Chehova Antona Pavlovicha ingqondo yemveli. Uluhlu imisebenzi engcono

umsebenzi yaseChekhov likaThixo likhethekile. Ngokomfanekiso, yena - enye nelamaRafa iincwadi segolide Russian ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, umseki indlela ezitsha zobuciko. Kwakhona Anton Pavlovich bakholelwa ekuchubekeni elihle. imisebenzi yakhe ukuba ibe negalelo nokuvela yokubonela yesizwe Russian. Bahlala ezinqwenelekayo kakhulu kwi amanqanaba Russia kunye nehlabathi ezininzi ingqiqo yeqonga.

ezakudala Ukulinganisela Classic

Leo Tolstoy waye kakhulu umsebenzi yaseChekhov. UTolstoy wayesithi ukuba yaseChekhov - ongumbhali eyodwa ehlabathini. ngayo lona "Inqina" Umbhali uzele yenzondelelo: "yaseChekhov - na iprozi Pushkin kaThixo!" umbhali avelele ezazisithi artist nanto, owadala kweendlela imibhalo, leyo akazange wadibana.

indlela Creative yaseChekhov wafumana impendulo yakhe kunxweme Albion. wemidlalo IsiNgesi kunye umbhali Dzhon Golsuorsi waphawula ukuba nefuthe kuphela kuluncedo kwi IsiNgesi uncwadi yaseChekhov. Izihloko bobuchule Bulelani kuye uhlaziywe, ingakumbi, yi uBernard Shaw. Umzekelo, "nokwaphuka House" lakhe kuthiwa umdlalo of Britain "kwi indlela Russian"

Kwi indlela ezinobuchule umbhali

Enyanisweni, yaseChekhov waba ngumsunguli, bamlahla amaqhawe nokubandakanyeka isenzo ngaphandle ebekwe ngokuzenzela ngokudala ngamayelenqe, yi ngabom enika umbhali umsebenzi wakhe eyonwabisayo. Ngenxa yonke le nto, Anton Pavlovich yayiyeyona nto iphambili imisebenzi yakhe utshintshile nomcimbi ubuncwane ngakumbi. Kwibali imisebenzi yakhe wayedlala shintsho lokuqala ivayolin karhulumente yengqondo abalinganiswa, nemiba yokuphikisana kwalo iimeko, yesiqhelo yekhaya.

Anton wabeka ingcamango ukwenza ihlabathi libe ngcono, isicoci, ngaphezulu kwe kwi phezulu ngobugcisa bakhe. ubuchule yaseChekhov kaThixo, landela lo mgaqo, oko lifuna ukushukumisa "umphefumlo ophilileyo" kumfundi. Classic kwi Umsebenzi obonisa nje umntu xa yena. Umbhali ke ukuba ngudlalani nabaphulaphuli, akazami ukuba umchukumise, hayi embellishing nto. Abalinganiswa ayithanda - abafundileyo abantu downmix ngokwabo ukuba futlyarnoy ubomi ubuxoki isibeleko abakhi nesytoy, kwakunye nabameli yabantu ezibonisiweyo ubuhlwempu kunye ukuxhaphaza ukuya kwimo anozizi akanankathalo.

Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba umsebenzi yaseChekhov lulandela imigaqo, ivuliwe:

1. Sendlela okuza kuphela ngokukhawuleza ngayo ingcamango zakudala ubiza italente udade yakhe akulolize. Ukhetha ngamafuphi, ibali undivingcile. Yena yazini abafundi bakhe, owathi, ngokwembono yakhe, wayeza kufumana intsingiselo, nokuba imveliso kunye ezintsonkothileyo.
2. Xa izinto yaseChekhov zisoloko zidlala indima ebalulekileyo, iinkcukacha nezingathi zincinci. Abayi akhoyo nje imisebenzi, njengoko libhekisela engundoqo, ilitye lembombo iingcamango zakhe.
3. Kuba isimbo yaseChekhov luphawulwa inkcazelo ukungakhethi, kuba uqinisekile ukuba izigqibo kufuneka umfundi.
4. Czechs abantwana phantse akazange abhale ngokungqalileyo ( "Kashtanka" yaye "White-egudle" - an ngaphandle). Wayekholelwa ukuba umntwana kufuneka ukufunda ukuba bakhethe ezona "abadala" uncwadi.

Noko ke, ukucacisa imbono eqhelekileyo kwi umsebenzi ezakudala, bekuya kuba sengqiqweni ukuba uphi na nasekusungulweni ukuyilwa indlela yakhe yokudala. Le yinto isifundo sethu siya kuba ngobomi kunye nomsebenzi yaseChekhov.

Amava lokuqala uyilo

Anton yaseChekhov wazalwa ngo January 17, 1860 baseTaganrog e kusapho oluhlwempuzekileyo abarhwebi. Apha iziqu lomthambo esi sixeko. Nkqu kwiiklasi iziqu ukuba yimbangi umsebenzi abadala eyapapashwa kwiimagazini ezaziwayo "Alarm", "laba", "Iingceba". Ngoko ke ndisemncinane ukuba imali, kwakufuneka ngokunzulu intsapho, yaseChekhov.

Ngelo xesha, ziyahlelwa eliselula sizi ulungiselela umntu: elinesixhenxe, akavumelanga umtshiso kakhulu le peritoneum, leyo, ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, ingqalelo ukubonakalalisa yokuqala sephepha yakhe. Ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo, ababalulwa nguNjingalwazi VI Razumovsky, Anton yaseChekhov ngelishwa abaye ukubamba oko eklasini eyunivesithi ye-Faculty Medical.

Ukususela ngowe-1879 ukuya oselula yaseChekhov waqalisa kwezifundo ezinzima nezithatha ixesha elide e Moscow University kunye yomsebenzi omkhulu journalistic. Ngokutsho memoirs ka Anton Pavlovich, kwakunzima kakhulu ukudibanisa uqeqesho kunye nomsebenzi esebenzayo lokudala, uleqa imivundla ezimbini - amayeza kunye noncwadi. Isibakala ukuba nabazali bakhe, bazalwana ezine udade ohlala endlini encinane eMoscow. Kunye nosapho ngesiquphe wafika wayesoloko ndanyanzeleka ngokufuna yaseChekhov wabhala.

amabali ahlekisayo wenza ingqokelela "loafers kunye abanandaba" (1882), nto leyo zange epapashwe izizathu imingcele. Ukungaphumeleli yokuqala ephefumlelweyo kuphela umbhali yavelisa amagqabi. Kamva ekwakhiweni eqhelekileyo abe xelela malunga nezizathu zakhe emsebenzini, "ibhiyozela ubomi ayikwazi kuba uhlambulukile."

Emva koko ke ngesantya exakekile yobomi mandundu sifo. Xa iileta 1884 evela kumshicileli le magazini "yohambo" ezingamashumi amabini anesine yaseChekhov ikhalazela ebanjwe yicesina kunye nokungakwazi ukuzibandakanya practice ngakumbi. Yena lijolisa ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi zoncwadi. Ngowe-1884 wapapasha incwadi yakhe "Tales ka Melpomene," ngaphantsi elakho Antosha Chehonte, yaye ngowe-1886 - "The amabali ezimibalabala." Kule yesibini incwadi yamabali ahlekisayo yaseChekhov kongeza kanye - a lumo. Apha italente yakhe wazibonakalisa uhlobo zokucupha ehlekisayo. Umbhali uzama yena kuzo neentlobo ezininzi. Yena imifuniselo. Kwaye ndinqwenela akaphumeleli, lumo yakhe yeencwadi ezithandwayo okuthandwa.

Nangona kunjalo, le ezakudala elizayo usenomdla kwiincwadi kakhulu. Kungenxa kweli bali yaseChekhov wabhala oku kulandelayo. "Vanya" (1886) ubalisa ibali ezisithoba inkedama osafunda umkhandi Aliakhin, ezikunika abacalulwa umntwana, bakhala utatomkhulu wakhe Constantine Makarych mthatheni, nimkhupele ngaphandle kule "wobugcisa isayensi." Umfana, inkedama, bayakugezela apprentice senior, ibetha zakhe kwaye itsalwa iinwele ngokwayo izicathulo. Boy ubhala ngobusuku pre-iKrismesi. Iinkumbulo nethemba ezirhuqwa ngokubona kwakhe, ngokucacileyo kuzisa abafundi yaseChekhov. Vanka - umntwana, waza wathumela ileta kunye naivety echukumisayo wabantwana "kwilali notatomkhulu wam." Ngako oko, umfundi uyakuqonda ukuba Constantine Makarych akazange ukufunda, kwaye akukho utshintsho kubomi ziinkathazo lenkwenkwe.

Umbhali laqina yaseChekhov

Ukususela ngo 1885, uqale ukusebenza ngayo iincwadi ezinkulu zoncwadi: "Thought Russian", "Northern Herald". Lushicilelwa amabali amafutshane "Usuku Igama", ibali "emathafeni", "A Ibali ngathi uyadika," "Kashtanka" yaseChekhov. Ngowe-1887 wapapasha iingqokelela ezimbini amabali ( "intetho Innocent" kunye "Xa ngongcwalazi"), ngo-1888 - "Amabali" ngo-1890 - "Abantu udakumbile." Kuye uza ingqalelo. Ngowe-1888, umbhali wawongwa Pushkin Prize encinane (isiqingatha).

Kuyinto uphawu ukuba inkoliso yemisebenzi lo mbhali, nokuba vnezhanrovym, italente umbhali ukuqinisekisa inqanaba efanelekileyo yokuthandwa kwayo. Umzekelo, "Kashtanka" yaseChekhov wayethanda zizizukulwana zabantwana. Wayesoloko iyaqhutywa. Kubonakala ngathi ukuze kube lula ukuba amabali malunga nendlela inja (a umnqamlezo phakathi lutshintsho kunye mongrel) ekuqaleni yalahleka inkosi, yaye emva koko, phantse waba isekisi, ngesiquphe kwakunzima. ezilula Zonke yaseChekhov esithi: akukho nakoosiyazi, akukho mermaids. Kodwa ke, eli bali liye ebathandile abakhe abantwana.

Journey ku Sakhalin

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngobomi kunye nomsebenzi evince yaseChekhov kaThixo ngaye umntu ayikho nje elibukhali kakhulu, kodwa esebenzayo kakhulu yaye ba- nxanelwe ulwazi. Ngowe-1890, yena enqanaweni uhambo ukuya Sakhalin. okuvelayo ngayo phantse emithathu-nyanga indlela nge eSiberia, libonisa kuthotho zezincoko "Ukususela eSiberia". Emva koko enye iinyanga ezintathu umbhali okuchitha Sakhalin, apho wazama ukuqonda kwingcingane kunye nobomi imigulukudu, yaye ekugqibeleni wabuyela Odessa elwandle, ngokundwendwela Hong Kong amazibuko on. ECeylon, Singapore, Turkey. Ngokusekelwe zokwakha eseluhambeni iminyaka emine, yena uqala ukusebenza kwincwadi zezincoko "Sakhalin". Ngomkhombe ekhaya, yena athenge kwiphondo eMoscow ilifa entle Melikhovo.

Melikhovo - ukuqonda imigqaliselo Sakhalin. Inqanaba elitsha yehlabathi

Biography kanye nomsebenzi yaseChekhov, ngokutsho uncwadi, zinokuhonjiswa ixesha okhethekileyo kakhulu, wabiza tune kunye negama layo of "Melikhovo". Ngelo xesha, nangokuvulelekileyo elikhethekileyo engasoze Anton Pavlovich waziva inguqu eluntwini, ezinxulumene ne ukubana yoluntu wobukhosi ukuba, kwakunye nokufezekiswa babi basukela kwezopolitiko mva. Nangona kunjalo, kungekuphela yingqokelela "Sakhalin" imisebenzi Anton Pavlovich, owaba, ekugqibeleni, kukho osisityebi, xa ilifa lakhe eli- sithi ndijonge.

Le midlalo ngokwenene Umbhali wedemokhrasi - yeyabahlali. Abathengi saa ngokoqobo kunye A. incwadi ezishelifini ezibhalwe P. Chehov "Amabali neenoveli." ibali sengqiqo "Ward №6» yagqitywa kwi Melikhovo kwixesha lokuqala kunyaka bobuchule. Enamandla umfanekiso Chekhovian eyodwa lali ezoyikekayo ingwevu owayeneqhenqa, apho bonke zokudala-ithintelwe, apho "ezinika" nje esibhedlele kodwa entolongweni, ehlasela abafundi yonke inyaniso elingenanceba, wenze uyazibuza: "Kutheni, ukuba ...". Ukuchasa umthetho, ogama uligwiba na esibhedlele yaphosa imigaqo zobuntu uGqr Ragin, ukufa kwakhe (umvuzo wokholo) kukwenza ucinga abantu baphile ngayo ngokwenene.

imisebenzi ezintsha yaseChekhov ayinyaniso ngayo yabonisa ngokucacileyo inkqubela Umbhali ekhethekileyo abasukela neqonga elitsha ingqondo yemveli.

Melikhovo. Ulwazi imeko nabalimi

Anton Pavlovich, enkosi iiyure yonke imihla umsebenzi, waba yinkosi astute ngokwenene. Wafunda ukubona kakuhle ukuba yintoni na namhla phambi kwamehlo izigidi zabantu bakubo, kodwa ayizange ndaqonda ngabo.

Russia enkabeni kwayo kwaba lizwe yamahlwempu. It is Melikhovo wakwazi phawula oko waqhubeka namanenekazi cwaka populists. Wakroba ilandela ubomi kwiilali mveliso Kryukovo kunye Ugryumova A. P. Chehov. Amabali "Sendlela", "petticoat", ngokutsho amangqina, iinkcukacha ibonisa abantu bokwenene, kuquka izinambuzane - ". Embi" Abarhwebi Hrymin, nto leyo eneneni baba

Czechs wavula for ukufunda yamahlwempu kawonke eRashiya. Kuba demagoguery, ubuxoki uthando akagqubuthele populists kunye nendlela abaqonda ngayo neminqweno abalimi, kwakukho iyelenqe cwaka. Kwakhe eyonakele ibali lakhe yaseChekhov "Abalimi". Kuklasikhi yakhe bavakalisa esidlangalaleni ukuba abalimi "mbi iinkomo ubomi." Ngokufuthi Baya kuba becala appallingly "neuhozheny amahlwempu, ukunxila, zimdaka." Baneempawu zokomoya ngokwaneleyo, bavame "Uvalo umsolwa" nomunye. Aba bantu ubunzima ngabo ephule amalungelo oluntu isidima sobuntu babo. Kufuneka ukufundisa, amalungelo abo kufuneka bakhuselwe!

YaseChekhov wasebenza phezulu. Ababephila khumbula ukuba ukukhanya kwi-ofisi yakhe Melikhovo wayedla bazitshisa ubusuku bonke.

A palette ezahlukeneyo Classic

Indlela zemibala yalo inkosi iyantlukwano, loo nto ibonisa ukuba kuthotho imisebenzi ezinkulu yaseChekhov ubhala ngesiquphe ibali abantwana "White-egudle". Eneneni, akukho namnye abahlalutyi zoncwadi wayengalindelanga ukuba "injineli imiphefumlo yabantu" uya ngequbuliso vnezhanrovogo uphawu ibali. Kwaye ke Impendulo ilula: wayebathanda abantwana. Le ntlekele iye ukuba ivalwe lilo: oonyana babo umbhali esikhulu sephepha, ayikwazanga. Noko ke, wathabatha unonophelo koonyana abalimi, zisenze esikolweni mali zazo zobuqu.

Yena - umbhali ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. realist Ndiqinisekile, phantsi kwempembelelo bothukile luvo okubangelwa iphupha lakhe embi, ngesiquphe kudala umsebenzi umdla yothando "The Black monk", nto leyo Babaqhathanisele zimanyene iingxaki buchopho nokudalwa.

Ngaphandle liqiniseke nzima, yaseChekhov wadala kwaye isebenza kunye iziqalelo ngokuphila (inoveli "Ubomi Bam"). In "Indlu kunye Mezzanine" yaye "Goosebumps" classic ubalisa ibali emacaleni iphambene malunga yoqoqosho olusisiseko lwe iilali: sisikhubekiso "Nest Noble" kunye nokungabikho ngokomoya kwi "iinkosi yobomi" entsha, nabarhwebi. Eli bali-ekhankanywe yokugqibela "Indoda Case" yaye "Malunga Uthando" kuyinto trilogy.

On eziliqela "Melikhovo" kudlala

In Melihove Anton Pavlovich kudala umdlalo okuqaqambileyo "uMalume Vanya". Njengoko ngamafuphi siveza abangenambulelo yabantu lithemba eyenziwe kuyo! Vanya ukhonza ngokuthembeka host nempahla, uNjingalwazi ukumnika umvuzo ngamandla. Umnini ugqiba ukuba athengise ngayo, hayi sizixhalabise bayahlelwa womntu, "yena walawula" (i phraseology yokugqibela - ukusuka 'The Little Prince "Exupery).

-Reflections on iindlela ubugcisa ekuchubekeni ukwenza wobugcisa omtsha - "The Inqina" umdlalo. It yaseChekhov on nokubhaleka zabalinganiswa ezahlukeneyo kukhokelela abaphulaphuli ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na ubugcisa lokwenene ezizodwa kakhulu ukuba indlela yayo benobuchule yomsebenzi onzima yomphefumlo, zizele anxunguphale, amaxhoba. Kuyinto umdlalo Heroine Nina Zarechnaya, ngokuthe ngcembe emva ubizo kanye ukuba ngumdlali weqonga. Kuyinto isici imifanekiso kumsebenzi - abantu bokwenene tyelela Melikhovo kunye nokubhaleka badlale zininzi izinto esifana ngazo isigcino sabo.

Yalta ixesha bobuchule

Ngowe-1898, isifo zakudala mandundu, waza yena nentsapho yakhe bafudukela Yalta. De ibe yeyeNkanga ku-1899 (okwangoku phantsi ndlu ekwakhiweni) Anton uya eMoscow, apho nakwimizi indawo yokuhlala. cottage liye ethile enye ebalulekileyo umntu ogulayo: kuyabanda ebusika. Abakhi zibekwe kakuhle ngaphandle eziko. umbhali Amangenelo icebisa ukuba ubusika xa amaqondo obushushu yakhe ofisi iqondo 11-12.

E Yalta, umbhali ngokucacileyo akazange nje. Ukongeza, apha ke, ndayihluthwa njengesiqhelo Melikhovo ukutya zezolimo ezintsha. Lo mbandela naphaya xa athile watyelela uDade Maria Pavlovna. Noko ke, akuzange kube njalo.

ezakudala Ibhalwe e Yalta, xa yakhe, mbi kakhulu ngaphezu Melekhovo. Ngowe-1901 wabhala umdlalo "Oodade ezintathu", amabali amafutshane "I Lady kunye Dog", "ubhishophu". Ngokutsho okuvelayo Melikhovo sidalwe 1903 ligqibe umsebenzi "iinjineli imiphefumlo yabantu" - ". I-Cherry Orchard" umdlalo Lubonakala ngokuwaguqulela ikamva naseRussia njengohlobo yeziqhamo cherry.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubomi baba isifo asebenzayo ngakumbi. Umbhali wafa ngoJulayi 2, 1904 kwidolophu Spa waseJamani of Badenweiler.

isiphelo

ubomi bethu ukususela ebuntwaneni, kuquka iincwadi yaseChekhov kaThixo. Yeyona indalo yombhali-mphuphi, ngubani kwinkulungwane XIX ekupheleni yakwazi ukubonisa khorwisaka bakhaya zabo imisebenzi kufuneka siphile ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Yena waba iqela azinikele localucalulo kunye ngaxeshanye, kukho inkosi eyodwa ilizwi. Anton ebizwa ukwakha ubomi obutsha, nedini Mhle yeziqhamo cherry.