Ixesha Devonian ngexesha Paleozoic

ixesha Devonian yokwakheka komhlaba (420 - 358 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo) na ekuqaleni kwexesha Paleozoic. Ngelo xesha kwakukho iziganeko ezininzi zasemanzini nempembelelo kakhulu kuphuhliso olungaphezulu eziphilayo emhlabeni. inkqubo Devonian yafakwa 1839 zizazinzulu Adam Sedgwick kunye Roderick Murchison kwi IsiNgesi okwilizwe Devonshire, emva ngaye, igama.

Biota

Phambi kokubhiyozela ukuphela Devonian mass yenzeka ihlabathi ephilayo. iintlobo ezininzi, ingakumbi kwande ehlabathini, nje liphelelwe kwaye wanyamalala. Endaweni yazo kukho amaqela amatsha zezityalo nezilwanyana. Kuyinto ukuba abakhomba oko ofana enezityalo nezilwanyana kwexesha Devonian.

Kwakukho revolution ngokwenene. Ngoku ubomi iphuhlise kungekuphela kwiilwandle kunye namaqumrhu amatsha, kodwa kumhlaba. ekuyo ilizwe ngokubanzi kunye nohlaza ezisentlabathini. ixesha Devonian, le enezityalo nezilwanyana eqhubekileyo ngokwanda, ziphawulwe ngokuthi ukuvela-Amon yokuqala (izilwanyana). It nayo ngexesha bryozoans yayo, rugosa, ezinye iindidi brachiopods uliciko.

Ubomi elwandle

Kuphuhliso yehlabathi ephilayo iye azachaphazela kuphela chavelela yendalo, kodwa imozulu kwexesha Devonian, kwakunye iintshukumo olunzulu ziitectonic plates yaye iimpembelelo isithuba (ewonke) utshintsho iimeko zokuhlala. Ubomi elwandle sele isiya isohluka nangakumbi njengoko kuthelekiswa Silurian. ixesha Devonian ngexesha Paleozoic luphawulwa uphuhliso eyinhloko ezahlukeneyo iintlobo zeentlanzi (ezinye izazinzulu sayibiza "ixesha lokuloba"). Kwangaxeshanye oko baqalisa ebunayo tsistoidey, Nautiloidea, trilobites kunye graptolites.

Inani eliphezulu lee kutshatwa lafikelela brachiopods uliciko. Ingakumbi ezahlukahlukeneyo baba spiriferidy, atripidy, rinhonellidy kunye terebratulidy. ukutyeba kwezityalo, akukho lula ngokukhawuleza ngexesha hlukile brachiopods. Eli qela yeyona ibalulekileyo paleontologists kunye komhlaba labandakanywa asike eneenkcukacha yesibambiso.

ixesha Devonian, apho izilwanyana kunye nezityalo zizakubalulwa iyantlukwano enkulu xa kuthelekiswa ne zaphawula edlulileyo, kwaba kubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lezixhobo. Kunye bryozoans stromatoporoideyami kwaye baqalisa ukuthatha inxaxheba ekwakheni izixhobo. Baye ancediswe ezahlukeneyo ulwelwe calcareous, leyo belimiwe ngaselwandle Devonian.

Lomqolo kanye ekuyo

Phakathi ezingenamqolo sazivelela ostracods, merostomes, tentaculites, blastoids, inyibiba ulwandle, urchins ulwandle, iziponji, neegastropods kunye Conodonts. Ngokutsho kumabhodlo ingcali lokugqibela namhlanje ukujonga yobudala kumatye awenziwa ludaka.

ixesha Devonian kuphawulwa yokwanda ukubaluleka ekuyo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kwaba "Century intlanzi" - vehicles, ezinqinileyo kunye nentlanzi cartilaginous wayenesikhundla lubalaseleyo. Ukusuka kule mass Skrolela kwiqela Entsha. Baba eziphilayo jawless iintlanzi-like. Kutheni na bachuma ezi lomqolo? Ngokomzekelo, omnye plastinokozhih kunye neentlanzi vehicles umntla ngaphambili nentloko zagutyungelwa iqokobhe enkulu yokhuselo - ingxoxo isigqibo kumzabalazo ukusinda. Ezi zidalwa azifani ukuphila umzimba. Embindini ye Devonian abazange intlala kuphela, kodwa Akulovo. Indawo ephezulu zarhwebisana yaye kamva - kwi Mesozoic.

uhlaza

Ekuqa-, abazahlulayo ukusuka kwixesha Silurian Devonian, waqinisa isityalo ukufikelela umhlaba. It yaqala nokuhlaliswa zazo ngokukhawuleza kwaye kwenziwe utshintsho apha naphaya ubomi obutsha kukodwa. badlula Early kunye Sredniy Devon phantsi kolawulo emhlabeni kwezityalo ezinemigca eyayingekaphuhli Rhyniophyta ikhula kwiindawo mgxobhozo. Ekupheleni kwethuba ke icinyiwe yonke. KuMbindi Devonian sele likhona izityalo ibihlungu (chlenistostebelnye, Lycopodiaceae kunye kumila).

kwabonakala gymnosperms kuqala. Ityholwana bavela kumnquma. Ngakumbi ngamandla ukusasaza kumila heterosporous. Ngokomthetho bayisile uhlaza ziphuhliswe kwimimandla yonxweme, apho kwakukho imozulu efudumeleyo, onomoya yaye kufumile. Umgama ukusuka elwandle komhlaba ngelo xesha isekhona ngaphandle utyani.

sezulu

Ithuba Devonian lubonakala ngokuba zonation ecacileyo zemozulu xa kuthelekiswa ekuqaleni Paleozoic. East Evopeyskaya eqongeni kunye nemvelo baba kwindawo sentshinyela (ubushushu avareji 28 - 31 ° C), Caucasus - ibhanti yimvula (23 - 28 ° C). Imeko ifana Western Australia.

sezulu yomile (eyomileyo kwintlango kwemozulu) esekwe eKhanada. Ngeli xesha kuloo mmandla amaphondo Saskatchewan kunye Alberta, ngokunjalo kwi Mackenzie River isitya yaba inkqubo esebenzayo sokuzuza yetyuwa. Le uphawu olwahluke e North America eyashiya ixesha Devonian. LeZimbiwa waqokelela kwezinye iingingqi. On the Siberian Platform naziphi na imibhobho kimberlite ziye iidipozithi diamond enkulu.

ezindaweni ezimanzi

Xa Devonian kade kwiMpuma eSiberia ukwanda humidification yaqala, ngenxa apho Kwabonakala maleko natyetyiswa oxides yemanganizi hydroxides zentsimbi. Ngelo xesha imozulu kufumile waba uphawu kwezinye iindawo ajenos (Uruguay, Argentina, South Australia). Wayebalasele yi ukufuma eliphezulu, ezingadibenanga imvula ngaphezu osalayo emhlabeni komphunga.

Kule mimandla (kwakunye emantla-mpuma nomzantsi Asia) ihlaliswe kwimiboniso enezixhobo lwasemoyeni enezixhobo limestones. E Belarus, Kazakhstan kunye eSiberia ukuseta ukufuma variable. Ekuqaleni Devonian kwasekwa iqela elikhulu ngamaqula semi-zikhawulezelwe ezikude apho izakhiwo sasikwanti izilwanyana. Ekupheleni kweli thuba umahluko phakathi ekuqaleni ukuya kweso.

minerals

Le Devonian kwiindawo apho kwimozulu ulophu zaba kakhulu ehlabathini ezivuzayo namalahle. Ezi iidipozithi ziquka iidipozithi eNorway, kunye Timan. Yi-oli negesi bethwele ezintle Devonian Imimandla Pechora kunye iVolga-Urals. Kunjalo wathi iidipozithi efanayo US, eKhanada, weSahara kunye Amazon.

Ngeli xesha, kwi Urals kunye Tatarstan waqalisa ukwenza oovimba yentsimbi ekrwada. Kwiindawo sezulu ngokoma wambumba elime zamafu of potash (Canada kunye Belarus). obubonakala mlilo ziye zakhokelela nokwanda ekrwada yobhedu-pyrite kuMntla Caucasus kunye kumathambeka esiseMpuma Urals. Nawuphi deposit okhokelayo-zinc nentsimbi-manganese e Central Kazakhstan.

zomhlaba

Ngu ekuqaleni Devonian kummandla North Atlantic, nokuba waqala izakhiwo ezintabeni sisiya (Northern eGreenland, Northern Tien shan, zeAltai). Euramerica ngelo xesha ibekwe kwisibanzi ethandwa, eSiberia, Korea neChina - kule ezinezinga ziingcathu. Los ajenos waba ngokupheleleyo ikhweyitha esemazantsi.

Euramerica kwenziwa ekuqaleni Devonian. Isizathu sokuba ukwenzeka yayo wengxabano eMpuma iYurophu kunye nomNtla Melika. Le lizwekazi onamava ukuphakamisa kakhulu (ukuya kuma hlula kummango omkhulu). Products ukhukuliseko yayo (ngokohlobo neetyuwa clastic ebomvu) ezingasetyenziswanga eBritani, Greenland, Spitsbergen kunye yaseScandinavia. Kunye izakhiwo ezintsha intaba esongiweyo (inkqubo likriwa Northern Appalachians kunye Newfoundland), emantla-ntshona kunye nomzantsi Euramerica bayirhawula.

Uninzi East yaseYurophu Platform i watersheds ephantsi minor onduli. Kuphela ntshona kufutshane British-yaseScandinavia ibhanti mobile bahambisa iintaba eliphantsi kunye neenduli enkulu. Kwisiqingatha sesibini kwexesha Devonian, iinxalenye kunabo bonke iqonga European East izikhukhula ngaselwandle. Kwi emathafeni yonxweme kwaqhenqetha elimbala ubomvu. Phantsi kweemeko etyuwa eziphakamileyo ngundoqo iidiphozithi dolomite, gypsum, rock lweTyuwa waguqula ulwandle lwasemoyeni.