URobert Merton: i-biography ye-sociologist edumileyo. Igalelo likaRobert Merton kwiNkcubeko

URobert Merton ungumntu odumileyo wezentlalo, utitshala kunye nomhlaba wamazwe ngamazwe, omnye wabahlalutyi bezentlalo ehamba phambili yekhulu lama-20. Wakwazi ukuguqula ngokugqithiseleyo iimbonakalo ezinokugqithisileyo ezenzelwe ukuba izazinzulu zithatha ixesha elide, ukuba iinjongo ezingenanto zibophelelwe yimithetho kunye nemigangatho. Kwakungomsebenzi womthamo owawusisiseko sokufumana ngo-1994 weMbali yoMhlaba yeSiphumo seSayensi.

UMerton wafumana amanqaku amaninzi ophando lwakhe. Wayeyindoda yokuqala yezobudlelwane bezenhlalakahle owaba lilungu elihloniphekileyo leSizwe seSizwe seSayensi kunye nommeli wangaphandle kwiRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences, kwaye wakhankanya imisebenzi eminingi yesayensi kwiingcamango zentlalo kunye noxanduva lokuxhumana.

Uneminyaka engaphezu kwe-70 uye wanika abafundi bakhe izifundo eziphambili kwiimbali, iincwadi kunye ne-etymology, kunye nezihloko zentlalo: umsebenzi weendaba, umgangatho wobandlululo, iimbono zomphakathi, ngaphandle kwabangaphandle.

Makhe sifunde kabanzi malunga nale ndoda enkulu.

URobert Merton: Ubomi

Wazalelwa eFiladelphia ngoJulayi 4, 1910 kwintsapho yabaYuda abafudukela kwamanye amazwe. Uyise wayenguprofesa woluntu kwi-University of Columbia, kwaye unina wazinikele onke amandla akhe ekukhuliseni abantwana.

Ufundiswe eMzantsi Philadelphia High School. Ebudeni bakhe wayetyelela rhoqo kwiThala le-Andrew Carnegie, kwi-Music Academy, kwiMyuziyam yoBugcisa kunye namanye amaziko enkcubeko kunye nemfundo.

Xa wayeneminyaka eyi-14, watshintsha igama lakhe kuMerlin, ngokuhlonipha enye yezinto ezintle eziyimfihlakalo kwiimbali zikaKumkani Arthur. Kodwa abahlobo bamxelele ukuba kwakukho "imilingo", kwaye wamthabatha uMerton.

Umsebenzi wezemfundo

Umsebenzi wakhe wezenhlalakahle waqala phantsi kolawulo lukaGeorge Simpson weKholeji yeThempeli kunye noPitirim Sorokin waseYunivesithi yaseHarvard, owayenomsebenzi ophando lwezobugcisa.

Ngowe-1936, uRobert King Merton wathola udokotela wakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard. Ngo-1939, waba nguprofesa kunye nentloko yeSebe lezoLuntu kwiYunivesithi yaseToulon, kwaye ngo-1941 wajoyina i-Columbia University. Ngo-1963 wathola isihloko esiphakeme - uprofesa kwiYunivesithi.

Ngethuba lokusukela ngo-1942 ukuya ku-1971, wakhonza njengomphathi wecandelo le-Bureau ye-Yunivesithi ye-Applied Social Research. Kwakhona ungumfundisi kwiYunivesithi yaseRockefeller. Ngowe-1985, ekuqapheliseni igalelo lakhe elixabisekileyo kwisayensi kunye nomsebenzi wexesha elide kunye nokuvelisa e-Columbia University, wanikezelwa ngesihloko soDokotela weZayensi.

URobert Merton wayephindwe kabini. Ukususela kumtshato wakhe wokuqala wayenonyana ababini kunye neentombi ezimbini. Unyana wakhe uRobert S. Merton ngo-1997 wanqoba umvuzo weNobel kwi-Economics.

URobert Merton wafa ngoFebruwari 23, 2003.

Amabhaso kunye namabhaso

Ngethuba lokusebenza kwakhe ngokwesayensi, uMerton wayephethe izikhundla ezininzi ezibalulekileyo:

- Isekela-Mlawuli weBhunga le-Applied Social Studies e-Columbia University (1942-1971 gg.);

- iTrasti yeZiko loPhando oluPhezulu kwiNzululwazi yokuziphatha kwiYunivesithi yeStanford (1952-1975);

- Mongameli we-American Sociological Association (1957).

URobert Merton wafumana amaxabiso aphezulu amaninzi:

- i-scholarship ephakamileyo evela kwi-American Council of Scientific Societies (1962);

- I-Commonwealth Prize yeenkonzo ezivelele kwinzululwazi (1970);

- I-Makaratur-premium kwisikolo esiphumeleleyo (1980);

- Ngubani oMongameli waseMelika ukufumana impumelelo ephakamileyo kwintsimi yesayensi yoluntu (1984);

- Ngowe-1985, iYunivesithi yase-Columbia yamnika ityitile yeGqirha yeSayensi.

URobert Merton: Igalelo kwiNkcubeko

Ngokwenzululwazi, uMerton ugxininise kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwe "theory-range range". Ngaloo ndlela, wabongoza iinzululwazi ukuba ziphephe iimfundiso ezinkulu ezingenangqiqo kunye neengcamango, kunye nemibuzo ye-pedantic, engenakwenzeka ukukhokelela kwiziphumo ezivelisayo.

Ngethuba esengumfundi ophumelele kwiHarvard (1936), kwinqaku elithi "Izakhiwo zentlalo kunye ne-anomies" wabhala malunga nemigangatho yokuziphatha kakubi kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho. Uninzi lweMerton oluqhubekayo "inkxalabo yezenhlalakahle" luye lwafunda kwiingxaki zolawulo lwentlalo kunye nokuphambuka.

Iingcamango zikaRobert Merton ziqinisekisa ubungqina: abantu bavame ukuvavanya amathuba abo entlalo kunye nokunciphisa imida; Inzuzo engaxhaswanga ngabantu ngabani naziphi na izikhundla zentlalo ("uMateyu effect"), echitha imizamo yokulingana. Wabonisa ukungabikho kweendlela eziqhelekileyo zokulawulwa kwezenhlalakahle njengobunkokheli obusemthethweni, kwiimpawu zenkcubeko kunye nemigangatho yobugcisa.

"Iimiselo zenzululwazi" kunye nezinye iingcamango

URobert King Merton ucebise "izithethe zenzululwazi" ezikhethekileyo njengemigangatho yeengcamango ezifunekayo izazinzulu:

- ubudlelwane - isayensi yoluntu oluvulekile;

- jikelele - inzululwazi "yokungacaluli";

- ukungabi nabugovu - inzululwazi yezinto zangaphandle;

Ukungaxolisi - inzululwazi yokuvavanya zonke iingcamango kunye neengcamango.

Kwakhona wazisa iingcamango ezininzi kwiinkalo zentlalo, phakathi kwazo iingcamango ezifana nokubiza "ingxaki," "imiphumo engalindelekanga," kwaye igama elithi "lidlulele ngokufakwa" - xa inkolelo isandula kakhulu ukuba umsunguli wayo uyalibala into ebalulekileyo yale ngqungquthela. Wazisa ingqiqo ye "ezininzi" ukuchaza izinto ezizimeleyo ezifunyenweyo kwisayensi.

Ukuguquguquka kwemvelo

Ekuqaleni kwee-60 ii-Merton zafakwa ekufundeni iinkalo eziphambili zenkcubeko kunye neentlangano emsebenzini woososayensi. Kwabandakanya uhlalutyo olupheleleyo lwezobugcisa beNobel, iinkqubo zokhuphiswano, ukunxibelelana phakathi kweencwadi kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi kunye nobunzima bokufumanisa kunye nokwamkelwa "ebukumkanini" besayensi.

Ingcali yezobuhlanga uRobert Merton yabonisa ukuguquguquka kwakhe kwengqondo ekufundeni imibuzo malunga nokuqulunqwa kweemfundiso, izixhobo ezinobuncedo kunye nokuhlelwa kwezifundo, izifundo eziphambili kunye nemiphumo emihle yomsebenzi wezenhlalakahle kwintlalo yanamhlanje.

I nzu lulwazi

Imisebenzi enkulu yenzululwazi kwixesha elidlulileyo lobomi bukaMerton: "Inzululwazi, iteknoloji kunye noluntu ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa eNgilani" (1938), "Iingcamango zentlalo kunye nesakhiwo sentlalo" (iimpapasho ezininzi zapapashwa ukususela ngo-1949 ukuya ku-1968).

Kamva wakhicilela imisebenzi efana noMgqirha Wabafundi (1957), i-Socialology of Science: i-Theoretical and Empirical Studies (1973), i-Sociological Ambivalence kunye nezinye iziganeko (1976), i-Social Studies kunye nokuSebenzayo "(1982).

Eminye imisebenzi echaphazelekayo iqulethwe kwiqoqo leengcoko ezihlelwe yiCozer (zapapashwa ngokuhlonipha uRobert's 65th birthday): "Umxholo wendlela yentlalo: amanqaku ahloniphekileyo eMerton" (1975).

Ekugqibeleni, sinokuthi uRobert Merton uyindoda enkulu, nguvulindlela enkundleni yophando lwezopolitiko kunye noluntu. Uchongiwe ngokufanelekileyo ngenye yezona zenzululwazi zentlalo echaphazelekayo eMelika. Waba ngowokuqala wenzululwazi owafumana amanqaku amaninzi kunye namaphuso okuphanda kwakhe. Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, iiyunivesithi ezingaphezu kwe-20 (kuquka iHarvard, Yale, Columbia kunye neChicago) zanikela izihloko ezihloniphekileyo zikaMerton. Yaye imisebenzi yakhe yesayensi nayo isenxuwa enkulu phakathi kwenzululwazi nabafundi.