Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky: engobomi, mpumelelo yenzululwazi kunye nezibakala umdla ebomini

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) --sobulumko kunye naturalist edumileyo Russian. Yathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kubomi bentlalo kweli lizwe. Yeyona umsunguli esiyintloko izakhiwo ezinkulu Earth Sciences. iindawo zakhe yokufunda kuquka amashishini ezifana:

• biogeochemistry;
• geochemistry;
• radiogeology;
• hydrogeology.

Yena ngumdali izikolo ezininzi zobunzululwazi. Ukususela ngo-1917 yi academician le Russian Academy of Sciences, yaye ngowe-1925 - the Academy of Sciences USSR.

Ngowe-1919 waba umhlali yokuqala Academy of Sciences Ukraine, ngoko - uNjingalwazi Institute eMoscow. Noko ke, wawuyeka. Esi senzo luphawu wokumelana kakubi kwabafundi.

Kuchaziwe wacinga Vladimira Ivanovicha Vernadskogo yaba kwindawo yokuqala ukwenzela uphuhliso lomfanekiso zenzululwazi mihla ehlabathini. Ingcamango ephambili sisazinzulu enxulunyanisiweyo iingqiqo lophuhliso lwenzululwazi ezifana umhlaba onokuphila. Ngokutsho kwakhe, lo gama lichaza ophilileyo yasemhlabeni iqokobhe woMhlaba. Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich ( "noosphere" Kwakhona eli gama yaziswa sisazinzulu) uye wafunda entsonkothileyo ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo lidlala indima enkulu kuphela kuphila iqokobhe, kodwa ke into yabantu. Iimfundiso unjingalwazi ulumkile ibonelela ubudlelane oluntu nokusingqongileyo nako ukuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo ukuyilwa osezingqondweni yendalo zenzululwazi wonke umntu elifanelekileyo.

Vernadsky yaba mxhasi ebonakalayo cosmism Russian, esekelwe kwingcamango ubunye ubenza zalo lonke uluntu. Kwakhona, uVladimir waye eyinganga yalo mbutho kunye benkululeko Zemsky-Democrats siseko. Lowo wamkela Prize State of the USSR ngo-1943.

Ubutsha le academician elizayo

Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich (biography iyakungqina oku) wazalelwa eSt Petersburg ngoMatshi 12 kunyaka 1863. Wayehlala kwintsapho unguwo. uyise wakhe ngezoqoqosho, nonina - yokuqala umfazi Russian kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Abazali abantwana baxomoloza publicists ezaziwayo-kakuhle kunye noqoqosho kwaye zange ayilibale nemvelaphi yakhe.

Ngokutsho legend usapho, ozelwe Vernadsky evela iindwalutho Lithuanian Verna, ngubani eyeke ukuya Cossacks nezibonda wayebulewe ngenxa yenkxaso yabo Bogdana Hmelnitskogo.

Ngowe-1873, iqhawe yethu bali laqala izifundo zakhe esikolweni eKharkov. Kwaye ngo 1877-m intsapho yakhe kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele eSt Petersburg. Ngelo xesha, uVladimir ababhaliswe kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo yaye abathweswe izidanga. Xa isixeko kwi Neva uyise Vernadsky - Ivan - wavula inkampani yakhe yokushicilela, yayibizwa ngokuba "yindlu yoshicilelo Slavic", kwakunye ophetheyo kuloo mzi othengisa kwi Nevsky Prospekt.

Xa wayeneminyaka eli-elinantathu kwixesha academician elizayo uqala ukubonisa umdla kwimbali yendalo, nokuxubana, kwakunye ubomi esebenzayo ekuhlaleni.

1881 waye esisityebi kwimisitho. Yokuhlolwa wayivala iphephancwadi kayise, ngelo xesha elinye nalo elukhukweni enedumbe. Ke yena wabulala Alexander II. njengoko Vernadsky wadlula ngempumelelo iimviwo emnyango waza waqalisa ubomi bakhe umfundi e St. Petersburg University.

Umnqweno ukuba sisazinzulu

Vernadsky, ogama engobomi na othandwayo impumelelo yakhe lwenzululwazi, waqalisa izifundo zakhe kwiYunivesithi yase St. Petersburg ngo-1881. Waba nethamsanqa ukuba ukufunda Mendeleev, ngubani wakhuthaza abafundi, yaye bomeleze ukuzithemba kwabo, wafundisa ngokwaneleyo ukoyisa iingxaki.

Ngowe-1882, i-Scientific and yoncwadi Society samiselwa eyunivesithi apho Vernadsky saba nelungelo ukukhokela mineralogy. UNjingalwazi Dokuchaev wasondela ingqalelo into yokuba lo mfundi uselula efunda ukuba bagcine iinkqubo zendalo. amava Ezinkulu Vladimir waba unjingalwazi walungelelanisa hambo, nto leyo eza kwenza ukuba abafundi ukuba iminyaka embalwa ukuze ngalo ndlela yokuqala zejoloji.

Ngowe-1884 Vernadsky uba umqeshwa yikhabhinethi mineralogical of St. Petersburg University, sibambe asinceda ngayo Dokuchaeva efanayo. Kulo nyaka yena siqala ilifa ngelifa. Yaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva lokutshata intombazana entle Natalia Staritskaya. Kungekudala ke unyana George, ngubani kwixesha elizayo uya kuba unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi Yale.

Ngo March 1888 Vernadsky (biography uchaza uhambo lwakhe yobomi) ezihamba wayehambe ngezoshishino yaye batyelela eVienna, iNaples kunye Munich. Ngaloo ndlela uqala umsebenzi wakhe elabhoratri ka Crystallography amazwe.

Kwaye emva kokugqitywa ngempumelelo yunivesithi zonyaka wezifundo Vernadsky ugqiba ukuphola kwi uhambo eYurophu ukuya kutyelela Mineralogical Museum. Ebudeni hambo, waya wesihlanu iNkomfa kwentlanganiso International Geological, esenzeka eNgilani. Apha ke wangeniswa British Association of Science.

University Moscow

Vladimir Vernadsky, wafika eMoscow, waba umhlohli kwiYunivesithi eMoscow, ukuthatha indawo kayise. Xa ilifa lakhe ilebhu yemichiza enkulu kunye nesifundo mineralogical. Kungekudala Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich (biology lalingekafiki iteresovala kangaka Isazinzulu oselula) waqalisa eyayinesihloko kwi kwicandelo zonyango ngokwasemzimbeni-nakwimathematika. Abafundi kakuhle wathetha ulwazi ebalulekileyo luncedo, esalinikwayo utitshala.

Vernadsky wachaza mineralogy njengendlela yokuziqeqesha yenzululwazi ovumela ukufunda izimbiwa ezifana yendalo iikhompawundi uqweqwe.

Ngowe-1902, iqhawe ibali lethu sobuGqirha kwi crystallography waba uprofesa ngokupheleleyo. Kwangaxeshanye, wathabatha inxaxheba Congress of komhlaba ehlabathini lonke, esenzeka eMoscow.

Ngowe-1892 Vernadsky kwi mkhaya umntwana wesibini - intombi, uNina. Ngelo xesha, unyana omdala sele iminyaka ezisithoba.

Kungekudala lo njingalwazi uthi ukuba "wakhula" kwesayensi entsha lonke wahlukana mineralogy. imigaqo yalo, wathi kuloo nkongolo elilandelayo koogqirha kunye izazinzulu. Ukususela ngoko, ushishino oluqhelekileyo olutsha - geochemistry.

NgoMeyi 4, 1906 Vladimir Ivanovich waba umncedisi unjingalwazi kwi mineralogy kwi-St Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Kwakhona onyuliwe intloko yeSebe Mineralogy Geological Museum. Ngowe-1912 Vernadskii (biography ngayo - bubungqina ngqo) iba zemfundo.

Ukuhamba ehlabathini lonke, isazinzulu eqokelela kwaye izisa ekhaya ukuqokelela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ngamatye. Kwaye ngo-1910, lo semvelo Italian umnxeba evulekileyo Vladimir Ivanovich izimbiwa "vernadskitom".

imisebenzi Yakhe wokufundisa unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi Moscow kugqitywa ngo-1911. Yaba ngeli xesha, urhulumente woyisa yeCadet kwindlwane. Khalaza yeendawo ephezulu yasekhohlo yesithathu ootitshala.

Ubomi e St. Petersburg

Ngo September 1911 sisazinzulu Vladimir Vernadsky wafudukela eSt Petersburg. Enye yemiba abanomdla uprofesa, waye inguqu Mineralogical Museum of the Academy of Sciences kwiziko lwehlabathi. Ngowe-1911, imyuziyam ufumene irekhodi uluhlu inani minerals ingqokelela - 85. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho nasemaweni imvelaphi komhlaba (awe esibhakabhakeni). Avuleke eziye zafunyanwa kuphela eRashiya, kodwa ngaphandle eMadagascar, Italy ne eNorway. Kunye iingqokelela abatsha Museum of St. Petersburg iye yaba yenye intle kwihlabathi. Ngowe-1914, ngenxa yokwanda abasebenzi wambumba Mineralogical kunye Geological Museum. Vernadsky waba umqondisi.

Ezili eSt Petersburg Scientist uzama ukwenza i Lomonosov Institute, nto leyo iqulunqwe kumasebe ezininzi: umchiza, ngokwasemzimbeni kunye mineralogical. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, urhulumente Russian akazange afune ukuba ubunikele imali yakhe.

Ekubeni leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, iimali-mboleko zokuhlawulela Radium eRashiya waqalisa ukuba ukwehla kakhulu, eli likhawuleze ukuqhagamshelana waludiliza ngenxa phesheya kunye izikhanyiso nenzululwazi. Vernadsky wasungula ukwenza ikomiti ukufunda zendalo imikhosi ezinemiphumela Russia. IBhodi, olu sapho lwaluquka abantu amahlanu anesithandathu, waba likhokelwa zezenzululwazi. Kwaye ngeli xesha Vladimir baqalisa ukuqonda indlela yonke ubomi yenzululwazi kunye noluntu yakhiwa. Nangona yokuba zonke mandundu eRashiya, iKomishoni, phezu koko, ezandisiweyo. Yaye ngowe-1916 wakwazi ukuhlela amaphulo yenzululwazi elinesine ukuya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zelo lizwe. Kwangaxesha nye, Academician Vernadsky wakwazi ukuba ndiseke ukuba nenzululwazi entsha ngokupheleleyo - biogeochemistry, nto leyo abawafundi nje kuphela okusingqongileyo, kodwa nesimo salo mntu ngokwakhe.

Vernadsky indima ekuphuhliseni lenzululwazi Ukrainian

Ngowe-1918 indlu Vernadsky, awayakhayo Poltava, ndaba ndicinezelwe iiBolsheviks. Nkqu nangona yokuba Ukraine beza amaJamani, ISAZINZULU yakwazi ukuba aququzelele excursions eziliqela zejoloji, ngokunjalo ukwenza intetho enomxholo othi "Ukuphila nto".

Emva kokuba ukutshintsha kwamandla, waza waqalisa ukuba silawule Hetman Skoropadsky, kwagqitywa ukuba alungiselele Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Lo ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo uyiphathisiweyo Vernadsky. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba uninzi isisombululo ezilungileyo kuba ukuthatha ngomzekelo Russian Academy of Sciences. Eli ziko yaba negalelo kuphuhliso inkcubeko eziphathekayo nangokomoya yabantu, kwakunye nokwanda amandla emveliso. Vernadsky, ogama engobomi isiqinisekiso se iziganeko ezininzi behamba eUkraine, wavuma ukuthatha ngumbandela obalulekileyo, kodwa kwi imeko ukuba akayi kuba ngummi Ukraine.

Ngo-1919 wavula UAS, kwakunye kwithala lwenzululwazi. Kwangaxeshanye, oosonzululwazi abasebenza kwi ukufunyanwa kwiiyunivesithi eziliqela Ukraine. Noko ke, oku akuzange ngokwaneleyo Vernadsky. Ugqiba ukuba ndibe ephilayo. Ke kaloku omnye imifuniselo ezinjalo wanikela result umdla kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa ke kokufika iiBolsheviks e eKiev iba yingozi, ngoko noVladimir wafudukela isikhululo zeekhemikhali ezinobungozi Staroselie. ingozi Upheliso ukunyanzela ukuba aye eCrimea, apho umfazi wakhe nentombi babemlindile.

Science and Philosophy

Vladimir Vernadsky wayekholelwa ukuba bulumko nenzululwazi - ezi iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo ukwazi ihlabathi womntu. Baye izinto ezahlukeneyo zophando. Kodwa filosofi akukho imida kwaye ibonisa yonke into. Nesayensi, ngokuchaseneyo, kukho umda - ihlabathi lokwenene. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, iingqiqo basenokuvana. Philosophy - uhlobo bume "zesondlo" kweyobunzululwazi. Izazinzulu wayethe ubomi - oko yile ndawo efanayo i iphela ongunaphakade, njengoko amandla okanye umcimbi.

Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, Vladimir Ivanovich wavakalisa ingcamango yakhe, wentanda tyumpeka iinkalo zobomi kummandla bengqondo, oko kukuthi umhlaba onokuphila kungena noosphere. Wayekholelwa ukuba ingqondo yomntu - oku ungamandla ekhokelayo yendaleko, ngoko iinkqubo zendalo indawo abazi.

Geochemistry kunye Biosphere

Ngowe-1924, Vladimir Vernadsky wapapasha incwadi othi "Geochemistry". Umsebenzi kwakubhalwe French waza wakhululwa eParis. kwiminyaka nje emithathu kamva, "Izincoko kwi Geochemistry" wabonakala Russian.

Kulo inzululwazi msebenzi generalizes inkcazelo esebenzayo senkolelo ekhathaza athom uqweqwe, kwakunye ukufunda geospheres kuqamba yendalo. Kulo msebenzi lanikwa ingcamango yokuba "ophilayo nto" - iseti ezisulelayo iza kufundwa ngendlela efanayo njengoko nawuphi na omnye umcimbi: achaza ubunzima babo, iikhemikhali ukwakheka namandla. Geochemistry iye ichazwa njengokuba isayensi lifunda ukwakhiwa kwemichiza kunye nemithetho andise izinto kwemichiza Earth. iinkqubo Geochemical uyakwazi ukugquma zonke yeqokobhe. Inkqubo ngokwahlukana emangalisa kugqalwa izinto ngexesha Ukuqinisa kunye nokupholisa. Yaye nantsi ke umthombo zonke iinkqubo geochemical kucingelwa ukuba amandla kwelanga, womxhuzulane kunye nobushushu.

Ukusebenzisa imithetho ukwabiwa imichiza, oosonzululwazi Russian abaphuhlisa Ingxelo geochemical, kwakunye neendlela ukufumana izimbiwa.

Vernadsky wenza isigqibo sokuba nayiphi sisibonakaliso ebomini khona kuphela ngohlobo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila - inkqubo enkulu "ummandla ophilileyo". Ngowe-1926, unjingalwazi wapapasha incwadi "Biosphere" apho echaza zonke iziseko yeemfundiso zakhe. Le ncwadi ufumene encinane, abhalwe ngolwimi olulula zokudala. Oku kwakhokelela uyakholiswa abafundi abaninzi.

Vernadsky yaqulunqa ukukhulelwa biogeochemical ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila. Kulo kwabonakala ingqiqo nje into ephilayo, kuqulethe ezahlukeneyo imichiza efumaneka kuzo zonke eziphilayo abakhoyo.

biogeochemistry

Biogeochemistry i isayensi lifunda ekwakhiweni, isakhiwo, eli nto eziphilayo. Izazinzulu ziye zachongwa imigaqo emininzi kwaye ebalulekileyo, ebonisa imodeli kwehlabathi.

Yintoni waxelela Vladimir Vernadsky?

Le semvelo - bume zokuphila le Umhlaba - soze kubuyela kwimo yalo yangaphambili, ngoko litshintsha lonke ixesha. Kodwa into ephilayo zikuchaphazela rhoqo geochemical kwi olujongwayo lubonwe.

ojikeleze Umhlaba kaThixo - indlela yokuma biogenic, njengoko nomzabalazo oksijini ehlabathini jikelele ibaluleke ngaphezu umlo ukutya.

Abaphilayo ngawona mandla kwaye angafaniyo ihlabathi elingena, vula nkqu Leeuwenhoek.

Ngowe-1943, i-nzulu wawongwa uMyalelo kwaye i Prize Stalin. Isiqingatha sokuqala unjingalwazi mivuzo wanikezela Homeland Fund ukuzithethelela kunye yesibini echithwe ekuthengeni iingqokelela zejoloji Russian Academy of Sciences.

imfundiso Vernadsky malunga umhlaba onokuphila kunye noosphere

Noosphere - imvulophu oluhlangeneyo zejoloji Umhlaba, oluthi luqokelelane ngenxa yemisebenzi yenkcubeko kunye netheknoloji abantu, ngokunjalo ngezimanga zendalo kunye neenkqubo. Intsingiselo yawo ibalulekileyo mqondo indima yempembelelo abazi abantu kokusingqongileyo.

imfundiso Vernadsky malunga semvelo kunye noosphere uhlola ukuvela nokuziqonda ngenxa ngendaleko nengqondo. Kwakhona uprofesa wakwazi ukuqikelela ukwandiswa imida noosphere, elithetha ukufumana umntu emajukujukwini. Ngokutsho Vernadsky, lo noosphere isiseko ngokuvisisana ubuhle bendalo kunye nendoda. Ngoko ke, abantu eyaziyo sizathu, kuba Qaphela lo imvisiswano ukuba amtshabalalise.

Le njengesiqalo ukuvela kwi noosphere yi ukuvela ebomini bomntu na izixhobo yokuqala nomlilo - ngoko wajika waya inzuzo le zezilwanyana nezityalo ehlabathini, baqala iinkqubo okunzulu yendalo yezityalo elinywayo ukufuywa kwezilwanyana. Ke kaloku indoda kuqala ukuba abe ngomntu obengo, kwaye umdali.

Kodwa ke inzululwazi ejongene ekufundweni izenzo eziyingozi yoluntu kokusingqongileyo, wabonakala emva kokufa Vernadsky wabiza eziphilayo. Kodwa le inzululwazi akuthethi ukufunda umsebenzi zejoloji abantu kunye neziphumo zawo.

Igalelo zeSayensi

Vladimir Ivanovich wenze ezifunyaniswe ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Ukususela 1888 ukuya 1897 ISAZINZULU yaqulunqa ingqiqo silicates, kumiselwa ukuhlelwa iikhompawundi siliceous, kwaye kananjalo wasungula ingqiqo ngumongo kaolin.

Ngowe-1890-1911 gg. Waba nguyise mineralogy yemfuza nokufakela imidibaniso ezikhethekileyo phakathi indlela bezimbiwa crystallization, kwakunye nokwakhiwa kunye lasungulwa genesis.

izazinzulu Russian Vernadsky wanceda amalungiselelo kunye nesakhiwo nolwazi kwicandelo geochemistry. Abaphandi kuqala kuqhutywa isifundo epheleleyo nje kuphela koMhlaba, kodwa ke lithosfere kwehayidrosfere. Ngowe-1907 kwaphawula ukuqala radiogeology.

Kule minyaka 1916-1940 imigomo eziphambili biogeochemistry, waza waba yimbangi imfundiso ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila kunye ngendaleko yayo. Vernadskiy Vladimir Ivanovich, ukuvulwa awalibethayo ihlabathi lonke, wakwazi ukufunda isiqulatho ubungakanani izinto eziphilayo umzimba, kwakunye nemisebenzi geochemical ukuba enze. Watshayelela ingqiqo inguqu ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila kungena noosphere.

A amagama ambalwa malunga ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Ubume ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila, ngokutsho uqikelelo uVladimir Ivanovich, iindidi ezisixhenxe engundoqo impahla:

1. atom saa.
2. Substances okubangelwa ophilileyo.
3. Le miba imvelaphi cosmic.
4. Substances ukusekwa ngaphandle ebomini.
5. Elements of ukubola eqhumayo.
6. Biokostnye.
7. Living kweziyobisi.

Yintoni Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, wazi wonke umntu self-nokuhlonipha. Wayekholelwa ukuba yonke into ephilayo ingaqala kuphela kwisithuba lenene, nto leyo lubonakala ngokuba isakhiwo ethile. Le khemikhali Ukwakhiwa ephilayo uhambelana isithuba, izinto kunjalo ngakumbi, kokukhona kwamabala ezinjalo.

Kodwa ke inguqu ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila kulo noosphere sakhatshwa izinto ezininzi:

1. Ukulungiswa Homo sapiens ngapha phezu uMhlaba, kwakunye uloyiso yayo nasekufumaneni phezu nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.
2. Ukudalwa inkqubo yolwazi yomanyano lonke uluntu.
3. Ukufunyanwa imithombo amatsha amandla (ezifana ingakumbi Nuclear). Emva inkqubela uluntu lifumene amandla ebaluleke kakhulu kwaye enamandla zejoloji.
4. Ukukwazi ukulawula izihlwele zabantu.
5. Ukukhula kwenani labantu bekwi kwinzululwazi. Lo mba kwakhona inika abantu amandla entsha zejoloji.

Vladimir Vernadsky, omnikelo biology kubalulekile, abali kwaye bakholwa ukuba uphuhliso lakho ulwazi lwenzululwazi - Nabu ke ubungqina kakhulu kuphela khona inkqubela.

isiphelo

Vernadsky Prospekt - esitratweni inde e Moscow, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuya kumzantsi-ntshona kwikomkhulu. imvelaphi yayo kuthatha malunga Geochemistry Institute, omseki kunye non-izazinzulu, yaye iphela kunye Academy of Staff Jikelele. Ngenxa yoko, Libonakalisa igalelo Vernadsky kwinzululwazi, nto leyo uboniswa ukuziphendulela lizwe. Kule emibuzo neememo, njengoko aphupha zezenzululwazi, kukho amaziko ophando eziliqela kunye neeyunivesithi zokufundisa.

Ububanzi iyantlukwano Outlook obafunyanwa zenzululwazi ezixabisa Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky ngokwenzululwazi, mhlawumbi, ngaphandle kwezinye izazinzulu elikhulu ixesha lethu. Kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe, wabulela nootitshala bakhe. Wayedla wawalwela ubomi abahlobo bakhe abafundi bangamaxhoba kwinkqubo sazela. Enkosi engqiqweni eliqaqambileyo kunye nobuchule ebalaseleyo, kunye nezinye izazinzulu wakwazi ukwenza amaziko ophando olomeleleyo obalulekileyo kwihlabathi.

yokufa kwale ndoda iphele tu.

December 25, 1944 Vladimir Ivanovich wacela umfazi wakhe ukuba enze ikofu. Yaye ngoxa yena waya ekhitshini, ISAZINZULU yaba ligazi ebuchotsheni. A amashwa efanayo ebahleleyo uyise, kunye nonyana wayesoyika kufa ukufa efanayo. Emva kweso siganeko, ISAZINZULU wahlala iintsuku ezilishumi, yaye zange ebuyele ezingqondweni. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky wafa ngoJanuwari 6, 1945.