Yezoqoqosho American Paul uSamuelson: iingcamango ezingundoqo, theory kwezoqoqosho biography

Paul Samuelson, ibhaso Nobel leyo yanikezelwa ngowe-1970, akulolize, ithetha ukuba i Economist lonke ixesha. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo phakathi impumelelo yakhe yemfanelo ubungqina iingcamango ezingundoqo kunye nemigaqo phantse onke amacandelo noqoqosho: kwithiyori nesiveliso, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, uhlalutyo zemali, theory eyinkunzi kunye nokukhula koqoqosho, imbali ingcamango kwezoqoqosho, Uqoqosho lwesizwe. Sinikezela ukuba uqhelane kunye abaphengululi Mbasa ezifana Paul uSamuelson. Ideas, ngokufutshane echaza impumelelo yayo ephambili iza kwenziwa kweli nqaku. Iincwadi zakhe abaphengululi ukuba zifundwe kude kube ngoku.

Inqaku lokuqala uSamuelson

theory Economic of Paul uSamuelson lowu kwiincwadi zakhe kunye namanqaku. Inqaku lokuqala nzulu wabhala eneminyaka engama-23, ngo-1938. Libizwa ngokuba "Iimeko ingcamango olunyulu yokuziphatha komthengi." Ngexesha nokudalwa inqaku uSamuelson wafunda kwisikolo iziqu. Wabonisa ukuba kwigophe imfuno, eyaziwa isixhobo analysis, unako kuthathwa ozikhethayo, leyo "safumanisa" Bulelani loo nxalenye yentengo, apho kukho ithuba lokubona emarikeni, ngoxa kokubhenela kwi amagophe ukungakhathali okanye kwithiyori eluncedo abekelwe .

main isihloko

Ngowe-1939, inqaku uSamuelson kaThixo "Unxibelelwano lwe lingabali kunye namafutha," kuye kwaboniswa ukuba ongezwe kuyo theory ukuzimisela ingeniso (Keynesian) imodeli lotyalo-mali namafutha, ufumane ingcaciso elula kodwa olupheleleyo kutheni uqoqosho kungoku abafumana imijikelo zoshishino. Ngowe-1948 wapapasha inqaku "urhwebo International ... ', nto leyo ebonisa ubungqina bokuba kwiimpikiswano sabaxhasi kurhwebo ezamahala, phantsi kweemeko ezithile ayeke ukusebenza. Zezoqoqosho ngendlela efanayo bafumanisa kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo ukuba ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezithile ngokusebenzisa inkqubo kwimakethi kukuba kuphumelele, njengoko iinzuzo bazisa ngabo, ifumaneke kubo bonke, ngoko akukho mntu unomdla ekuhlawuleni kubo. Noko ke, Samuelson kuphela kwinqaku osihloko sithi "Ingcamango Pure yenkcitho karhulumente" wasinika inkcazelo olungqongqo zenzululwazi iimpawu kunye neempawu kwezi mpahla zoluntu.

Le thesis yi

Samuelson wasivuna ngowe-1941 e- Harvard University, ithisisi zobugqirha okuqaqambileyo. Noko ke, lo msebenzi zange ishicilelwe de 1947. Ibizwa ngokuba "Isisekelo Uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho". Le elinye inyathelo phambili nokuqonda uqoqosho ezinokuthi nangokuvakalayo ukuhlola nasiphi na ukuziphatha kwezoqoqosho. Kuba oku kuyimfuneko ukuya ingqalelo yayo njengengxaki ukukhuliswa, nto leyo isonjululwe ngokusebenzisa engundoqo kunye calculus umahluko. Samuelson yaqulunqa ekuthiwa-imbalelwano Umgaqo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, uhlalutyo lwamanani equilibria akakwazi ukunika iziphumo ezihle, ukuba akukho ubungqina kwinqanaba ahambelanayo uzinzo. Last kuthetha ukutenxa inessential ukusuka amaxabiso kuvuselele eziguquguqukayo ezahlukene self-ilungiswe. Le ekuqulunqeni sele iqalile umdla zangoku izazinzulu kwi nemiba yezoqoqosho, kwakunye ekufundweni kwamaxabiso, nto leyo kuvandlakanywa kwiimeko ezingezo-kuvuselele.

iincwadi Main Samuelson

Zonke ezi zingentla gqitha, kodwa hayi zonke ukufikelela sisazinzulu American. Ngowe-1948 incwadi "Economics" Kwabekwa (Paul Samuelson, uWilliam Nordhaus) ukuba libe kwinqanaba xingheniso. Kuye yangeniswa fyabo uSamuelson "isidanga-45 Keynesian Cross", enika inkcazelo sengeniso yesizwe. Olu qambo idlale indima ephambili ukusasazwa kwiindawo ezifana Keynesianism, kule minyaka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ngowe-1958, uSamuelson udale incwadi othi "iinkqubo yomgama kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho." Kwaba co-ebhaliweyo noRobert Solow noRobert Dorfman. Le ncwadi idlale indima ebalulekileyo kakhulu ukusasazwa kwiindlela ifoun zezibalo, yaphuhliswa ngexesha lemfazwe. Uphuhliso noun lweMathematika kwenzeka kunye loqoqosho Keynesian. Le ncwadi nje ncwadi ukususela ababhali bayo obulawulwayo zidibene kwenye ingcamango lonke ukukhula koqoqosho, iinkqubo yomgama kunye nethiyori kwamaxabiso, okt imibandela wathetha kubo ngokwahlukeneyo.

Paul Samuelson: biography

-Nzulu elizayo wazalwa e Indiana (Gary City) ngo-1915. Xa ndandineminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu wangena University of Chicago. Samuelson wafumana isidanga zemastas evela kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard, xa lalingekafiki mabini. Yaye 26, wayesele ngugqirha-bulumko. Thesis Samuelson waphumelela uDavide A. Wells, ezinikwa kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard. Waza waqala ukusebenza njenge esiphezulu e Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Emva kweminyaka 6, uSamuelson waba uprofesa ngokupheleleyo. Kule kwiziko, yena wayesebenza bonke ubomi bakhe, kwada umhlala-phantsi wakhe, ebibanjwe ngo-1986.

Emva kokufumana Nobel Prize uSamuelson iincwadi zakhe ezininzi waqhubeka ukuvela ayisashicilelwa. Bona yayikhankanya ezahlukeneyo izihloko, kubandakanywa inkqubo ngokugqwesileyo kukhuseleko loluntu kunye nethiyori zabasebenzi yokusebenza njengoko kuchaziwe kwi emsebenzini Marxists. Ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1970 yaye kamva inqaku Samuelson malunghana na "ngokulinganiswa amaxabiso into," sungula ku yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe, kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba urhwebo free phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo kufuneka kunceda ukunciphisa umahluko phakathi ingeniso evela eyinkunzi kunye zomsebenzi kuloo mazwe.

Ngokuphathelele ubomi lobuqu, uSamuelson uye oonyana 4 neentombi 2 ukusuka nomfazi wakhe wokuqala. Wayithatha okwesihlandlo sesibini ngo-1981. Nangona imidala injalo yawo, ISAZINZULU emva emtshatweni wakhe waqhubeka efundisa eHarvard, kwakunye yokucebisa Federal Reserve kunye norhulumente US.

Samuelson wafa ngoDisemba 13, 2009 emva kwengulo emfutshane. Ngenxa yoko, yena waphila iminyaka 94. ukufa kwakhe zoluntu inkonzo cofa le Institute of Technology.

Amabhaso namabhaso

Paul Samuelson exelelwa iimbasa ezininzi, ngokunjalo ke umnini eziliqela ngeziqu. Ngowe-1947 waba wawongwa uYohane. B. Clark, apho waba ngowokuqala kolu ngcelele. Eli bhaso kuwongwa ukuba izazinzulu abaselula (ukuya kwiminyaka eli-40) ukuba impumelelo yakhe endle ezoqoqosho. Ngowe-1953, uSamuelson waba owayengumongameli yoqoqosho Society, yaye emva koko, ngo-1961, kwaye American Association Economic. Kweli xesha ukususela ngowe-1965 ngonyaka po1968 Paul Samuelson iphethwe i-International Association Economic. Le Isazinzulu waba Molteno Einstein Albert ngo-1970. Emva koko waphumelela Prize Nobel. Samuelson waba nomnikelo wakhe kuqoqosho.

umsebenzi kaRhulumente

Samuelson yaba ngumcebisi arhente ezahlukeneyo karhulumente, phakathi kwabo -. I-Ofisi kaNondyebo, i-Ofisi kushishino emkhosini, i-Federal Reserve, Bureau of mali, njalo njalo Ukongezelela, yona umcebisi ukuya US uMongameli John F. Kennedy. Pol Entoni Samuelson wabhala ingxelo kwezo zokukhawulelana nemeko yethutyana iqela, leyo eyayibhekiswa kamongameli. Iminyaka emininzi le umphengululi ezifana M. Friedman, yaba negalelo qho ngamaxesha Newsweek. Imiqulu 5 nezinyuko eqokelelwe amanqaku yakhe ekhethiweyo. Umsebenzi ngokuba "iNdibano yesiZwe yenze imisebenzi yesayensi" kwaye yapapashwa ngo-1966.

style yokuloba Samuelson

Qaphela ukuba indlela boncwadi ukuba sisazinzulu iphawulwa usatya isigqebelo kunye ngezenzo abafayo. Ngelo xesha linye ine- utyekelo lokuba kunye ibinzana ngqo iingcamango eziqhelekileyo bonke ootitshala azalwe. Njengokuba elinye lala magosa kwande zonke ixesha (kwisithuba seminyaka engama-45, i-nzulu wadala umlinganiselo inqaku elinye nyanga nganye), waba ngomnye wababhali yimpumelelo ngokunxulumene kushicilelo lwemisebenzi yabo. Le ncwadi, okwadala Paul Anthony uSamuelson ( "Economy"), umzekelo, wasinda iimpapasho ngaphezu kweshumi elinesibini. Watshintshelwa iilwimi ezili-12. Lo msebenzi sele kuthengiswa ithi ezahlukeneyo isixa imibhalo engaphezu kwama-4 million.

A isiganeko ekhethekileyo ngokwenene nanto kwimbali ezoqoqosho! Nokuba kwilizwe lethu wakhululwa kakhulu kuyo, kunjalo, ukulungiswa elingagunyaziswanga kunye amanxeba nemibono.

Kutheni i "kuqoqosho" sele zithandwa kangaka?

Noosozoqoqosho baye babandezeleka kangangeminyaka emininzi ngenxa yokungabikho unxibelelwano phakathi Uqoqosho ezintsha (Keynesian) kunye microeconomics ezindala (neoclassical). Noko ke, Samuelson textbook azidalileyo ibango kwi "kuyondelelaniswe neoclassical." Iingxaki kunye nomsebenzi, ngokutsho kwakhe, kufuneka ungenelelo imfundiso neoclassical ka Keynesianism. Kodwa kuqala, unako ukunika umva izintso amandla emva kokuba ingqesho epheleleyo sifikelelwe.

Oku kuqonda kubalulekile ukuba baqonde impumelelo ngokukhawuleza incwadi, wadalwa nguPawulos uSamuelson ( "Economy"). Enye yezona zinto umdla kuwo (ngasendleleni, isampuli enkulu ubuchule bokushicilela, kwakunye incwadi yokuqala ingcamango kwezoqoqosho, wenza usebenzisa iigrafu ezinemibala) yeyona umlinganiselo lowo iintlelo nempumelelo ikwazile ukuba zibonise umdla kwezoqoqosho loluntu, utshintsho ngokuhamba kwexesha. Endithe ndaba andikezi ixesha ukuchaza ukuba ekupheleni ngumba omtsha mlonyeni, njengoko nangoko lwabonakala kushicilelo elilandelayo "Economics."

Ihlebo nempembelelo enkulu uSamuelson

Paul Samuelson, edume iimbono 'melo' (ngengqiqo American yeli gama), zama ukugcina imin legolide izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezifana kukhal okanye emarikeni, nokuba kusesidlangalaleni okanye emfihlakalweni, monetarism kunye Keynesianism. Akazange wavuka emsebenzini wakhe kwizikhundla nemibono kakhulu. Ngoko ke, uPawulos uSamuelson ungumzekelo omhle, isazinzulu eyongayo ngubani ngqo kwiziko nkqubo ngokulula. Esi sesinye sezizathu kuba impembelelo lobuqu omkhulu ngezoqoqosho.

Iintshaba abayithandayo

Ngo Samuelson wayengenguye eninzi iintshaba. Kwaye abo kuthiwa yi equilibrists zalo zoqoqosho kunye neengqondi Paganini. Kodwa abalandeli yale isazinzulu ingqalelo kuye owaseka imiyalelo eziphambili kwenzululwazi kwezoqoqosho kweli xesha lethu. Abayi musa ukuthandabuza ukubiza "Wabe era" ixesha post-imfazwe ekuphuhlisweni kwale nzululwazi.