Uzibekele izilwanyana ekudleni. carbohydrate Reserve iseli yezilwanyana yi glycogen okanye istatshi? Njengoko reserve ekudleni ekuthiwa ziiseli izilwanyana?

Wonke umsebenzi ezinto zonke iiseli zezilwanyana nga kushwankathelwa izenzi ezimbini: "Store" yaye "imali". Kwencinane umzimba, kokukhona inkqubo kuyondelelaniswe kunye nokwanda kwezinto eziphilayo ziya ngabona phezu cleavage zabo kunye nenkcitho. Isizathu kukuba ilula: ukuba lukhule 'ukwakha' umzimba wakho, kufuneka amaninzi izinto zeplastiki, kakade, amandla. Iiseli eziphambili izinto lokwakha iproteni, ekhonyayo kunye energy compound - glycogen.

Kucingwa ukuba oovimba reserve ekudleni esibindini kunye skeletal izihlunu ezincancisayo: zombini izilwanyana kunye nabantu. Uphononongo beepropati zayo kwaye ziya elinokufunyanwa malinikelwe kulo msebenzi.

Yintoni kanye apho ngekawusi

Kwinqanaba kwesilwanyana iiseli khompawundi organic ukuba kuhlanganiswa ezingasetyenziswanga ngeeyunithi yayo noshowo - organelles. Proteni kuhlelwe kwi ribosomes, lipids, kanye carbohydrate - xa imiphantsi reticulum kakuhle endoplasmic. Xa ezanyisayo isitokhwe kwezinto eziphilayo ziye amaninzi izihlunu, isibindi, amafutha skeletal ongama kunye ndlala. izilwanyana ekudleni lolaleliso glycogen, apho kuhlelwe ukusuka glucose equlethwe egazini.

Oku abunjwe njenge imveliso zokutya dissimilation, eziquka, ingakumbi, starch yemifuno: isonka, iitapile, irayisi. Ezi izinto zophukile phantsi apha emlonyeni, isisu, kunye duodenum. Ukuba ukubola zazo eziphambili. I-glucose ngenxa ifunxwe kungena emithanjeni igazi villi yethumbu ezincinane koko kuthwalwa ligazi kwizihlunu kunye wesibindi, apho kuhlelwe reserve ekudleni kakhulu kwezilwanyana nabantu.

Yintoni glycogen

Nangona igama into ekhoyo, igama elithi "glycosylation", nto leyo liguqulelwe lesiGrike elithetha "elimnandi", iye phantse kukha beve. Kungenzeka, igama ibonisa ukuba ulilungu udidi carbohydrate oluxandileyo, eziqulathe intsalela glucose, incasa mnandi ngokwenene. Glycogen na uhlobo ngumgubo structureless emhlophe. Kuyinto esibamba kwaye yenza isisombululo colloidal efanayo ubisi. Njengoko reserve ekudleni kwi iseli isilwanyana, a polysaccharide into hydrolyzed kwimeko asidi ngokwamanqanaba eziliqela. Iimveliso yokusebenza yayo ngamanzi na dextrins, ngakumbi - maltose, yaye ekugqibeleni, iswekile. Njengoko umxube Polymer na uhlobo glycogen branched iimolekyuli chain of iingqimba ezahlukahlukeneyo.

nemvelo

Siye saseka isibakala sokuba glycogen le ekudleni reserve kweeseli zezilwanyana. agents Reserve yale hlobo bangenele xa kukho icytoplasm of hepatocytes, leukocytes kunye myocyte ezimbini inkqubo ngokufanayo esahlukileyo. Imvelaphi: dissimilation, okukhokelela ukumkhulula neemolekyuli glucose kunye yesibini - nokwenziwa, bona bubonakala ibe glucose kwemfuneko abangenzi nto Polymer - glycogen. It iqokelelane apha emzimbeni kwaye ezingoovimba eneji esetyenziswa kwinkqubo ubomi bezilwanyana kunye nabantu.

Njengoko kuhlelwe starch yezilwanyana

Khumbula ukuba, ukusuka kwindawo chemical lwembono, oko yikhompawundi macromolecular - Polymer kunye iintsalela monomer ezi α-d iswekile. Ukuba ezinxulumene ngeentambo glycosidic, kufuneka kusebenze, ithetha ukuba i "bekwazi" sigma-bond carbon skeleton hexose. Oku kuphunyezwa kwi ebizwa ngokuba yi-hexokinase reaction. Animal reserve ekudleni kuhlelwe ukusuka glucose-6-phosphate. Le nto - yimveliso hexokinase yokusabela. I-enzyme catalyzes indlela ikhankanywe ngasentla iqulethwe kule kukho icytoplasm Kidney iiseli, umaleko mucosal yethumbu amancinane kunye kwesibindi kwezilwanyana nabantu.

kuhlaziywa glycogen

Njengoko sele sibonile ngaphambili, carbohydrate Reserve iiseli isilwanyana starch - glycogen. izifundo kwemichiza lwabonisa ukuba cleavage wayo nga ha endleka ngaphandle inxaxheba enzayim ethile - phosphorylase. Isebenza kwi medium asidi phambi iimolekyuli phosphate ezingaphiliyo. Sam enzyme iqala ukusebenza phantsi kwempembelelo hormone pancreatic - glucagon. khona layo egazini ibonisa ukuba inqanaba glucose low yakhe. Ngoko ke, lo eziphilayo izilwanyana izilwa carbohydrate reserve - glycogen aze aqalise ukuba ndidilize, ukuba ndifumane glucose nesabelo.

Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba glycogenolysis. Neurophysiologists bafumanisa ukuba hormone uxinezeleko - iadrenaline kunye noradrenaline yenziweyo adrenal, nayo ingqondo glycogenolysis.

Kwesibindi kunye nendima yayo nethe carbohydrate

Eziphilayo, le ndlala inkulu sokugaya ezincancisayo ekuthiwa mveliso ezinto eziphilayo. Eneneni, ziyafana abasabela enzymatic eziqinisekisa ukutshintshana mba kunye namandla, ie ukutya. Njengoko sele kwaziwa, carbohydrate Reserve iseli yezilwanyana yi glycogen. ukubola Its ngokukhawuleza kungakhokelela Ukwanda glucose igazi - umthombo engundoqo amandla bonke ezincancisayo kunye nabantu.

Lost starch isilwanyana babuyekezwe emizimbeni yabo ngokufumana ukutya okunesitatshi: iitapile, umbona nerayisi. Zonke ezi mveliso zixhomekeke ukuthotywa wokugaya, kwaye glucose ngenxa engena egazini, yaye ukusuka apho - ezikwiiseli, ingakumbi kwezihlunu skeletal kunye zesibindi. Bona kuhlelwe istatshi isilwanyana enzyme - glyukopirofosforilazy.

Zeziphi iinkqubo kwenzeka umsipha skeletal

Njengoko esibindini, xa myocyte - iiseli zezihlunu, yande starch isilwanyana. Ekubeni kwemisipha mass mkhulu kakhulu ubunzima kwesibindi, kwaye umxholo glycogen kuzo iphezulu kakhulu. Ngexesha umthambo starch isilwanyana iqalisa ukuba bahlukane. Lactic acid kwakheka ngenxa glycolysis, ingena egazini kwaye kusiwa wesibindi nezintso iiseli. Kuzo baphume iimolekyuli ezimbini acid lactic kuhlelwe adla glucose, nto leyo ke iguqulelwe polysaccharide reserve nganye. Indlela abasabela kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa amandla ATP. Ngenxa yoko, iseli replacement isilwanyana ekudleni i glycogen eziyintlanganisela myocytes, hepatocytes, iiseli sezintso cortical, iiseli engabalulekanga kunye nemiphunga.

Indima ye-enzyme nethe le otashi yezilwanyana

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, ukutshintshwa iiseli zezilwanyana ekudleni ngokuba glycogen. Ngenxa kumacala amabini obuza echasayo nethe: ngokucandeka kunye fusion, oku kwakhona inxaxheba kwezi khemikhali. ukuguqulwa Mutual glucose ibe glycogen kwaye emva kunokwenzeka kuphela xa inxaxheba kwezi khemikhali inkqubo transcriptase ezintsonkothileyo. Oku kuquka glikogenogeneza ehlanganisa ezifana phosphoglucomutase (uguqula glucose 6 phosphate-to glucose--phosphate 1) kunye glyukopirofosforilaza UDF- (ntuthuko inika glycogen yokuqaphela). abasabela cleavage kwenzeka phambi glycogen kunye nee-enzayim ezimbini ngokulandelelana lwanamathela kwi glycogen eyayizalwa imixokelelwane icala. Inkqubo i-enzayim ye-zikhankanywe ngasentla usebenza kuphela ngokutshintshiselana glycogen kwiiselifoni izilwanyana heterotrophic, ngoko ke impendulo echanekileyo uvavanyo umbuzo: carbohydrate Reserve iiseli isilwanyana: 1.Krahmal 2 Glycogen? - ke ingxelo ngale nombolo 2.

ukutya ekudleni kunye neziphumo zawo

Ngokusekelwe iinkcukacha ezinikwe apha ngentla siye safumanisa ukuba carbohydrate Reserve iseli imfuyo glycogen. Ukutyeshelwa umzimba wayo ezinokubangelwa iintlobo ezimbini yezizathu. Lokuqala - imposiso ekutyeni kunye yokuphila, okwesibini - Iziphene zokuzalwa kwiinkqubo enzyme na lomzimba. Cwangcisa enqanda enxulumene nayo, linoxanduva zombini ukuqhekeka otashi yezilwanyana, kunye izinga glucose ezifumaneka egazini. Ngoko ke ezimbi kuvela kwi abasabela ngayo ukutya zeplastiki, namandla. Zibizwa ngokuba glycogen. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngentla, ekudleni replacement kwi iseli isilwanyana glycogen oluhlala ngokuyintloko esibindini kunye umsipha skeletal. Ngoko ke, iintlobo ezimbini syndromes: izihlunu kunye zesibindi umyalezo. Iqela lokuqala luquka Glycogen uhlobo isifo yokugcina V. Isigulane ayisebenzi phosphorylase enzyme. Oku kukhokelela ukuvela kwi hromoproteidov umchamo - wakhululwa myoglobin ngexesha umsebenzi onzima emzimbeni. Oku kwenza ukuba olu ucazululo esiqwini kwezihlunu kunye ukubonakala States convulsive.

Ukuze isibindi syndrome ziquka isifo Gierke kaThixo. Oku kwenzeka kakhulu amaninzi ukususela ebuntwaneni. Izigulane eziseleni esibindini abanakho enzyme siguqule imveliso ekuqaleni cleavage of glycogen ukuba glucose igazi yomguli ngoko kukho inqanaba elisezantsi kakhulu zeswekile (gipoglikimiya) kunye acetone e nomchamo elivelayo, ebangela ukunxila ye ephilayo.

Kweli nqaku wabancina ezisebenza otashi yezilwanyana ukutya - Glycogen elibaleka kwizisele mammalian kunye oluntu.