yezi nkqubo esoloko itshintsha isakhiwo kunye nabantu.

Le yezentlalo yokumiwa komhlaba

Ukuhamba rhoqo kut- labemi kwi Ukuzibonakalisa ngokwezibalo sinokuba zombini 'dibanisa' yaye 'thabatha'. Xa oku kusenzeka oku kuchatshazelwa yi imithetho uphuhliso lwentlalo, kuba isisahlulo ubomi boluntu, ngoko sinemfano. indawo kubahlali bendawo - ke ziziphumo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Iminyaka Life, ukuzalwa kwintsapho ezinkulu okanye ezincinane inani labantwana, eya okanye umtshato - yonke ehlobene imibandela yezentlalo. Bona ekucaca ukuba umthetho wonke kwaye ziyinxalenye ukusebenza komzimba lwentlalo wonke.

Kulo mzekelo, iimpawu ezakha kwezentlalo isakhiwo yoluntu, ezi uluntu ekuhlaleni kunye namaqela. Baya ithwele abantu kunye, ukuvelisa ukusebenzisana. Kulo mzekelo, wonke umsebenzi wabo ijolise ekukhawulelaneni neemfuno zamalungu kweli qela lwentlalo.

endabeni yokufunda

Injongo landela nayiphi yesayensi, ngokokutyhilwa imithetho kwindawo ethile, oko nje akunakwenzeka ngaphandle nokusekwa imithetho ekhoyo.

Ingcinga nga zabantu zichazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: inzululwazi, leyo ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho inkqubo yokuzala zendalo. Ngaloo ingqiqo labantu apha limele ngendlela ethile. Oku nje yingqokelela yabantu. Oku yisayizi enkulu, nto leyo iba sisityebi isakhiwo eziyimfuneko sokuhlaziya rhoqo. Umgangatho eliyintloko ichaza labemi, kukuba layo nokuzala ngokwayo. Ngenxa yoko, le nto ayiquki aggregate ezifana amaqela zabasebenzi, abaqeshi izindlu, njalo-njalo. D.

iinjongo zokufunda

Ukongeza ulwazi imithetho nayiphi na inzululwazi unengxaki practical. Kukho abo kanye nolwazi. uluhlu lwabo ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• ukufunda ezahlukeneyo izinto ezenzeka ngayo iinkqubo zezibalo;
• uphuhliso amanyathelo kunye noqikelelo-nkqubo yezibalo.

Challenge kukuchonga iintsingiselo ezikhoyo intshukumo yendalo yabemi. Nantso selisiza-manani uncedo. Yamanani ukhetha kuyimfuneko nganye parameters kwimeko kwaye avavanye nokuthembeka kwabo.

Okubaluleke ngokulinganayo inikwa ekufundweni imiba eyahlukeneyo kweentshukumo labemi. Ngelo xesha, njengoko umthetho, wathi iinkqubo sizathu kunye nezimo.

Ngokusekelwe ucazululo lweziphumo ezifunyenwe inani labemi eziphuhliswe iingqikelelo malunga utshintsho elizayo kubume kunye nabantu. izigqibo yawo ucwangciso yoqoqosho yesizwe esekelwe. zibalulekile kwi ukwabiwa kwezibonelelo zoluntu, uqeqesho, uphuhliso lwezindlu, njalo njalo Ezi kuqikellelo. D.

Ngokusekelwe kulwazi mkhwa yokwenene neenkqubo intshukumo yabantu, kukho inkcazelo yeenjongo zemigaqo-nkqubo yezentlalo neyokusasazeka koluntu kweli lizwe. Uphuhliso lweenkqubo enjalo, ngoko ke uluhlu lweentshukumo ezifunekayo ebengayibhekiselelanga kuphela wamanani. Oku lwezazi ezibandakanyekayo kunye amagqwetha, oogqirha bengqondo, iingcali endle intengiso njalo njalo. D.

iimpawu demographic

Ukusasazwa yabemi nawuphi na umahluko omkhulu, baqiqe nge nesakhiwo sayo. Ngenxa yoko, nayiphi na impendulo ingahoywa. Into esemqoka ukuba umphandi umdla. Ezi mpawu bamele phawu yezibalo.

Umahluko phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abantu

Yintoni na iimpawu yezibalo? Le Ukusasazwa labemi ngesondo kunye nesakhiwo ubudala, ubuzwe njalo njalo. D. Enye uhlanga eyahlukileyo ngokuyimfuneko kwezinye iimpawu ezithile. Olu luphawu yezibalo. Imizekelo yalo baninzi. Ngokomzekelo singakwazi ukuthatha phawu yabantu iScots kunye British.

isakhiwo ngokwesondo

bonke abantu ithunyelelwa abasetyhini kunye namadoda. Le iimpawu demographic lwesakhiwo ngesondo. Kwi iimpawu eziphambili oluhlobo iphenjelelwa yimiba emithathu. Eyokuqala kwezi oqhubekayo zebhayoloji kwaye sizimisele ngokusekelwe umlinganiselo usana iintsana kwezini. Izinto yesibini umahluko ngokwesini kubantu abafileyo. iimpawu zosasazeko nasekumeni ngokwesini ixhomekeke umahluko ngobunzulu zemfuduko kwamadoda nabafazi.

Ngoko ke, amakhwenkwe kwi-avareji bazalwa ngaphezulu kancinane amantombazana. ratio ePrince stably. One amantombazana angamakhulu, oko ikhulu elinamanci mahlanu anamashumi amathandathu amakhwenkwe. Noko ke, bengqondo, iingcali zenzululwazi unoluvo lokuba iqumrhu usana eyindoda ngaphantsi amandla. Yiyo loo nto nje ezimbalwa bafe lukwisigaba sokuqala amakhwenkwe. Amazinga Ezinye ukufa ukulungiselelwa kwezini. Ngokomzekelo, kumazwe aphuhlileyo abantu bafe ngenxa yezifo emsebenzini, ukwenzakala, kunye nokuzinikela ukusetyenziswa kotywala kunye nokutshaya. Kumazwe asakhasayo, umfanekiso zitshintshile. Apha inyuka lokufa yabafazi. Oku kungenxa yokuba umsebenzi onzima kunye nokuzalwa rhoqo, umgangatho ophantsi ekuhlaleni kunye nokungabi namandla.

distribution yobudala

Ukusasazeka senziwa, kwaye ixesha ukususela ekuzalweni zomntu ngendawo ethile ebomini bakhe. Ziintoni iimpawu demographic yesakhiwo ubudala? Le ukwabiwa labantu abangaphezulu kweminyaka abaye baphila ngayo, yaye abantwana kweenyanga, iiveki, iintsuku kunye neeyure.

isakhiwo Age uluntu linamandla nempembelelo kwiinkqubo demographic kunye nemali ekhoyo kweli zalathisi entsimini. Ngoko ke, ukuba abemi ipesenti eliphezulu labantu abatsha, sinako ukuqikelela ukunyuka kwezinga somtshato kunye nezinga ukuzalwa kunye nokuhla kobu bomi basemhlabeni.

Ubume yobudala kunefuthe kungekuphela zabantu kodwa zonke iinkqubo zentlalo. Njengoko ixesha elide ubomi bomntu kunxulumene iimvakalelo zakhe, ngezengqondo, kwakunye kangangoko elithile kunye nesizathu. zaqalwa Revolution kwaye mhlawumbi ngaphezulu kwamazwe isakhiwo besebancinane. Ukwaluphala uluntu, apho kukho inani eliphezulu labantu abadala, kwelinye icala, kuxhomekeke ngxi kunye okuzigwagwisa ngexhanti.

isakhiwo umshado

iimpawu elibonisa zabemi kwaye emiselwe imilo ukuzalana phakathi kwendoda nomfazi. Ulwazi ngesakhiwo umtshato yoluntu kubalulekile ukuba isifundo ukuzala, ngokunjalo ukufa. Kulo mzekelo, iidemografi banomdla ifomu kuphela ngokusemthethweni umtshato. kumtshato, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo zabo zomthetho, nazo ziyaphandwa zizazinzulu.

Xa umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ngumhlolokazi okanye ubume bomtshato abantu ukuhamba ukusuka kwimo enye ukuya kwenye. Kulo lonke yoluntu, ezi meko amacandelo inkqubo enye. Bobabini, zimele ubume yokuzala lomtshato.

Ukwazi ezi nkqubo zihlala zibalulekile ukumisela unobangela ekuweni kwaye ukuyilwa iintsapho, utshintsho intsingiselo wenzala kunye nokufa.

Ukudalwa yokuziqeqesha lwenzululwazi olutsha

inguqu kwezentlalo kwenziwa ekudibaneni yokumiwa komhlaba kunye yokuhlalisana. Olu qeqesho lwenzululwazi olutsha. It ufunda impembelelo macala iinkqubo yezentlalo neyokusasazeka koluntu. Uphando ebalulekileyo kule uqeqesho oluqhutywa phaya kwinqanaba micro. zabantu Social efundelwa ubudlelwane nobuntu. Kwakhona olu qeqesho lithetha Iziseko zeentsapho.

Isifundo zesifundo, kuba apho inguqu kwezentlalo ijolise ukukhonza zengqondo yabantu kanye yokuziphatha, kwakunye nezithethe zasekuhlaleni.

Ukuziqhelanisa kwezentlalo yokumiwa komhlaba

Naluphi na uluntu labantu kwakheka kwi isiseko iimpawu ezithile. Sabantu ke labemi isifundo ngesondo, ubudala njalo njalo. D. Noko ke, kukodwa umqondiso lwabantu unalo cala. isimo Social , wenza kuphela xa kuqwalaselwa iyonke imeko yentlalo-yembali.

Yintoni uphawu yezibalo kwityala enjalo? Umzekelo, ukuba abe ngowasetyhini okanye indoda ayikho nje ukuba ikhona neempawu nokomzimba umgangatho. Le ibandakanya inkqubo loluntu indima banokuza, kananjalo yokuziphatha nemvukelo ohambelana, izinto ezithandwayo kunye nomdla kunye nohlobo neempawu t. D. Socio-demographic iimpawu iimeko zabantu oliduna okanye njengebhinqa. Oku ubuhle nobubi bayo. Kwelinye icala, kukho uphawu demographic amaqela asekuhlaleni yimeko kubalulekile kulonwabo kunye noxolo lwengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, le ngqekembe elinye icala. Umntu uba iimpawu demographic kwamaqela asekuhlaleni kuba ngumntu umqobo ukuyilwa ubuntu bokudala abanetalente. Oku kuya kuthintela ngokubonakala kombono, ngokuvala zokutenxa neepateni zokucinga yokuziphatha, kwakunye nemithetho eyamkelweyo.

Iiforam kunye nezibalo kushishino

Nayiphi na inzululwazi unamalungu amaninzi weendawo. Kungekho ngaphandle, kunye nolwazi. Le nto ndiyibhalayo amacandelo ahlukeneyo, ukuvumela ukuba ukufunda imiba ethile.

Ngoko ke, lo yokumiwa komhlaba umngeni sethiyori kukuba ukuphuhlisa ingcamango jikelele yabemi. Ngaphezu koko, zonke izinto zihlahlelwe ngokusekelwe kuphando ngokwamava olwenziwe kunye nesiphelo kukuba zokuva amakhonkco ubuninzi phakathi kweziganeko kunye izenzakalo intshukumo yendalo yabemi.

Isebe elilandelayo inzululwazi - imbali yokumiwa komhlaba. Le ngqeqesho lihlola ngendaleko ulwazi kwicandelo kwabantu.

Ufundo ubume yezentlalo neyokusasazeka yabantu libandakanywe zedemografiki. Olu qeqesho sub-kwicandelo abanomdla ukufunda ekwakhiweni yabemi. Le yinto isifundo manani Izibalo nobuzwe kunye nemfundo, zemfundo indawo, msebenzi, kwakunye ngokwamaqela labemi imithombo yengeniso, njalo njalo. D. Le uqeqesho lihlola kwemali xa zifuduka, nomthwalo kwezoqoqosho kwiintsapho.

Ulwazi ngayo iintsapho uqokelela manani zasekhaya. Enokubhatala ingqalelo umgangatho ukutya nempahla obespechennnosti ixesha elide, ingeniso kunye nemigangatho ophilileyo. I data kwi inani kummandla wakhe kugxilwe izibini ukuba abantwana, njalo-njalo. D.

Inkqubo ebanzi ingcaciso malunga nemiba nokukotshwa zabemi zichazayo, okanye Isimo ezichazayo.

Ngoko akukho mfihlelo ukuba kukho ubudlelwane article phakathi enomfanekiso zabemi kunye nomgangatho yelizwe uphuhliso. Oku ukwenza isifundo yokumiwa komhlaba kwezoqoqosho. Le ngqeqesho ngokuhlalutya impembelelo iinkqubo demographic kwi ngumlinganiselo kunye nolwakhiwo ukukhula koqoqosho.

Economic sabantu liqulethe iingingqi ezintathu (icandelo). Ke zezi zilandelayo: ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nomgangatho labemi, ngokunjalo kubume kwezoqoqosho wendalo zentlalo yezibalo.

indlela yenzululwazi ahlukeneyo kwaye nolwazi yobuhlanga. Uqwalasela isakhiwo yokufuduka kwamaqela eentlanga kunye nempembelelo nobuhlanga nezonqulo ukuziphatha kweenkqubo kwinqanaba yokuzala.

Kukho sabantu kunye nezopolitiko. Umda yophando lwakhe intsebenziswano lweenkqubo intlalo yopolitiko neyokusasazeka koluntu. Injongo Ukufunda olu qeqesho iingozi kwezopolitiko-nkqubo demographic lukho ngurhulumente.

Xa nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela kwakukho omnye isebe lwamacandelo zenzululwazi. Kwakukho inguqu zonyango, apho ukufunda nobume bempilo yabantu, ifuthe iimeko kwimo engqongileyo nasentlalweni ukufa. Kulo mzekelo, umsebenzi ephambili imboni ukuhlalutya unobangela zokulahleka abahlali, ngokunjalo nophuhliso kwi ngokwesiseko lwazi ezithathwe iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu kwiinkqubo demographic kweli lizwe.