Yellowstone Caldera. Kuqhuma kunokwenzeka of Yellowstone mlilo (Wyoming)

Iziqhwithi ezivela kumaxesha amandulo zakha abantu. Babecinga bona oothixo, bawahlonela baze banikela imibingelelo, kuquka abantu. Yaye le meko iqondakala kakuhle, kuba nanamhlanje amandla angamahle aloo mvelo ayamangalisa ingcamango yabaphandi abaqeqeshiwe.

Kodwa phakathi kwabo kukho abo baphumelele kwimeko ebonakalayo. Oku, umzekelo, yi-Yellowstone caldera kwi- National Park yaseWyoming, eU.SA. Amandla alalayo kule ntaba-mlilo yinto enokuba negalelo ekutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwempucuko yethu kwimeko yokuvuswa kwayo. Kwaye akusikho ukunyaniseka. Ngako oko, i-volcano i-Pinatubo, ephindaphindiweyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunomnye waseMerika "osebenza naye", ngexesha lokuqhuma ngo-1991 lenze igalelo ekubeni izinga lokushisa eliphakathi kwiplanethi lihla nge-0.5 degrees, kwaye oku kwaqhubeka iminyaka emininzi ngokulandelana.

Yintoni echaza le nto yendalo?

Izazinzulu ziye zanika ixesha le nto imeko ye-volcano ephezulu. Yaziwa ngeenxa zonke kwihlabathi ngobukhulu bayo bobukhulu. Ngethuba lokugqibela lokuvusa ukuphakama kwamanzi, yonke into ephakamileyo ye-volcano yaphela, yakha i-gap ephawulekayo.

Itholakala ngqo phakathi kweplani yaseMntla-Amerika, kwaye kungekhona emngceleni, njengabo "osebenza nabo" ehlabathini, abagxininisa kwimida yamacwecwe ("efanayo" I-Ring of Fire "eLwandle lwasePacific). Ukususela kuma-80 ekhulwini lokugqibela, i-Geological Survey yaseMelika ibika ukuba inani leenyikima-mhlaba, amandla alo angagqithanga amanqaku amathathu kwizinga lika-Richter, liye landa rhoqo ngonyaka.

Ucinga ntoni urhulumente?

Konke oku kukude nokucinga. Ubunzima beengxelo zenzululwazi ziqinisekisa ukuba intlanganiso yongxamiseko yadalwa ngo-2007, eya kumongameli we-US kunye nentloko yeCIA, i-NSA, i-FBI.

Yembali imbali

Ucinga ukuba i-caldera yona yafunyanwa nini? Ukuqala kokuphuhliswa kweMerika ngabaqolonti? Ewe, njengoko kwakungenjalo! Ndiyifumane kuphela ngo-1960, ukuhlola iifoto ze-aerospace ...

Kakade, i- Yellowstone Park yangoku ihlolisiswe ixesha elide ngaphambi kokufika kwama-satellites kunye neenqwelo. Umntu wokuqala wendalo ochaze le ndawo waye nguJohn Colter. Wayeyingxenye yohambo luka Lewis kunye noClark. Ngo-1807, wachaza i-Wyoming yangoku. Abasebenzi bamshaya ngamagesi anamandla kunye nemithombo yamanzi atshisayo, kodwa ekubuyeni kwakhe "uluntu oluqhubekayo" akazange amkholelwe, ngokugculela ngokubiza umsebenzi wezesayensi "esihogweni seColter".

Ngomnyaka we-1850, umzingeli nowendalo yemvelo uJim Bridger nabo batyelele iWinoming. Abasebenzi badibana naye ngendlela efanayo neyakhe ngaphambili: iiklabhu zentlambo kunye nemithombo yamanzi abilayo, elaliphunyuke ngqo kwihlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mntu ukholwa ngamabali akhe.

Ekugqibeleni, emva kweMfazwe Yomphakathi, uRhulumente we-US omtsha usabonelela ngemali ngophando olupheleleyo lo mmandla. Ngowe-1871, ummandla wafunda uhambo lwenzululwazi phantsi kolawulo lukaFerdinand Hayden. Kwiminyaka nje kamva, ingxelo enkulu enemibala yayilungiselelwe ngemifanekiso emininzi kunye nokuqwalaselwa. Ngaloo ndlela ke wonke umntu ekugqibeleni wayekholelwa ukuba uColter noBridger babengamanga. Ngelo xesha, i-Yellowstone Park yadalwa.

Ukuphuhlisa nokufunda

Intloko yokuqala yeziko lonyulwe uNathaniel Langford. Imeko ephambili epakini yayingenakuthemba kakhulu: inkokheli kunye nabathandekayo abathandekayo abazange baphinde bahlawule umvuzo, kungakhankanyi uphando oluthile lwenzululwazi. Yonke into yatshintsha emva kweminyaka embalwa. Xa i-North Pacific Railway yayithunywe, umlambo wabakhenkethi kunye nabantu bafika entlameni, apho le nto yendalo yayinomdla okwenene.

Ubungqina bobukhokeli bepaki kunye noorhulumente welizwe kukuba, ngelixa ligalela ekuqhubeni abantu abanomdla, abazange baphendule le ndawo eyingqayizivele ibe yinto enqabileyo yezokhenketho, kwaye banamema izazinzulu eziphakamileyo kwihlabathi lonke kule ndawo.

Ingakumbi ukhankanywa kumadoda osayulwazi amancinci amancinci, apho kule ndawo isoloko iqhubeka iqulunqa kwiintsuku zethu. Ewe, ininzi edume kwipaki yesizwe yayingeyona i-volcano yaseYellowstone (ngoko ke ayengazi namagama anjalo), kodwa awona makhulu, amancinci amahle. Nangona kunjalo, ubuhle bemvelo kunye nobutyebi belizwe lezilwanyana alizange lishiye abantu abangathandekiyo.

Iyintoni i-volcano ephezulu kwindlela yanamhlanje?

Ukuba sithetha nge-volcano eqhelekileyo, ngoko kaninzi iintaba eziqhelekileyo ngendlela yesigxina esinqunyiwe, kwisigxina sayo kukho umbhobho apho iigesi ezikhazimulayo zidlulayo kwaye i-magma echongayo iphuma. Enyanisweni, i-volcano encane nje yintlambo ehlabathini. Xa i-lava etyhidiweyo iphuma kuyo kwaye ikhulula, idala ngokukhawuleza i-cone ephawulekayo.

Yiyo kuphela i-supervolcanoes ukuba ayiboni ngathi "abazalwana abaselula". Olu hlobo "lwamathumba" emhlabeni womhlaba, phantsi kwesikhumba "esincinci" esiphila kuso. Kwintsimi yolu hlobo, iziqhumane ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zinokuhlala ziqulunqa, ngeentlobo zomoya apho kukho ngezikhathi ezithile kukho ukukhutshwa kwemveliso eqokelelwayo. Nangona kunjalo, imbobo ebonakalayo ayikho into ekhoyo: kukho i-caldera yase-volcanic, abantu abaninzi abayithatha njengesiqhelo esivamile emhlabeni.

Zingaphi zazo zikho konke?

Kuza kubekho namhlanje, akukho maxwebhu angama-20-30 ayaziwa. Ukuqhuma kwabo okuncinci, okudla ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokusebenzisa "ukusetyenziswa" kwamagatsha aqhelekileyo, kunokuthelekiswa nokukhutshwa kwesitya kwi-valve yokupheka. Iingxaki ziqala ngomzuzu nje xa uxinzelelo lwe-steam luphakamileyo kwaye "iibilisi" ngokwawo ziqhubela emoyeni. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba i-volcano e-USA (njenge-Etna, ngendlela) ibhekisela ngqo kwi-"category" echaphazelekayo ngenxa yemigama enamandla kakhulu.

Yingakho beyingozi kakhulu. Amandla aloo maqhinga okwenyama anjalo ukuze abe namandla aneleyo ukususa i powder yelizwe lonke. Iindwendwe zikholelwa ukuba ukuba i-volcano e-United States iqhubekile, i-97-99% yoluntu ingafa. Ngokomgaqo, kwanokuba iziganeko ezinokuthi zithembeke kakhulu azifani nakwiimeko ezinzima.

Uvuka?

Umsebenzi owandisiweyo ubhaliswe kule minyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Abantu abaninzi eMelika abaqapheli ukuba enye into emithathu engaphantsi komhlaba ifakwa njalo ngonyaka. Kuze kube ngoku, ezininzi zazo zizinze kuphela kwizixhobo ezizodwa. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kusekuqaleni ukuthetha malunga nokuqhuma, kodwa inani kunye namandla oloo nyibiliko lukhula kancane kancane. Iinyani ziyadumaza - i-groundwater reservoir mhlawumbi igcwele i-lava.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngokokuqala ngqapheli izazinzulu zakhangela ingqalelo epaki kazwelonke ngo-2012, xa iindidi ezintsha zeejesi zaqala ukubonakala kwintsimi yayo. Emva nje kweeyure ezimbini emva kokutyelelwa koososayensi, uRhulumente uvimbele ukufikelela kwindawo enkulu yepaki kazwelonke kubakhenkethi. Kodwa i-seismologists, i-geologists, i-biologists kunye nabanye abaphandi baba ngamawaka amakhulu.

Kukho ezinye iindawo ezinobungozi ezinobungozi eMelika. E-Oregon, kukho i-caldera yeGreat Crater Ichibi, eyasungulwa ngenxa yento eyenziwa yi-volcanic, kwaye ayikwazi ukuba yingozi kuyo "umlingane" wayo wase-Wyoming. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwenene iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu okanye engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, izazinzulu zazikholelwa ukuba ii-volcano ezininzi zifuna iikhilomitha ukuba zivuse, kwaye ngoko ke, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqikelele ukuba inhlekelele ingaphambi kwexesha. Ngelishwa, babonakala bephosakele.

Uphando lukaMargaret Mangan

UMargaret Mangan, enye yezona zenzululwazi ezivelele kwi-Geological Survey yaseMelika, uye waqaphela ngokukhawuleza ukubonakaliswa kwemisebenzi ye-volcanic emhlabeni jikelele. Kungekudala, watshela abantu behlabathi ukuba i-seismologists ibuye ibuke ngokucacileyo imibono yabo ngexesha lokuvuswa kweentaba-mlilo ezinkulu zehlabathi .

Kodwa ezi ziindaba ezimbi kakhulu. Ulwazi lwethu lwandise kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kodwa akukho ncedo kulo. Ngaloo ndlela, i-volcano enkulu e-USA ihlala ibonisa umsebenzi okhulayo: kwakukho ixesha xa umhlaba ujikeleze i-caldera yafudumala ukuya kuma-550 degrees Celsius, i-lava dome yabonakala ngendlela ye-hemisphere ekhuphuka phezulu, kwaye i-lake yaqala ukubilisa.

Kwiminyaka emibini nje edlulileyo, ezinye i-seismologists zazihlala kunye nomsebenzi wokuvutha kwe-volcanic kwiminyaka emininzi elandelayo yayingasongelwa uluntu. Enyanisweni? Emva kokuba i-grandiose tsunami, eyayihlamba ngokoqobo iFukushima, yayeka ukukhupha iziganeko zayo. Ngoku banqwenela ukulahla iincwadana zentatheli ezingenakunqwenelekayo. Ngoko bayikeka ntoni? Ukuqala kwe-Ice Age entsha ngenxa yesiphumo esikhulu?

Iziganeko zokuqala eziphazamisayo

Ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izazinzulu ziye zazi malunga nokunciphisa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha eliphakathi kwe-cataclysms. Nangona kunjalo, xa kunikwa ixesha leenkwenkwezi, uluntu alukhathalelanga oku. Ekuqaleni, ukuqhuma kwe- Yellowstone intaba e-US kulindelwe malunga namawaka amabini amawaka. Kodwa emva kokufunda ulwazi oluqokelelweyo, kwenzeka ukuba oku kuza kwenzeka ngo-2074. Kwaye eli libikezelo elithembekileyo, kuba iibhulophu zininzi kwaye ziyingozi kakhulu.

Umphandi ovela kwiYunivesithi yase-Utah, uRobert Smith, ngo-2008 wathi "... ngelixa i-magma ifumaneka kwiikhilomitha eziyi-10 ukusuka kumoya (kunye nokukhula kwayo kwama-8 centimeters ngonyaka), akukho sizathu sokwesaba ... kodwa ukuba kuvela ubuncinane Ukufikelela kwiikhilomitha ezintathu, sonke asifaneli. " Le yingozi kakhulu i-Yellowstone. I-USA (okanye kunoko, indawo yoluntu yezenzululwazi) iyazi kakuhle oku.

Okwangoku, emva kuka-2006, u-Ilya Bindeman noJohn Valay banyatheliswa kwiphephancwadi elithi "Umhlaba kunye nesayensi yeeplanethi," kwaye abazange balonakalise uluntu ngokuxela kwangethuba. Idatha kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo, bathi, kubonisa ukunyuka okukhawulezayo kokunyuka kwe-lava, ukuvula amatsha ngokuqhubekayo kuvulwa, apho i-hydrogen sulfide kunye ne- carbon dioxide ephuma phezulu .

Esi sibonakaliso esiqinisekileyo sokuba enye inkathazo enkulu iya kwenzeka. Nanamhlanje abantu abakhohlisayo bayavuma ukuba le ngozi iyinyani.

Izimpawu ezintsha

Kodwa kutheni le nto yayingumxholo "umgangatho" wonyaka odlulileyo? Emva koko, abantu sele benelungelo lokunyaniseka ngokwaneleyo kunyaka ka-2012? Kwaye konke okokuba ngo-Matshi kwakukho ukwanda okwenyuka kwamanzi. Ukwandisa, nangona iigesi, ezicingelwe ukuba zide zilele, zaqala ukuvuka. Ukusuka kwintsimi yepaki kazwelonke, izilwanyana kunye neentaka zaqala ukufuduka kakhulu. Kodwa abo bangabangqina bokuqala bezinto ezimbi kakhulu.

Emva kweebhokhwe, iindumbu zabaleka, ngokukhawuleza zishiya i-Yellowstone. Ngonyaka, enye yesithathu imfuyo yafuduka, apho nabemi boMthonyama abazange bakhumbule. Ngokukodwa ngokungaqhelekanga, zonke ezi ntshukumo zezilwanyana zijonge ekukhanyeni ukuba akukho mntu uzingela kummandla wepaki. Nangona kunjalo, abantu baye bazi kusukela ngamaxesha amandulo ukuba izilwanyana zivakalelwa ngokucacileyo iimpawu ezifanekisela iintlekele ezinkulu zendalo.

Idatha efumanekayo iqhubela phambili ukwandisa uxhalaba luluntu lwehlabathi lenzululwazi. Ngo-Matshi wonyaka odlulileyo, i-seismographs ibhale inyikima ngamandla ngamandla amane, kwaye oku akusekho ihlaya. Ekupheleni kukaKwindla, loo ndawo yayigxininisa ngokuphawulekayo ngamandla angama 4.8. Ukususela ngo-1980, oku kukubonakaliswa kunamandla kunomsebenzi wesistim. Ngokungafani neziganeko zeminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlulileyo, ezi ngqungquthela zixhomekeke ngqo kwindawo.

Kutheni i-volcano ingozi kangaka?

Kwiminyaka emininzi, ngexesha apho kwakukho ubuncinci ukufundisisa kule ndawo, izazinzulu zangexesha elide zicinga ukuba i-Yellowstone caldera ayiyona yingozi: i-volcano, ekuthiwa, yayidlulile ixesha elide. Ngokutsho kwedatha entsha ye-geodetic kunye ne-geophysical exploration, kumjelo phantsi kwe-calma ye-magma iphantse ngokuphindwe kabini njengoko kuboniswe kwingxelo engapheliyo.

Namhlanje kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba eli qhekeza lifikelela malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-80 ubude kunye no-20 ububanzi. Yafundwa nguRobert Smith, i-geophysicist evela kwisixeko saseSalt Lake City, ukuqokelela kunye nokuhlalutya inani elikhulu leedemological data. Ekupheleni kukaOktobha 2013, wenza ingxelo malunga nale ndawo kwisixeko saseDenver, kwinkomfa yenzululwazi yonyaka. Isigijimi sakhe saphendulelwa ngokukhawuleza, phantse zonke iibhoratri zezilwanyana ezihamba phambili emhlabeni zinesithakazelo kwiziphumo zophando.

Uvavanyo lwamathuba

Ukuqokelela izigqibo zakhe, isayensi yaya kufuneka iqokelele iinkcukacha zedatha kwii-earthquake ezingaphezu kwama-4 500,000. Yileyo ndlela achaza ngayo imida ye-Yellowstone caldera. Iinkcukacha zibonise ukuba ubukhulu beendawo "ezitshisa" kwiminyaka edlulileyo behlelwe ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini. Namhlanje kukholelwa ukuba umthamo we-magma ungaphakathi kweeyure eziyi-4,000 cubic zamatye ashushu.

Kucingelwa ukuba "kuphela" 6-8% yale mali iwela kumagma otyhidiweyo, kodwa kakhulu, kakhulu. Ngoko i-Yellowstone Park iyona yam yokulibaziseka kwam, apho ihlabathi lonke liza kutshabalala (oko kuza kwenzeka, alas).

Iqhosha lokuqala

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngethuba lokuqala i-volcano ibonakala ngokucacileyo malunga nezigidi ezi-2.1 zeminyaka edlulileyo. Ikota nganye yeNtshona Melika ngelo xesha yayihlanganiswe ngothuli oluninzi lwentaba. Ngokomgaqo-siseko, akukho nto ibalulekileyo ukusuka oko kwenzeke. Iingcali zenzululwazi zikholelwa ukuba zonke iintaba ezininzi zibonakalisa kanye ngee-600 zamawaka eziwaka. Ngenxa yokuba ixesha lokugqibela i-Yellowstone Super Volcano yaqhuma ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-640,000 edlulileyo, kukho izizathu zonke zokulungiselela ingxaki.

Kwaye ngoku yonke into ingaba yimbi ngakumbi, kuba nje kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo, ubuninzi beli hlabathi liye landa kaninzi. Isalathisi sezinto ezenzekayo ngoko i-caldera caldera. Ingqungquthela ye-cyclopean eyavela ngenxa yenyikima engacatshangelwayo eyenzeka kwiminyaka engama-642 eminyaka edlulileyo. Ingakanani i-ash kunye ne-gas yaxoshwa ngaphandle, ayiyaziwayo, kodwa esi siganeko sathintela kakhulu imozulu yeplanethi yethu kwiminyaka eyiwaka ezayo.

Ukuthelekisa: enye yezinto ezinokuthi zilandelelwanje (ngeendlela zokwenzela i-geological measures) Ukuqhuma kwe-Etna, okwenzeka kwiminyaka eyi-6 000 eyadlulayo, kwaye yayiyizinkulungwane ezingaphantsi kwamaxesha amaninzi kunokugqitywa kwi-caldera, eyenza i-tsunami enkulu. Imiphumo yalo ifunyanwa ngabavubukuli kulo lonke iMeditera. Kucingwa ukuba le yiseko yesithethe seMkhukula weBhayibhile. Kubonakala ukuba, okhokho bethu bafumana iziganeko ezininzi ezibuhlungu: amakhulu emimandla ahlala ehlanjululwa ngamathuba ambalwa. Abahlali be-Attle-Yam babehlala benenhlanhla, kodwa ke inzala yabo iyaqhubeka ikhuluma ngamagagasi amakhulu aphikisayo yonke into ehamba ngayo.

Ukuba i-Yellowstone iziphatha kakubi, ngoko ukuqhuma kuya kuba ngamawaka angaphezu kwamawaka amabini amawaka amawaka, kwaye i-ash ashya iya kuma-moya ngamaxesha angaphezu kwama-15 ngaphezu kwayo emva kokuvuswa kokugqibela kwe-Krakatoa, xa kwafa abantu abangaba ngu-40.

Ukuphazamiseka akuyona into ephambili

USmith ngokwakhe wagxininisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ukuqhuma kwinto yeshumi. Yena kunye nabalingane bakhe-i-seismologists bathi ingozi enkulu ikhona kwiindyikima ezalandelayo eziza kuba namandla ngakumbi kuneengongoma ezisibhozo kwizinga lika-Richter. Kwintsimi yepaki kazwelonke kwaye ngoku phantse phantse kukho iingcambu ezincinane. Kwakhona i-harbingers yexesha elizayo: ngo-1959 inyikima yenamandla enezithuba ezingama-7.3 zenzeke kanye. Abantu abayi-28 kuphela abafa, njengoko abanye bakwazi ukukhupha ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Ngokubanzi, i-Yellowstone Caldera ngokuqinisekileyo kuzisa iingxaki ezininzi kakhulu. Kungenzeka ke, udaka nangoko kugubungela ummandla ngaphantsi kwe kwekhulu ezikwere zeekhilomitha; kwandule ke sokuqukuqela serhasi uya ayizange bonke abahlala North America. Mhlawumbi big ash ilifu iya kufika kunxweme Europe ubuninzi iintsuku ezimbalwa.

Nantsi into oyifihlayo Yellowstone Park. Xa intlekele etshaya isikali ehlabathini, akukho bani owaziyo. Kuyathenjwa ukuba oku kuya kwenzeka nangoku elide kakhulu.

imodeli eyiyona intlekele

Ukuba edubulayo mlilo, ukuba isiphumo kuthelekiswa detonation kwe elinesibini imijukujelwa enamandla enjalo. kuqweqwe lomhlaba phezu amakhulu wona kuvuka inqwaba kweemitha eliphezulu kwaye ukufudumala ukuya malunga amakhulu izidanga Celsius. Maqhosha iliwa ngohlobo iziqhushumbisi mlilo uya bathi kufuneka umphezulu Intshona Melika iintsuku eziliqela. Xa umoya amawaka amaxesha ukwandisa isiqulatho carbon monoxide kunye carbon dioxide, hydrogen emanzini kunye nezinye iikhompawundi enobungozi. Zeziphi ezinye iziphumo kuqhuma Yellowstone?

Namhlanje, kukholelwa ukuba dubulo alitshise ngoko nangoko kwindawo malunga 1000 ^km2. Zonke US Northwest kunye kakhulu Canada iya kuba yintlango shushu. Hayi ngaphantsi kwe-10 amawaka ezikwere zeekhilomitha nangoko elo legqunyiwe ngomaleko lamatye etshisayo, nto leyo eya ngonaphakade ukutshintsha ihlabathi!

Kangangexesha elide, abantu bacinga ukuba namhlanje kusongela impucuko kuphela xa efanayo ukutshatyalaliswa imfazwe yenyukliya. Kodwa namhlanje, kukho zonke izizathu ukucinga ukuba bayilibale nto malunga amandla endalo. It kuhlelwe phezu emhlabeni embalwa ice yobudala apho wafela ngaphandle amawaka amaninzi iintlobo zezityalo, izilwanyana neentaka. Awukwazi be zidla kwaye sicinge ukuba le ndoda - ngukumkani wehlabathi. iintlobo zethu nako zimke ebusweni kule planethi ethe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwenzeka kwixesha leminyaka edlulileyo.

Zeziphi mlilo eziyingozi kakhulu?

Ingaba ikhona enye iplanethi mlilo asebenzayo? Uluhlu lwabo ungabona ngezantsi:

• Llullaillaco kwiiAndes.

• Popocatepetl eMexico (i-mlilo yokugqibela ngo-2003).

• Kluchevskoy ena. It oluqale 2004.

• Loa. Ngowe-1868, eHawaii ngokoqobo ndakuhlambulula yi itsunami omkhulu eyavela ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe.

• Fuji. Uphawu adumileyo Japan. Ixesha lokugqibela 'kwakholeka' Kwilizwe LaseJapan ngo-1923, xa phantse nangoko yatshabalalisa amakhaya ngaphezu 700.000, kwaye inani abantu abalahlekileyo (zamadoda amaxhoba bafumana) ngaphaya abantu 150 amawaka.

• Shiveluch, ena. Sopka kwaqhambuka ngexesha elifanayo.

• IEtna, esiye esele ndithethile. Zithathwa ngokuba "belele", kodwa mlilo uzolile - into isalamane.

• Aso, Japan. Sibonwe - ngaphezulu kwe-70 kuqhume.

• Le yayingeyiyo iNtaba iVesuvius. Njengoko iEtna, yena njenge "ufile", kodwa ngequbuliso kuvuswa ngo-1944.

Mhlawumbi oku kufuneka izaliswe. Njengoko ubona, ingozi dubulo sakhatshwa abantu kuyo yonke indlela yophuhliso lwayo.