VNO - yintoni na le nto?

Namhlanje, mhlawumbi, akuyi nohlangatyezwa ngumntu ongamaziyo into pheromone. Woqhumisela pheromone, "isongo isilingo" kunye nevumba uthando - ngokubanzi ezisetyenziswa lezentengiso kunye nemigomo abathengisi. inkqubo ukuqgiba elinoxanduva ekufumanekeni lwemiqondiso imichiza aziphethe ezinxulumene nethuku ngesondo yomama, ulawula neuroendocrine kunye neempendulo zokuziphatha, ngokuba vomeronasal. Kunye nesebe uphambili receptor le nkqubo - ukuba ilungu vomeronasal. Inoxanduva lokuphendla impefumlelwano eziphilayo zohlobo olufanayo, oko kutshanje yabhaqwa ebantwini kwaye likugqinile indima yalo ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni ingqondo zokuziphatha.

Nokulalana pheromone

Yonke le nto yaqala ngo-1870 xa sebhayoloji French Jean-Henri Casimir Fabre (1823-1915) ngokufutshane washiya elabhoratri ibhabhathane. Emva kokubuyela kwilebhu, wabona ukuba window sasihlanganisene ezimbalwa amabhabhathane eyindoda. Kwaye nantoni na igumbi akaba nako ukuma nemazi, inkunzi amlandela lonke ixesha. Ngoko uphawu 'attractors "eziphilayo - into okuveza nemazi ukutsala into eyindoda. Kuphela ngo-1959, akuba efunde ulwazi ngokwaneleyo volatiles kunye nendima yabo ukuziphatha okuzala le sezinambuzane Swiss Martin Lüscher (1917-1979) yazise ingqiqo ka "pheromone" (pheromone), njengoko eli gama wabumba ngokudibana yamagama Greek "utshintshelo" and " ukukhuthaza. "

izityalo pheromone nezilwanyana

biology Modern phantsi eli gama kwakuthetha iqela iikhompawundi aziphethe yemichiza ukuvelisa izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kunxibelelwano, ebonisa nqgo ngokwesondo. Pheromone aba intsingiselo nje ngokwesondo, nangona le yinxalenye yeentshukumo zabo kunazo zonke yaye umdla. Kwi ixabiso zinokuba komhlaba (izilwanyana ngokuphawula indawo), abakhokeli (iimbovane kubonisa indlela amanye), ezigxotha (izityalo kukhutshwe izinto umqondiso kuhlaselo izinambuzane) kunye nabanye abaninzi. I pheromone lokuqala olunyulu ngo-1956 kwaye waye silkworm attractant Butterfly enamandla - wavula ento ukuba amaphiko "likhona ngomdaniso" ngokwemithamo kakhulu kuncinane. Bakholelwa ukuba xa umntu amabhabhathane ababhinqileyo liyakunikezela ngoko nangoko yonke kwimpahla pheromone, oko umdla neetriliyoni eyindoda. Xa pheromone khona, kufuneka kubekho inkqubo nombono wabo.

Evolution vomeronasal egesi

VNO livela kuqala eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, izilwanyana kule nkqubo sele kuyinxalenye luvo ezahlukileyo bulb, intlala, imithambo yegazi kunye namadlala. Le embryogenesis kulo mzimba ngawo onke amaqela emanzini emntwini. Kwizilwanyana abadala uphuhliso yawo yahlukile ngokubonakalayo isebenza (eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, inyoka, ikati, inja) ukuya sinciphile kwaye nokungabikho lilonke (iminenga, dolphins, aqubude kuzo).

iziko Jacobson kaThixo

kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidluleyo, Ludwig Dane Jacobson (1783-1843) wachaza iqela leseli ibekwe ithambo intamo phakathi impumlo kunye nomlomo. Ezi nemisele receptors ngaphandle ukuqgiba kunye incasa, kamva ngokuba organ vomeronasal. lungu Jacobson iye yachazwa izinambuzane, iinyoka, iimpuku, izilwanyana. Isezele, iikati maxa wambi vula kancinane umlomo, njengokuba kunjalo, kwenaliti. Bakholelwa ukuba oku kwandisa umoya kwemali ukuya vomeronasal sitho neekati. Kodwa ke inyoka ukunyusa kwimbono lweentshukumo pheromone translational ulwimi. Ngoko ke, xa inyoka yenza intshukumo ezinjalo - ukuba akazami ukuba lukoyikise, yena enukisa wena.

vomeronasal zomzimba Human

Ukuze ixesha elide kwakucingwa ukuba abantu, ezi ziqithi leeseli ezibuthathaka kuphela kwimeko osandul, kwaye ke shwaka. Ngowe-1703, ugqirha yasemkhosini Frederick Ruysch (1638-1731) wachaza umhadi angaqhelekanga ijoni enenxeba empumlweni. Kwaye ngo-1891, sele ugqirha French Potike (1841-1903) wafumanisa ukuba organ vomeronasal ngo-25% ye-vo izigulane 200. imifuniselo ezininzi kwaye histological nezifundo zesebe eziphilayo. Kwaye namhlanje kuluntu lwezenzululwazi kukho ukungavumelani malunga nendima welungu vomeronasal, yaye ubomi babantu wayo, ekukhanyeleni ngokupheleleyo bobukho bayo, nkqu abadala kubalulekile ukuba nkulu ixabiso layo.

iziqithi ezinobuzaza Jacobson

VNO - pouches emxinwa, ubude iimillimitha embalwa, ofulelwe epithelium oluvo. Ba kumacala omabini ekudibaneni ngeempumlo (ithambo ekudibaneni kwe ekudibaneni ngeempumlo nenkalakahla ekuthiwa Vomero), kude kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo ukuqgiba. Kubantu, iqumrhu vomeronasal sokujoja thaca emhadini encinane (1 mm ubukhulu) elisuke ubude ityhubhu of milimitha-2 ukuya kwi-10. Imilinganiselo yomzimba zahlukile kakhulu abantu bonke kwaye ukutshintsha ubomi babo. Kukho kuzo zonke iintlanga kunye nobudala. Histology welungu vomeronasal senziwa kwi epithelium receptor kunye luvo sensory ogama axons kunqunyanyiswa kwi-Amygdala - indawo ethile ebuchotsheni njengenxalenye le ngxenye.

nangokuvulelekileyo ekhethekile

Yintoni umahluko vomeronasal iqumrhu ingqiqo ivumba? Ivumba oluqhutywa kwiiseli epithelial le sinuses ngeempumlo, apho isivuseleli yemichiza iguqulelwa iiseli zemithambo-luvo lombane idluliselwe neuron. Apha kukho uhlalutyo uphawu kunye Ubhaqo ithoni kunye nomfanekiso Ukwakheka. Isiphelo-luvo vomeronasal ibekwe-Amygdala - ndawo, elinoxanduva imo kunye iimvakalelo yaye musa kuchaphazela neuron. Kungenxa yoko le attractants okanye pheromone ayinakuchazwa kwaye usebenza kuphela kwinqanaba ienjini.

"- unina womntwana" inkqubo

Indima egesi vomeronasal kobudlelwane phakathi umama Lithole wakhe ndizilingile imifuniselo zezilwanyana. ezincancisayo Young ihlaba pheromone ezithile ezivuselela amazwi neemvakalelo likanina imazi. Ukususwa le VNO amabhinqa kukhokelela inhibition kakhulu yokuziphatha koomama. Kukho ingcamango yokuba sigulo ngokwesondo likhoboka lifanasini abantu kudala ukwehluleka kwinqanaba hormone ngesondo ngexesha lokukhulelwa sikanina. Lo indawo yomsebenzi vomeronasal inkqubo ukuqgiba ayikaqondwa kakuhle kwaye ithwala eninzi obafunyanwa.

ilungu Vomeronasal kunye ukukhetha iqabane

Impembelelo ngokusebenzisa ienjini uchaza nokungakwazi ukulawula umona, umnqweno, yokukhathazeka uthando ezingabuyekezekiyo nangomdla. kwesikhumba kwabantu, ingakumbi Imihlubulo nasolabial kunye amakhwapha - i mveliso pheromone. Sekukancinane ayinavumba, kodwa ukuchaza imbono ngokusebenzisa vomeronasal ngokwesondo iqabane isibheno yaye enze isigqibo ukuba singoobani mils, kwaye ongawaziyo. Ukuba pheromone sex banoxanduva uthando xa uqala, ukuba ngqo, ivumba kuqala. Ukufunda imiphumela pheromone kwi zabantu sungule hi 1990, kodwa namhlanje kukho ubungqina ngokwenene indima yabo ekubumbeni ukuziphatha ngokwesini. pheromone bafumanisa ukuba amise nenzondo ngokwesondo ukuvala izalamane kunye nokuthintela umbulo. pheromone, nkqubo leyo uvelisa umama kwingono, kwaye umntwana uyazi kakuhle apho ubisi nokuba umama. Kukho pheromone uzole, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwegazi ze ukunciphisa izinga intliziyo.

ungqamaniso yokuphila

Oku ngokomfuniselo yaba, xa behlala kwindawo enye okanye nkqu kwisithuba lungako oomama abambalwa phakathi kwabo kukho ungqamaniso yemijikelo exesheni (uNjing. Matshi IMcClintock, University of Chicago, 1970). Ulawulo lo mjikelo kwenziwa zamadlala eziliqela, ezisetyenziswa isiginali lokuvelisa pheromone ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, lo umahluko umhla uqala ukuba sexesheni kwabasetyhini sinciphile kwaye, ekugqibeleni, beze kule mijikelo ye nongqamaniso. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa nokuba imifuniselo kwizilwanyana.

kwezitabane ifomula

Enye experiment olwenziwe oosonzululwazi Czech ikhokelwa ngu-Jan Galvichekom. Ngexesha nyanga, abafazi balelwa ukusebenzisa deodorant, naphantsi Omakhwapheni Base ayenxiba pads. Ezi zokubhala Aye acelwa ukuba ukuvavanya amadoda ngokukhetha eyona enomtsalane kubo. Ngokutsho iziphumo kakhulu zithandwa yaba ivumba abafazi kwinkqubo yokungena ovulation, oko sikwimo yokulungela ukukhawula. Yeyiphi kwakhona kubonisa ubulumko lwendalo lombutho ubomi emhlabeni.

"Ivumba nkanuko"

Izazinzulu musa ayeke ukukhangela eyona nto eliyimfihlo luvule indlela eya intliziyo iqabane kwaye akwazi ukugcina ukuthandana. Iziqholo kunye pheromone ayimangalisi. A lot of iinkampani kunye namaqumrhu baxele iimveliso zabo equlathe pheromone kwaye impahla etsala besini esahlukileyo. Ihlebo imveliso kunye nokwakhiwa iziqholo zigcinwa kwi ntembeko ingqongqo. Kwaye awunako nikholwe ukusebenza pheromone zokwenziwa, kodwa Izibakala ngokwabo.

Kuthetha ukuba romance

Iziphumo hormone zokwenziwa wabonisa unjingalwazi wezengqondo experiment imiGangatho McCoy of the University of San Francisco. isixhobo Test eziya kwenza ubomi zothando ngakumbi, wanikela abameli 30 besini zembonakalo iminyaka eli-19 ukuya kuma-48. uvavanyo Daily kunye nolawulo (usebenzisa placebo) Iqela added kwisiphumo ubutyebi babo isiqholo dropwise. imijikelo emithathu exesheni wachaza umphumo. 74% yabathathi-nxaxheba abasebenzisa pheromone zokwenziwa, umsebenzi ngokwesondo anda, ngoxa kwiqela kolawulo, babengama-24%.

Ukanti pheromone zokwenziwa yi isigqubuthelo yethutyana kuphela simanyene bufihlakele phantsi kwayo. Nditsho amalinge kunye nezilwanyana ukuziphatha ngokwesini kuvela nje kuphela pheromone ospeyita ngalo, kodwa ubukho abantu besini esahlukileyo. Ukongeza, i "uluvo lwesithandathu" ngenxa yokuba kwaye yesithandathu, ukuba sithembela xa sikhetha iqabane, hayi nje kuphela, kodwa kwakhona nezinye izivamvo zethu ezintlanu. Khangela ukuba iqabane usebenzisa pheromone zokwenziwa okanye athembele leyinene ezikhoyo - ukhetha.