Oxides Oksidiy.Soleobrazuyuschie kunye nesoleobrazuyuschie

Oxides kukho izinto ezintsonkothileyo, ezibandakanya izinto ezimbini, enye yazo - oksijini ngurhulumente igcwala yesibini.

Kule ncwadi lweekhemikhali oxides nokuhlelwa ngqo le migaqo ilandelayo:

1. Xa ifomula ukubhala ioksijini lusoloko wazibeka kwindawo yesibini - HAYI, cao.
2. Calling oxides, ekuqaleni ukusoloko sisebenzisa oxide ilizwi, emva kokuba lo genitive igama element yesibini: Bao - oxide barium, K₂O - oxide potassium.
3. Kwimeko xa element senza oxides emva kwegama layo kwizibiyeli abonisa igcwala karhulumente le element, umz N₂O₅ - nitric oxide (V), Fe₂O₃ - yentsimbi oxide (II), Fe₂O₃ - yentsimbi oxide (III).
4. Calling oxides zixhaphakileyo ngokuyimfuneko athom ubudlelwane eziyimfuneko nganye Amanani molecule Omiselweyo ehambelana Greek: N₂O - oxide dinitrogen, NO₂ - nitrogen dioxide, N₂O₅ - pentoxide dinitrogen, HAYI - nitrogen monoxide.
5. Ezingaphiliyo acid anhydrides kuyanqweneleka ukubiza ngendlela efanayo njengoko oxides (umz, N₂O₅ - nitric oxide (V)).

Oxides zingafunyanwa ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo:

1. Zakudibana oksijini izinto ezilula. izinto iziyatha oxidized phantsi ukufudumeza badla zikhuphe ubushushu nokukhanya. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ukuvutha
   C + O₂ = CO₂
2. Ngenxa igcwala kwezinto ezinzima ezifunyenwe oxides lweziqalelo ezifakwe kwi ekwakhiweni umbandela ukuqala:
   2H₂S + 3O₂ = 2 2 H₂O + SO₂
3. yokubola nitrate hydroxides, carbonates:
   2Cu (NO₃) ₂ = 2CuO + 4NO₂ + O₂
   CaCO₃ = cao + CO₂
   Cu (OH) ₂ = Čuo + H₂O
4. Ngenxa igcwala of oxides ezibengezelayo nezinye izinto. reactions ezifanayo aba metallothermy kwisiseko - wobuyiselo zesinyithi ukusuka oxides zawo zentsimbi esebenzayo ngakumbi:
   2Al + Cr₂O₃ = 2Cr ± Al₂O₃
5. Ngu yokubola of oxides aphezulu okanye igcwala le ezisezantsi:
   4CrO₃ = 2Cr₂O₃ + 3O₃
   4FeO + O₂ = 2Fe₂O₃
   4CO + O₂ = 2CO₂

esekelwe Classification oxides iimpawu zazo wemichiza elibonisa ukwahlulwa yabo oxides ityuwa-yenza uze nesoleobrazuyuschie (lingenandaba). Salt-ukwakha oxides, yena, yahlulwe asidi, ezisisiseko kunye amphoteric.

Le oxides eziphambili bahambelana isiseko. Umzekelo, Na₂O, cao, MgO - oxides esisiseko, ekubeni ziyangqinelana kwisiseko - NaOH, Ca (OH) ₂, MG (OH) ₂. Ezinye oxides (K₂O kunye cao) lula kusabela ngamanzi, sibe ezichaphazelekayo isiseko:

Cao + H₂O = Ca (OH) ₂

K₂O + H₂O = 2KOH

Oxides of Fe₂O₃, Čuo, Ag₂O ngamanzi musa kusabela njani, kodwa iasidi namandla, apho ingqalelo kubalulekile:

Fe₂O₃, + 6HCl = 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂OCuO + H₂SO₄ + H₂O

Ag₂O + 2HNO₃ = 2AgNO₃ + H₂O

Iipropati gumbini lwemichiza olu hlobo oxides - abasabela ngayo isakudityaniswa nee-asidi, ngenxa apho, njengokuba umthetho, amanzi obuvelisiweyo kunye netyuwa:

Feo + 2HCl = FeCl₂ + H₂O

oxides esiSiseko basabela kunye oxides emuncu:

Cao + CO₂ = CaCO₃.

oxides emuncu nobani asidi, umzekelo, oxide N₂O₃ olungqamana nitric acid HNO₂, Cl₂O₇ - perchloric acid, HClO₄, SO₃ - sulphuric acid H₂SO₄.

Lo mhlaba imichiza ephambili oxides enjalo abasabela ngayo kunye neziseko kwakhiwa ityuwa namanzi:

2NaOH + CO₂ = NaCO₃ + H₂O

oxides kakhulu asidi basabela ngamanzi, akha asidi ehambelanayo. Ngelo xesha SiO₂ oxide phantse ezingenakunyibilika emanzini, kodwa liya yokungenelela emazantsi, ngoko, yinto oxide asidi:

2NaOH + SiO₂ = (fusion) Na₂siO₃ + H₂O

oxides Amphoteric - oxides kukuba ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko kubonisa kwiipropati emuncu kunye esisiseko, ngamanye amazwi, ngokuthi zakudibana asidi ziziphathe njengoko oxides esisiseko, yaye asabela kunye neziseko - njengokuba acid.

Asingabo bonke oxides amphoteric usebenzisana ngokulinganayo kunye iziseko kunye asidi. Abanye baye iipropati ezisisiseko ucaca ngakumbi, abanye - asidi.

Ukuba oksayidi zinc okanye chromium Lize ngokulinganayo isakudityaniswa nee-asidi, neziseko zayo, ngoko iipropati ezisisiseko oxide Fe₂O₃ ngabona.

Iimpawu amphoteric oxides ZnO ibonisiwe kulo mzekelo:

ZnO + 2HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂O

ZnO + 2NaOH = Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂O

oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie ezizo nokuba asidi okanye iziseko (umzekelo, N₂O, HAYI).

Ngaphezu koko, akukho unganikezeli reactions ezifanayo nezo oxides ityuwa-bokwakha. oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie ukuze zisenokuxabana asidi okanye alkalies, kodwa musa ezingeyo iimveliso ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo oxides yetyuwa-ukwakha, ezifana 150⁰S kunye 1.5 MPA CO idityaniswe sodium hayidroksayidi ukwenza ityuwa - nikuda sodium:

CO + NaOH = HCOONa

oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie rasprostranenіy hayi sobubanzi kusekwa nezinye iintlobo oxides, ebandakanya ubukhulu becala nonmetals divalent.