"Uqalekisiwe Days" Bunin: Isishwankathelo ngu isahluko

Ukufunda "Uqalekisiwe Days" (Bunin, isishwankathelo lulandela ngezantsi), bengaqondanga ukubamba ecinga ukuba eRashiya ukubuyisela i "iintsuku yokusingelwa phantsi" wena ukuza engaphele entsha, akukho ngaphantsi "esihogweni" ... Xa ubajongile, bebonakala ezahlukeneyo, kodwa eneneni Izidumbu efanayo - ukutshatyalaliswa, ihlekisa, ukuxhatshazwa, sokugxeka kunye histrionics okungenasiphelo musa ukubulala, emva kokufa - alikho isiphumo imbi kulo mzekelo, kwaye uya osisiqhwala umphefumlo, ekuguquleni ubomi ukufa kade ngaphandle imilinganiselo, ngaphandle iimvakalelo omnye kuphela yanto kakhulu. Eyoyikisayo, xa Kucingelwa ukuba into efanayo eyenzeka umphefumlo womntu omnye. Kwaye ukuba Ucinga ukuba i "intsholongwane" iphindaphindeka kunye endlala, nokosulela izigidi imiphefumlo, eminyaka ukutshabalalisa lonke uhlanga lonke engcono zexabiso? Kakhulu.

EMoscow, 1918

Ukususela ngoJanuwari 1918 ukuya kuJanuwari 1920, umbhali omkhulu Russia Bunin Ivan Alekseevich ( "Iintsuku Uqalekisiwe") ibhalwe ngohlobo idayari - ngebhajethi live owayephila - yonke into eqhubekayo phambi kwamehlo akhe post-olululo eRashiya, zonke izinto kangangokuba waziva ukhathazekile eziye ubunzima nento yonke imihla yakhe zange okwabiwa - iintlungu eningenakukholwa kwilizwe labo.

Ingxelo yokuqala yenziwe wokuqala ngoJanuwari 1918. Omnye "bani" ngonyaka ngasemva, kodwa akukho uvuyo, ngokuba kunzima ukucinga ukuba eRashiya ulinde ngaphezu. Ukuba nethemba akunjalo, nkqu malomalski naliphi na ithemba lokubuya 'ukuqhubeka inkqubo "okanye mandithi utshintsho kuba kwalowo ngcono suku ngalunye entsha. Xa incoko umbhali polotorami ucaphula i "olugobileyo", ukuba namhlanje kuphela uThixo uyayazi into yonke kuthi ... Emva zonke yeentolongo, ukumkelwa ziingqondo izibhedlele wakhululwa izaphuli nabanesathuthwane ukuba izilwanyana zabo ngethuku lemvelo wabona ivumba igazi, amandla obungenasiphelo angohlwaywa. "Mna nizihlubile uKumkani", wawa phezu kwetrone, kwaye ngoku aqhutywa abantu abaninzi, yaye kwande babeziindleko ezinkulu eRashiya: e Simferopol, wathi amajoni kunye nabasebenzi Babesoblwaya kwanto, "nje idolo-nzulu go egazini." Kwaye kunazo zonke - kukho kuphela ezilikhulu lamawaka, kodwa izigidi zabantu, yaye akakwazi ukwenza nto ...

ukungakhethi

Siyaqhubeka isishwankathelo ( "Iintsuku Uqalekisiwe" Bunin IA). Hayi nje uluntu, kokubini eRashiya eYurophu usola umbhali ukujongwa imigwebo yakhe malunga ezo ziganeko, besithi ixesha kuphela cala kwaye injongo kuvavanyo lwe Russian Revolution. Zonke ezi kuhlaselwa Bunin waphendula eziqhitsini - ukungakhethi ngengqiqo ngqo ilizwi qha, yaye akasoze, kwaye 'icala' bakhe ukubandezeleka kubo ngaloo minyaka eyoyikekayo, ngokuba zezona ngcali kukuba akukho buso.

Yena unelungelo kunye nentiyo, kunye ubukrakra, nomsindo ngecala. Kulula ukuba 'sinyamezele "xa ebukele imeko kwikona kude, yaye niyazi ukuba akukho mntu yaye akukho nto anitshabalalise okanye, nangakumbi, ndizitshabalalise isidima sakho, zenzakalise umphefumlo angaqondakali ... Kwaye xa ufumana ngokwakho phakathi zeziganeko kakhulu esibi xa ushiya indlu yaye andazi, kuza emva ephilayo xa ugxothiwe xa ekwindlu yakhe, xa yindlala xa kunikwa "kuba ngamashumi of umqathane", "pozhuesh kubo - ukunuka umphefumlo wesihogo utshisa" xa iimbandezelo ezininzi obungathethekiyo yemvelo nto kuthelekiswa ne yengqondo IU aniyami kunye ngokuphindelela, bekudina, uthatha yonke into ngaphandle, azafunyanelwa ndawo buhlungu into yokuba "abantwana bethu nabazukulwana akayi kuba nako ukucinga ukuba lizwe, ubukhosi, eRashiya, apho sasidla (okt izolo) siphila, musa oxabisekileyo, bengaqondi - konke oku amandla, ukuntsokotha, ubutyebi, ulonwabo ... ", i" uthando "ayikwazi ukuba, yaye oko kube ngaloo ndlela umlinganiselo lokwenyaniso okulungileyo nokubi.

Imizwa

Ewe, "Iintsuku Uqalekisiwe" Bunin kwi Isishwankathelo kananjalo senkangala, ukudandatheka kunye nobuhlanga. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye egqubayo inkcazo bantu ngaloo minyaka, iziganeko kunye nemeko zangaphakathi zazo ipeyinti emnyama unako kwaye kufuneka kuthathwe uphawu hayi "lokucutha", yaye umqondiso "dibanisa". umfanekiso Black-namhlophe, abunaluthando, imibala eqaqambileyo ifumile, iimvakalelo kunye ngaxeshanye nzulu thinner. Black-inki ngenzondo Russian Revolution kunye iiBolsheviks ngokuchasene mhlophe qhwa ezimanzi, "kokutyatyekwa kubo esikolo ukuya - ubuhle kunye novuyo" - oku umahluko ubuhlungu xa ezintle, zombini yokusasaza kunye uzothekile, yaye noloyiko, nomnikelo wokudla, kunye into efana uthando iLizwe loobawo kwaye ngenkolelo yokuba kungekudala le "ndoda engcwele", "umakhi, amandla aphezulu 'iya kubeyisa kanye' ruffian" yaye "umonakalisi" kwi umphefumlo wabantu Russian.

ababephila

Le ncwadi "Iintsuku Uqalekisiwe" (Bunin Ivan) izele, kwaye ngokupheleleyo, iingxelo lombhali malunga bexesha lakhe: Blok, Gorky, Himmer, Sukhanov, Mayakovsky, Bryusov, Tikhonov ... Izigwebo, ubukhulu becala abangenabubele, ehlabayo. ayikwazanga IA Bunin ukuqonda, bayamkele baxolele "prihlebatelstvo" ngaphambi kokuba abasemagunyeni abatsha. Ucinga ukuba yintoni na ityala phakathi onyanisekileyo, indoda enengqondo kwiBolsheviks?

Yintoni unxulumano phakathi ye'Bolsheviks yonke inkampani - Tikhonov, Gorky, Himmer, Sukhanov? Kwelinye icala, ukuba 'nzima "kunye nabo, ngokuba ekuhleni" ibandla kubahloli, "ngubani ngenxa yamandla, phofu, ezimele emva" izilangazelelo lwesigaba Russian "umngcatsha lokhokho kunye' krwada itrone ezingenamntu Romanovs." Kwaye phezu kwelinye? Kwaye phezu kwelinye - eziphilayo "ekhaya" kwi iSoviet irikhwizishini "National Ihotele" ezindongeni enemifanekiso yabantu uLenin noTrotsky, nangaphantsi - nokukhuselwa amajoni kunye ezikhutshwe idlule yamaBolshevik "kwingqwayi."

Bryusov, Blok, Mayakovsky, ekuhleni wajoyina i iiBolsheviks, wenza, ngokutsho umbhali, bantu bazizidenge. Ngenzondelelo efanayo ukuba ubufanasini njengoko lobuzwilakhe kunye Bolshevism. Imveliso ye labo 'lingenakumbi-babechubekile ", oko kukuthi" iincwadi ucingo. " Kodwa ngxelo imbi kakhulu kukuba 'ucingo' ukuba lube nabazana igazi phantse zonke iincwadi Russian, ukuba amsindise ukuba ayizizo zonke Russia ngokulambisa. Kokuphazamisa omnye - uya kuba nokwenziwa ukususela phantsi cingo ukuphuma? Okokugqibela, Mayakovsky akakwazi baziphathe kakuhle, kufuneka ngalo lonke ixesha ukuba 'up "ngokungathi" ukuzimela krwada "yaye" stoerosovaya ngqo yomgwebo "buyafuneka" zobumnini "siphiwo.

Lenin

Siyaqhubeka isishwankathelo - "Uqalekisiwe Days" Bunin Ivan Alekseevich. intiyo okhethekileyo imveliso buzane umfanekiso Lenin. Umbhali nto sinayo na epithets kakhulu kakubi i "inkokeli yamaBolshevik" - "okungenamsebenzi", "con", "Owu, yintoni inkomo" ... hayi nje ukuthetha, kunye amaphetshana onogada niwujikeleze umzi ukuba uLenin noTrotsky - we " niyimigqakhwe ", abancethezi, anyotywa yi yiJamani. Kodwa Bunin ukuba ungakholelwa kula marhe. Yena azibona kuzo "banenzondelelo", ngokuhlonela bakholwayo i "elangatyeni ihlabathi", kodwa ke kubi kakhulu, ngokuba kukuyibaxa - kukho frenzy, phithi, kususa imida enengqondo nokubeka phezu kwamanqwanqwa kuphela into lalingazi yakhe, yaye, ke ngoko, lo ngesothuso, Nembubhiso ngokungagungqiyo zonke kwanabo. Umngcatshi uYudas luthoba phantsi emva kokufumana "eziBekekileyo ngqekembe zesiliva ezimashumi mathathu," yaye Umbaxi iya ekupheleni. Ubungqina oku ngokwaneleyo: iRussia igcinwe rhoqo "ukukhwezela inkathazo," akazange ayeke ngesothuso, imfazwe yamakhaya, igazi kunye nobundlobongela nezakhayo kuba kucingwa iindlela kuphela zokufumana "usukelo olukhulu". ULenin ngokwakhe ndoyika yonke into, "njengomlilo", yonke yena "amayelenqe engqondo", "uloyiko" amandla nobomi babo, kuba oko angayikhangeleyo, kwaye bâthi wayengekafiki bakholelwa kule uloyiso ngo-Oktobha.

Le revolution Russian

"Uqalekisiwe Days" Bunin - Uhlalutyo imveliso ayipheli apha. Abaninzi umbhali uthi kunye kakuhle eli revolution Russian, nto leyo kuhlangene nomphefumlo nesimilo kwabantu Russian, "ngenxa yokuba uTHIXO oyinyaniso kwaye umtyholi rhoqo indawo eRashiya." Kwelinye icala omnye ukususela kumaxesha amandulo bonke behlabathi ubuqaqawuli Russian "razboynichkami" "poshiba" eyahlukileyo - ". Iintonga kokuxhuma, Murom, Saratov, yarygi, iimbaleki, abavukeli nxamnye bonke kunye neminye imirhumo, ezityala zonke umpheki, Ubuxoki kunye namathemba bobuxoki ' On kolunye - yaye 'umntu engcwele ", umlimi, kwaye osebenza nzima, kwaye umakhi. Oko yaba "umzabalazo eqhubekayo" kunye freaks kunye abonakalisi, sifumana i unqulo emangalisayo "zonke kumpheki, isiphendu, negazi kunye emini 'ukuba ngokungalindelekanga ulinganiswa" ukubabalwa okukhulu, ezintsha kunye nentsusa iifom elizayo. "

beqhawe Russian

Yiyiphi ibangelwe ukusuka loo ububhanxa aluhlaza? Ukwakha phezu umsebenzi Kostomarov, Solovyev on the Time Iingxaki, ndicinga F. M. Dostoevskogo, IA Bunin ubona imvelaphi yazo zonke iintlobo iinkathazo, kokuthandabuza yaye banokholo eRashiya ebumnyameni bokomoya, ukunganeliseki ulutsha kunye ukungalingani kwabantu Russian. Russia - lizwe ruffian eqhelekileyo.

Apha imbali Russian "izono" likaxakeka "ukuphinda". Ngapha koko, kwaba kunye Stenka Razin kunye Pugachev, kunye Kazi-mulla ... Abantu, njengoko ukutsalwa ukunxanelwa ubulungisa, utshintsho engaqhelekanga, inkululeko, ukulingana, ukukhawulezisa indyebo nentlalo-ntle, yaye abaninzi abayiqondi, wavuka waza wangena phantsi kwebhanile lwe kanye iinkokeli, lzhetsarey, yama- ukuvelela. Abantu, njengoko umthetho, eyona ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ekupheleni nayiphi "bacchanalia Russian" accounted for uninzi amasela mbaleki, ukonqena, umhlwa kunye kulo igquba. Ayibalulekanga into undilibele elide injongo yokuqala - ukonakalisa isiseko umyalelo omdala kwaye endaweni yayo nkqo entsha. Kunoko, le ngcamango bucinyiwe, kunye nezilogeni eziya kuhlala de kube sekupheleni - kuyimfuneko ukuzithethelela thile isiphithiphithi nobumnyama. Kuvunyelwa ukuba bagqibe kwempahla ukulingana ngokupheleleyo, inkululeko epheleleyo kuzo zonke mthetho, uluntu kunye nonqulo. Kwelinye icala abantu ukunxila yiwayini negazi, kodwa kwelinye icala - kuqubuda phambi kokuba "ingumkhokeli walo," kuba ngenxa yokungathobeli nabani encinane na bajeziswe ngokufa istyazatelnoy. "Beqhawe Russian" olungaphaya yandile zonke phambi kokuba kwenziwe. Scale, "oko kungenangqiqo" kunye okhethekileyo, nanto kunye nantoni na oyimfama, ezingenangqondo "ukhohlakale" xa "ezandleni elungileyo ndindisholo, ukusuka embi - ngaba eyehlela nxamnye bonke ububi" - ezi mpawu ziphambili zale revolution Russian. Yaye kwakhona livelile mali olukhulu ...

Odessa, 1919

IA Bunin, "Iintsuku Uqalekisiwe" - ayipheli apho isishwankathelo izahluko. Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1919, umbhali waya Odessa. Kwakhona, ubomi iba ulindelo lamaxesha amakheswa kaxakeka. E Moscow, abaninzi babelindele ukuba amaJamani, ungabi bekholelwa ukuba angenelele kwimicimbi zangaphakathi Russia, asikhulule ukusuka ebumnyameni yamaBolshevik. Apha, e Odessa, rhoqo abantu nesebenza Nikolaev Boulevard - nokuba, Ukungaboni kude umbhuqi French. Ukuba kunjalo - ngoko kukho ubuncinane ezithile ukhuseleko, ithemba, kwaye ukuba akunjalo - ingozi, isiphithiphithi, ngamampunge, yaye oko kuya kuba isiphelo.

ntsasa nganye luqala amaphephandaba ukufunda. Zizele namarhe ubuxoki, oko oluhlala kakhulu ukuze ukwazi ayizange, kodwa imvula okanye ebandayo - zonke runs umbhali efanayo aze achithe yonke imali. Loo St. Petersburg? Yintoni e Kiev? Denikin and Kolchak? Imibuzo ngaphandle iimpendulo. Endaweni kubo - sematheni ekhwaza: "I-Red Army phambili kuphela! Thina uhamba kunye uloyiso emva uloyiso! "Okanye" Yiza, oyintanda, musa ukubala imizimba! ", Kwaye ngezantsi kubo elizolileyo, kufutshane enocwangco, ngokungathi kunjalo kufuneka, yiya amanqaku yeentshaba ukudubula olungenasiphelo eli qumrhu okanye" izilumkiso "malunga ngokumka kombane kukuba kwesi ukugqitywa olupheleleyo amafutha. Kaloku, kulindeleke iziphumo ... Kwinyanga nje enye, "iphathwa" yonke into, "akukho zikaloliwe, akukho tram, kungekho manzi, akukho kutya, akukho iimpahla -! Lutho"

Le dolophu, kanye ezixinene endleleni yaye bevuya, usebumnyameni, ngaphandle kwiindawo apho "zokuhlala", "zinemingxuma Bolshevist." Apho, phezulu neendawo abumlilorha, weva balalaika ngokuzingisileyo, zibonwa ezindongeni amalaphu anomyalezo abamnyama, wagaleleka kuyo yaba lukakayi emhlophe kunye esithi: "Ukufa ukuba oohlohlesakhe! Kodwa kakhulu, hayi kuphela ebusuku kodwa emini. Kwisitrato isuke yaba yinto encinane. Le dolophu akahlali, umzi wonke omkhulu uhleli ekhaya. Umoya izaliswe ucinge ukuba lizwe yoyiswa kwabanye abantu, abanye ekhethekileyo ", nto leyo mbi kakhulu naliphi ibonwe ngaphambili kude kube ngoku. A umnqobi oku ukuba ezitratweni, ukudlala ikhodiyani, imidaniso, "uyakugubungela ukhuko," wamtshicela imbewu, bethengisa ukususela iitreyi kwaye ebusweni kuyo, lo moyisi, kuqala kwiinto zonke, akukho yesiqhelo, kungekho lula. Kuyinto ngokupheleleyo kabukhali nokungafunekiyo, eloyikekayo kukunyaba yakhe embi kutshabalalisa bonke ubomi bakhe "eguquguqukayo kodwa wakukhonza" mngeni kwaye yonke into wonke ...

"Uqalekisiwe Days" Bunin ushwankathelo: isiphelo

Ngemihla yokugqibela Januwari 1920 I. A. Bunin nentsapho yakhe ukuba basabe Odessa. Diary sheets zalahleka. Ngako oko amanqaku Odessa, banqunyulwe ngeli xesha ...

Elokuqukumbela, eli nqaku " 'Uqalekisiwe Days" Bunin: isishwankathelo imisebenzi "Ndifuna ukunika engaphezulu, amanye amazwi umbhali abantu Russian, owathi, nangona umsindo wakhe, umsindo ilungisa, wayemthanda uzukile ngokuncamisileyo, ngenxa yokuba zizinto ezingenakwahlulwa kunye looMawokhulu wakhe - Russia . Wathi eRashiya kukho iindidi ezimbini zabantu: eyokuqala yayisonganyelwa Russia, kunye nezinye - Chud. Kodwa omnye elinesibini kukho emangalisayo, maxa wambi owoyikayo izimo changeability kunye sizifihla,-ebizwa ngokuba "nedumbe". Ukusuka kuyo, bantu ezifana iplanga, ndiphume club, yaye i icon. konke kuxhomekeke kwiimeko kunye ngubani hews emthini: Emelka Pugachev okanye St. uSergiyo. I. A. Bunin le "icon" ozibonileyo wayethanda. Abaninzi babekholelwa ukuba lindithiye kuphela. Kodwa akukho. Umsindo, lo uthando, kwaye wokunyamezela mda ububi ukusuka okwenzekayo kungokunje kakubi ngayo. Uyabona, kwaye akukho nto banokuyenza.

Kwakhona ndifuna ukukhumbuza ukuba nqaku a tirhisaneke ha yona umsebenzi " 'Uqalekisiwe Days" Bunin. Isishwankathelo Executive abakwazi ukuveza ukugwegweleza nobunzulu iimvakalelo umbhali, ngoko ufunda amanqaku Idayari ngokupheleleyo kuyimfuneko.