Yeyiphi Hewana isikhumbuzo eMoscow Russian? Monument ukuya isathelayithi yokuqala

Ngaphambi sifumanisa oko lesikhumbuzo satellite Russian e Moscow, ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na lo moya. Izincomo lokwenziwa yisathelayithi Earth, adalwe zizandla zabantu (ngokungafaniyo iNyanga, nto leyo satellite zendalo) zihamba ngendlela omile an ellipse ijikeleza uMhlaba kunye a orbit. Ukuze ukuba umatshini weza okuwo, kufuneka ukuba isantya wakhe ngaphezu indawo yokuqala, kodwa ngaphantsi kwe isithuba sesibini.

rate Space for iisathelayithi ezenziwe

Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke Hewana ngumntu kufuneka aphaphazele aye isithuba ngesantya kwe s ngaphezu kwe-7.9 kweekhilomitha \, ukuze zizakuwela umva kumphezulu womhlaba, kodwa ngaphantsi kwe 11.2 km \ s ku nga angashenxela kwindawo evulekileyo. Qaphela ukuba isantya yokuqala neyesibini yesiqalo - eyahlukileyo ngamaqumrhu yasezulwini. Hi xikombiso, le yesibini Velocity ukubaleka iNyanga kuphela 2.4 km \ s, njengoko le nto ngaphantsi kwe iplanethi yethu, kuba Velocity emngxunyeni omnyama kufuneka ukhipha kulo kwisithuba evulekileyo, kufuneka libelikulu isivamvo sokukhanya. Mhlawumbi le nto imingxunya abamnyama ukuba kukho naziphi na Hewana yendalo, okanye ngumntu.

Monument ukuya isathelayithi yokuqala Umhlaba esekwe unyaka emva kokuba ukuqaliswa kwale sixhobo kwi metro eMoscow e Riga. A ilizwe Wabandulula yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu iziphekepheke nezijikeleza yaba eSoviet Union. Ukuphehlelelwa ngokwayo ibibanjelwe ekuqaleni kuka-Oktobha 1957 ukuya kwiSebe lezoKhuselo Research polygon "Tyr Apho", eya kuba cosmodrome "Baikonur". Ukulungiselela ukubhabha yokuqala ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi. Wabakhokela umsebenzi ngexabiso abayili eyaziwa injineli Sergei Korolev.

Isithuba efuziselayo satellite kwi lesikhumbuzo

Monument ukuya isathelayithi yokuqala wadalwa wezakhiwo nomkroli V.Kartsevym S.Kovnerom. Kuyinto imitha-ezisixhenxe inani lobhedu yendoda enxibe njengomsebenzi, ogcina esandleni kwandiswa phezulu ibhola kude kuyo antenna. Kakade ke, isikhundla enjalo le satellite okuthile kuphela, kuba nkqu umatshini kwecacileyo, nto leyo yaba isathelayithi yokuqala kunokuba ibe yimilinganiso enzima kakhulu. Umzekelo, PS-1, eboniswe kwi qela oqingqiweyo, esasimalunga 84 kg, ibe zifaka ezimbini kakhulu ezincinane (0.58 eemitha ubukhulu). Iziqingatha zaphoswa ukusuka intsila aluminiyam igxunyekwe omnye komnye iibholiti ezintathu elinesibini. Evalwe irabha ngetywina elula.

Ngaphezulu kwama-1,400 ijikeleza umhlaba

i-eriyali ezimbini zicwangciswe phezu yisathelayithi, nganye eneyazo kwamasebe amabini ka-2.4 no-2.9 yeemitha, yaye izazinzulu baye bakwazi ukubeka nangesilivere-zinc inkqubo numbers (esikalini-50 kg), abenzi ubushushu, abenzi uxinzelelo, iingcingo ezihamab phantsi, irediyo, ubushushu, iinkqubo bile ngenxa nemigaqo-fan. Satellite ejikelezayo emhlabeni ngo kwimizuzu 96 kancinane, uye wenza amathuba ngaphezulu kwe 1400 waza washiya komzila ngoJanuwari 1958. Nantso into satellite lesikhumbuzo Russian eMoscow.

Lesikhumbuzo a kabini kwesinye isixeko

Nangona oko kunokuba ilitye lesikhumbuzo kwi leSoviet, kwakunye kabini lwe lesikhumbuzo kwi ndawo lwamandla e Rostov-on-Don. Kwimbali Russia yanamhlanje, le mpumelelo immortalized kwi ilitye lesikhumbuzo kwi Queen, elivulwe ngo-2007, ngo-Oktobha 4, ngomhla wesikhumbuzo yamashumi amahlanu bekusungulwa yokuqala Earth satellite ngumntu.

Element imikrolo space batyelela

Yeyiphi Hewana isikhumbuzo eMoscow kutshanje Russian? Ngo-2012, phambi kokuba ebandakanya-zeBhayoloji Arhente complex (Federal) ndibeke ilitye, olusekelwe phezu philisi satellite, watyelela ngqo isithuba kunye abakhweli ongaqhelekanga ebhodini. amaqela Space besizukulwana lokugqibela, ikakhulu ibe iinkawu, nto leyo maxa wambi "ezinye iintlobo iinkampani '.

Icebo kunye nezilwanyana emalunga neetoni 6.3

Satellites iinjongo eziphilayo (ukuqala eziphilayo) baqhutyelwa ukuphuhlisa OKB-1 (Kuibyshev Branch) ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba moya A.Gagarina emajukujukwini kwi ekuqaleni-imi- 70 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. peculiarity wabo ukuba emva obeka orbit zihamba kwimo simahla ngaphandle kokuchaphazela orientation kweenkqubo ukunika iziphumo ecocekileyo kakhulu-experimenti izimo weightlessness. Iiyunithi zokuqala kolu ngcelele nobunzima 6.3 iitoni, iitoni 0.7 kuphela ezinobunzima izixhobo ngokwayo sibekwe orbit esezantsi ngokusebenzisa imijukujelwa umthuthi "Soyuz-U". Ngokufuthi "ukuthumela" lwaqhutywa kwi Plesetsk. Uqikelelo Ubude moya igcine malunga ngenyanga - la amaxesha ukunyaniseka kwiinkqubo zenkxaso zezilwanyana, emva koko umatshini phantsi kwinkqubo iparashute ukuya uhla ku Kazakhstan (ngaphantsi Kostanay).

Bamkhwelisa ukuphuhlisa isithuba

umngane oqingqiweyo eso sicwangciso ebekwe ngengozi. Hewana elinanye kuphela zaziswa phakathi 1973 no-1996, ezibe kwindledlana ngenxa ezintlanu ukuya phantse 19 iintsuku kwaye iziphumo zophononongo ziye data siphathelele ukuziphatha eziphilayo emajukujukwini. Oovulindlela ngo-1973 kule hlobo izixhobo ziye zaba 45 iimpuku, nokuqaliswa kwenkqubo wesithathu iye yazuza i umlinganiswa ngamazwe. Kwaye ngethuba umsebenzi satellite wesine sele sifakele into ebaluleke kakhulu - imeko yempilo yeempuku ezibe indawo i mini-icentrifuge (womxhuzulane ngumntu), bekulungile kakhulu imeko yezinye iimpuku ezibe ukuwa. Ekugqibeleni kwabakho utshintsho izihlunu, ukwanda iinyawo ubu. Ngoko ke, kubantu yangoku isikhululo isithuba ngamazwe iiyure ezimbalwa ngosuku tirhisa kwi umthambo ukunciphisa iziphumo ezinobungozi weightlessness emzimbeni. Kwaye konke oku kuye kwafunyanwa ngenxa namabuzi.

Indlela ukukhetha kwi "oosomajukujuku"?

"BION" - satellite komdyarho efanayo izixhobo, nto leyo eye ngokutsha phantsi ucwangciso olukhethekileyo, ziqalisa ekugqibeleni wesithandathu. Apha, oosomajukujuku baqalisa iinkawu rhesus, leyo kwafuneka ukuba zigqibezele kuyilo enqanaweni, njengoko izilwanyana zazinkulu kakhulu nangobungcali ngaphezu iintlobo yangaphambili. Abo baza kufaka izicelo akhethwa kwi Sukhumi nursery. Oosomajukujuku wathabatha amadoda abaselula kuphela, ukhetho kwenzeka qho emva kweminyaka emithathu, emva koko kweminyaka emibini eyachithwa kuqeqesho. Monkey bafundiswa cofa amaqhosha ezahlukeneyo, esinezinyathelo kunye zokuxhathisa, kuxhomekeke imiqondiso ebhodini ukukhanya. Njengoko inkuthazo, zanikela rosehip mxube, leyo babesela ngokusebenzisa umlomo okhethekileyo. Macaques ngamnye babekwa capsule eyahlukileyo engaphakathi ithuba zoqhagamshelwano olubonakalayo ngapha kwee window ezizodwa.

Ukusuka kwisampula abantu amabini, uqeqesho elidlulileyo Baikonur wawa isiqingatha ezilishumi kuphela macaques, apho ngqo kwi ndawo bakhetha zombini babele igama zilandelelana ngokwe-alfabhethi. Ngenxa yoko, kwisithuba ezi obeku- wayeqala ukutyelela Abrek kunye BION (1983). Le lokwazisa yaba, iiyure ezininzi babehlala-elifutshane ezintlanu kuphela, njengenye macaques bakhululwe dladla ndabukrazula electrode entloko, apho inxalenye sele ingenisa ebuchotsheni. Satellite lawela ngempumelelo kwaye emva kokuba nokuvuselelwa oosomajukujuku nyani yokuqala waya kuhlala yenja.

Okulandelayo weza orbit ezinekratshi kwaye True (1985), kwaye ke ngoko imyoli Sandman (1987). Le yokuqalisa kwakhona akuzange kuncede kakhulu, njengoko ruffled kunqumka kwiinkqubo zolawulo, ukongeza, inkqubo wazidiliza izondlo kweenkonzo obeku-. Isathelayithi kwakufuneka ndibambelele kusasa, emhlabeni kwakunzima kakhulu, kuba into wahlala emahlathini ebusika ka Yakutia. Phantse zonke oosomajukujuku, kuquka ngxi kunye neempuku, iintshulube, leenewt, iimpukane asinda, hayi nje unethamsanqa guppies yeentlanzi. Sandman wathabatha sokungena ngokwakhe, Fidel Castro, anikeza kwakhe ubomi obutofotofo nozuko Cuba.

Bonke babuya ekhuselekileyo kunye nesandi, kodwa ...

Yintoni capsule imi phezu lesikhumbuzo owayephila "BION"? EMoscow lifumene inxalenye satellite, abathabatha inxaxheba ekugqibeleni yesine. Ngaphakathi ngokomda lokwenyaniso, singqongwe lesikhumbuzo ukuze efana kwamaphiko, ngo-1989 yabhabhela macaque space Zhakonya kunye yokuxhaphaza. Uhambo Ukulandela ngo-1992 no-1996, wathabatha indawo inxaxheba isíwa kunye Ivashov, kwakunye iikhathuni Lapicque ngokulandelelanayo. bonke babuyela, iikhathuni kuphela sele umiselwe ukufa ehlabathini ngenxa ukunganyamezelani ukuya zomzimba, nto leyo ke yenza somnikelo ngexesha zotyando. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Crawshaw waphila iminyaka emininzi emva kokubuya isithuba, kwaye Lapik uhlala kwindlu yenja e Adler. Bonke bephela kunye babaleka, kunye nezinye iintlobo-37 zezilwanyana ukuba ukuxhasa amathuba elapho abantu emajukujukwini. Yilonto satellite lesikhumbuzo Russian e Moscow, Volokolamsk Highway, Ukwakha 30, Ukwakha 1.