Venezuela kaThixo kuqoqosho: jikelele kunye nophuhliso

Venezuela - enye ithi ezinkulu kwilizwekazi South American. It iqulathe iziqithi ezininzi kuLwandle Caribbean, ukuba likhulu ekuthiwa kaMagarita. Ilizwe kwindawo 916 macala onke. M. km umda ne Brazil kunye Colombia. Ekuqaleni kuka-2017 yabantu kwayona 31 yezigidi zabantu.

Njengenxalenye kwiriphabliki federal ikhokelwa nguMongameli Nicolas khong, 21 abasebenzi. Isiseko yabemi Venezuelans (inzala bamaNdiya kunye baseSpeyin) - 67% abaMhlophe - 21% abantu abamnyama - 10%.

Climate and izimo zemvelo

Inxalenye engundoqo yi ariya ephantsi okungenanto ukuya emlanjeni Orinoco. Ukusuka emantla ukuya entshona isithabazi Caribbean Andes Cordillera de Mérida, emzantsi-mpuma inxalenye Gvinskogo ntathu ihewu.

Imozulu yi sub-sentshinyela eshushu. Uninzi kunyaka emantla lizwe unesifo imbalela, ngoxa kwimimandla engundoqo onyaka rhoqo zemvula.

Uqweqwe Lemvelo engathethekiyo: mangroves, xerophytic, nemihlaba yeenkuni ezinamagqabi, eyomileyo Savannah inde, amahlathi wofika ashinyeneyo, Gilea etc ...

Uphuhliso loqoqosho Venezuela

Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba eli lizwe echazwe Latin America - le kumazwe oyile yokuqala. Kwinkulungwane XVI Umphanda yokuqala yegolide omnyama ithe yaqabela isiqingatha ihlabathi endleleni eya Madrid. In XVII-XVIII iinkulungwane, izinto eziphambili kumazwe baba indigo kunye neswekile, kancinane emva koko - ekoko nekofu. Ngowe-1922, kufuphi Lake Maracaibo Cabimas kwilali kwenye yezi nkalo inkulu oli zifunyenwe, leyo aphawula ekuqaleni boom oyile kwaye wenza utshintsho kakhulu kuqoqosho Venezuela.

Indawo amasimi kufutshane elwandle, umgangatho ophantsi wokuphila (labour cheap) namaqula amathuba kwavusa umdla ngokukhutheleyo kwiinkampani ze-oyile. Ebudeni beminyaka yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi zifunyenwe kwaye ufake kwiinkalo ezintsha ukusebenza, kwiminyaka embalwa kamva baya kugaleleka ummandla uwonke-68 amawaka macala onke. M. km.

Xa esezantsi lawona iidipozithi intsimbi ye Orinoco River kaThixo sibanjwa, uphuhliso apho nangoko abamba ngu US bodwa. Njengoko ka-1970 umthamo yotyalo amazwe kwezoqoqosho yophuhliso Venezuela yaba $ 5.5 yezigidi zezigidi. 11% of sum wathi owned US.

Ukususela 1975-1980 yena. State ahlala indawo ophambili kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho Latin America. Ngenkuthalo waqala ukuba nazo izibonelelo.

inyathelo elibalulekileyo kwindlela eya geqe kunye ulongamo yesizwe yaba phantsi kwesizwe yeoli kunye nentsimbi kushishino ekrwada le. Iziseko zoqoqosho Venezuela ngoku elele ulawulo karhulumente ngokupheleleyo. Kumashishini amaninzi, kwiinkampani zangaphandle bacelwa ukuba bangenise 80% kota ku abemi belizwe iminyaka emithathu.

Import and Export

Iingcali zithi-50% kuqoqosho Venezuela leyo - oko ke amazwe. isabelo yengonyama yentengiso accounted for oyile kunye neemveliso ezinxulumene, imfuno yentsimbi ekrwada. Xa uluhlu zothunyelo - ikofu, ikoko, asbestos, igolide, iswekile, iibhanana, irayisi, izikhumba, iinkomo, ehlathini.

ongenisa kuqala - izixhobo ophezulu-zobugcisa, izithuthi kunye namacandelo kunye izinto naseolini, iimveliso woshishino losetyenziso jikelele. ukwanda ukutya ngamnye ngonyaka, t. To. lezoLimo ukwehla yaye bengenakho ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabemi. Uninzi ixabiso ezithengwa accounted for eUnited States - ngaphezulu kwe-3.5 billion zeerandi ngonyaka.

imboni extractive

Eyona ephambili kwimveliso kushishino lwezimbiwa - nsimbi. Amasimi ezinkulu El Pao, San Ysidro kunye Cerro Bolivar ngeefosili kufunxwa ngendlela evulekileyo kwaye iqulathe ukuya kwi-70% yentsimbi. Yonyaka imveliso yakhe million 15-17 iitoni, 90% yayo lithunyelwa eMelika naseYurophu.

Kule ndawo Upaty (Guiana Highlands) geni manganese ore. I-Caribbean Andes izixa ezincinane gesi nickel kuliwa, ilothe, zinc, asbestos, isiliva. Kwindawo ipoma of San Cristobal liqulunqe phosphorite ekrwada.

imigodi Gold yenziwa e El eCallao. Apha eli lusiba imveliso nochatha diamond (700-800 amawaka carats kunyaka ngamnye). In Kuchivero isitya ivunjululwe idipozithi enkulu amatshe nedayimani kunye nomkhuhlane. Iminyaka emininzi Venezuela kwisigxina kumthengisi diamond inkulu phakathi kwamazwe Latin American.

lokuvelisa

Ngokutsho ulwazi ngokubanzi kuqoqosho Venezuela de-2013 izicokisi, iikhemikhali kunye kushishino lomatshini-isakhiwo kubhaliwe olukhula ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, ngaphezu kwama-50% ye ixabiso lilonke lemveliso unika noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo, ukutya, iinkuni, isikhumba kunye nezihlangu.

Development of the iidiphozithi inkulu intsimbi ekrwada wanika i yokukhawulezisa uphuhliso kushishino metallurgical. Kummandla izityalo ezininzi kunye nomjikelo neyethambeka amaziko epheleleyo yombane, izityalo aluminiyamu, njalo-njalo. D.

production

Xa intliziyo uphuhliso ngezobunjineli yoshishino ibandla imoto. uqoqosho Venezuela kaThixo zingaphawulwa ngokufutshane wachazwa kokufumana izityalo inkxaso ekuveliseni izixhobo kwezolimo, iitrektara, izixhobo zokwakha, izixhobo njalo njalo. iinkampani Ukuphuhlisa D. ukuba ukwenziwa kwezixhobo kamabonakude. A ukwakha enkulu kwemigodi, oli-mveliso namashishini kuvuselela ukudaleka kwamathuba kweesayithi lezoshishino nemveliso zezixhobo zokwakha.

imfuyo

Nokuzalana iinkomo nge-55% ichaza ixabiso kwemveliso yezolimo. Iifama bebekelwa kwi Llanos.

indawo yobisi yokulima - entilini Caracas, nezitya ka Valencia kunye Maracaibo. Kule ndawo yabaqokeleli intaka unikezele isixeko amaqanda kunye nenyama. Ebharhileyo Caribbean Coast (State of Lara), edume iifama inkulu ibhokhwe kunye neegusha. Kule minyaka ili-15 idluleyo, imihlaba imfuyo kakhulu ngaphezu kuthelekiswa kwisityalo. Ukwanda iqhekeza mass kwiifama ezinkulu ezisebenzisa iindlela zale mihla kulinywe kunye nokhathalelo isilwanyana.

uphuhliso Fisheries kwinxalenye esemantla lizwe (unxweme eVenezuela, Maracaibo ichibi). nempembelelo entle kuqoqosho Venezuela namhlanje tiger Shrimp - kakhulu zixabisekile kwaye iziqu yi lwemveliso gourmets.

yezandla Ihlathi benganikwa ukubaluleka kakhulu. tannins Workpiece, vanilla, guayabovoy intlaka kunye irabha esetyenziswa iziqholo kunye yezemithi, oluqhutywa izixa engephi.

Crop

Urhulumente ngomlandu Latin America inani umhlaba olimekayo. Okwenziwe kuphela yesithathu kubo. Ngokutsho Iingxelo zakutshanje isityalo uqoqosho Venezuela kuthathwa icandelo kakhulu umva.

45% yexabiso iimveliso zolimo kwenza ezolimo. 2/3 zomhlaba olimekayo bebekelwa emantla. Xa Llanos kwinkqubela yezityalo ecaleni komlambo emazantsi kwi Andes. Le ndawo ingxaki - imbalela egqubayo. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, uRhulumente liphuhlise isicwangciso yokusekwa yolawulo lwamanzi iminyaka engama-30 ezayo nokwakhiwa amadama kunye yokunkcenkceshela umbutho neenkqubo ukuba iihektare ezininzi ezizigidi ezi-2 zomhlaba.

Yesihlanu isithuba awayephantsi izityalo eziphambili kumazwe - ekoko nekofu. Ekrwada ekufanisweni uphuza ahlaziyayo esivumba njengokuntshula United weentaba emantla-ntshona. Ekrwada izinto kuba uninzi chocolate ehlabathini ungenayo United of zeCaribbean. Xa Llanos izityalo zomqhaphu likhule kule minyaka 8-10 yokugqibela, icuba kunye sisal.

izithuthi

Ngomhla kummandla Venezuela kuthetha zonxibelelwano zabiwa edyokhweni. Le xi liphezulu iindlela nemizila kaloliwe - emntla. Le yokugqibela zimfutshane, ubude umgca onganxulumananga-1.4 amawaka. Km. Lwabakhweli ¾ imithwalo endleleni.

Orinoco River - umzila engundoqo yangaphakathi, yokuthumela izithuthi zigcinwa kwi amachibi Maracaibo kunye Valencia. Ukungabikho nomgangatho ophantsi Railways komhlaba kwabuyekezwa cabotage ngolwandle. Isikali nolwandle zabarhwebi fleet yenye yeenkokheli ezintathu eMzantsi Merika. Ezithumela oli ekrwada kunye neemveliso enxulumene zixhotyiswe kunye namazibuko-23, ukuze kumazwe kwaye ungenise nezinye iimveliso - nokuba 8.

Eyona nto ibaluleke ngokukodwa kuqoqosho Venezuela uye umoya amakhonkco kwimimandla ekwanti akumzantsi mpuma. moya rhoqo ukuqhagamshela ikomkhulu imizi emikhulu, amasimi oyile kunye namaziko imigodi.

komnotho

2013th waba unyaka esibulalayo kuqoqosho Venezuela. Le ntlekele iye sichaphazele zonke iinkalo zobomi yoluntu. Ngokungagqibekanga usindiswa amaxabiso kuphela eliphezulu yorhwebo main kumazwe - oyile. Ekuqaleni kulo nyaka, ngaphambi kokufika ityala zoluntu kwilizwe khong leyo eyayifikelela kwi-70% ye-GDP ngelixa sentsilelo yoqingqo-mali ka-14%. Ekupheleni kwamaxabiso 2013th yaba 56.3%. Kulo meko, iPalamente wanika amagunya umongameli omtsha ngexesha likaxakeka. Ukuhlangabezana nokulindelweyo ezigidi kwabavoti, waba ngummeli wowona ulungileyo ubhengeze ekhubekisayo kwezoqoqosho, apho yaqaliswa angabonisi iinzuzo amashishini abucala-30%. Kweli lizwe kwakukho ukunqongophala nokoyika yorhwebo kubalulekile - iswekile, ibhotolo, iphepha toilet. Amagosa karhulumente aye ngamxhelo lowu isizathu ekuweni koqoqosho Venezuela zorhwaphilizo, intelekelelo kwaye ngabom imfazwe eqhubekayo mali kurhulumente. Khong laqalisa inkqubo ukuba balwe intelekelelo. Emva kwenyanga ka inkonzo yorhwebo entsha yenethiwekhi Daka zadliwa uhulumeni. Kuba ukusekwa imida kwi mveliso 100% endaweni kuvumelekile-30% ye-mhlaba kunye nolawulo iivenkile abanjwa.

2015: ukuwa kwamaxabiso e-oyile

Ngo-2014, uqoqosho Venezuela, eye yafakwa kwi kwicala ngempumelelo ngaphandle ntlekele, wavuthulula elinye igalelo. Amaxabiso e-oli ehlabathini ziye kabukhali enqaba. Xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka odlulileyo, ingeniso evela kwamanye amazwe zegolide abamnyama lehle ngo 1/3. Kwiinzame ukunciphisa intsilelo uhlahlo-mali yebhanki engundoqo ikhupha iindleko elide, nto leyo kwamaxabiso-150% (iinkcukacha ezisemthethweni ka Septemba 2015). Ukuthatha elinye Ukuzama ukunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, urhulumente uphuhlisa inkqubo entsonkothileyo kunaniselwano namazwe angaphandle. Sele emva kweveki umlinganiselo dollar sonaniso esemthethweni idlula imarike ngaphezu kwezihlandlo 100. Ukubambelela le ngcinga Chavismo, lepalamente likhokelwa umongameli limited amaxabiso okutya ngaphezu babangela yokushota iyonke yezimbiwa kubalulekile.

2016: le meko iya isiba mbi

NgoJanuwari, ekhohlo Socialist Luis Salas umiselwa ukuba intloko kwiSebe Economy. Utshatise amanye amalungu izixhobo lolawulo igosa khong ubona isizathu iingxaki uqoqosho Venezuela kule kwisakhiwo sebali, kunye imfazwe Europe-mali nxamnye ilizwe lakhe.

Ngokutsho koqikelelo IMF, ngo-2016 ekwindla GDP kuyeza-20%, elintinge intswela - 25%, intsilelo mali yi-18% ye-GDP. Ukunyuka ka 550% ematyaleni iyonke yangaphandle ezingaphezu kwe $ 130 billion yonke imihla ukutyhala uqoqosho Venezuela angagqibekanga.

Hlobo lamakhono - 100 bolivars ezixabisa 17 US iisenti. Emali negates amandla okuthenga abemi. Ngokutsho iZiko yengingqi wexwebhu and Analysis (Cendas) ezisisiseko ibhaskithi yokutya ukuze intsapho ixabisa amaxesha asibhozo nemivuzo ephantsi.

Kule mihla: ezibangela le ntlekele

Imiba ephambili bandiqumbisayo destabilization koqoqosho, ezi iziseko zolwakhiwo kunye nezopolitiko, ingakumbi, ukuxhomekeka ongenisa, ukuhla elibukhali kwamaxabiso oli ehlabathini, kunye nokulawula iyonke imeko phezu ukwenziwa kunye nokwabiwa lweemveliso zokutya.

Ngenxa yezimo yezoqoqosho Venezuela ekuqaleni 2017 kwaye ukwala uMongameli khong ukubamba-zimvo ngezilungiso ikhondo lezopolitiko karhulumente ziye Uqhankqalazo mass kwizixeko ezikhulu. izenzo ngaphezu kwesigidi abemi aneliseke ye abasemagunyeni wathabatha kwizitrato edolophu kunye neemfuno kwiivenkile kuzisa impahla kubalulekile - umgubo, amaqanda, ubisi kunye namayeza.

Eliphikisayo utyhola intloko uqeshwe karhulumente ekulandeleni imithetho anti-nentlalo uzwilakhe Ugo Chavesa, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni nentlekele inzulu kubaxa ukuhla kwamaxabiso e-oyile. Kwelinye icala, Nicolas khong utyhole ngophakathi eli lizwe iCity uqoqosho ukuze baphumeze iinjongo zabo ezonakele.