Electrolytes: imizekelo. Yenziwe ngoobani kunye neempawu electrolytes. electrolytes ukuzenza nezo bawe phantsi

Electrolytes ezi khemikhali aziwayo ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Noko ke, kwiindawo ezininzi izicelo zabo, abo abawawinileyo kutshanje. Siza kuxubusha le yokuqala kushishino ukusetyenziswa kwezi izinto niqonde ukuba elidlulileyo le yangoku, kwaye kwahluka enye kwenye. Kodwa siqala kuphambuko ibe imbali.

indaba

Le electrolytes badala abaziwayo - neetyuwa kunye acids ivuliwe nkqu kwihlabathi lamandulo. Noko ke, ukuqonda isakhiwo neempawu electrolytes eyavela kwithuba elingaphezu kwexesha. Theory ezi nkqubo ekhulisa ukususela-1880, xa yena wenza inani olufunyanisiweyo, iingcamango ezinxulumene iimpawu electrolyte. Kwakukho ephala umyinge eziliqela mibono echaza indlela yentsebenziswano le electrolytes ngamanzi (enyanisweni kuphela isisombululo zinaso iimpawu ezenza ukusetyenziswa kwazo kushishino).

Ngoku siza kubona ngempela iingcamango ezininzi ziye zaba negalelo elikhulu ekuphuhliseni ulwazi lwengqiqo of electrolytes kunye nemihlaba yazo. Masiqalise kunye nethiyori ziqhelekileyo nalula, ukuze ngamnye kuthi wathabatha esikolweni.

Arrhenius theory of dissociation electrolytic

Ngo-1887 i yasekhemesti Swedish Svante Arrhenius kunye semichiza Russian-German UWilhelm Ostwald yaqulunqa ngobhalo dissociation electrolytic. Noko ke, apha, kananjalo, ukuba akukho ilula kakhulu. Arrhenius ngokwayo mxhasi-ekuthiwa theory ebonakalayo izixazululo musa ithathele ingqalelo intsebenziswano yeekhomponenti kweziyobisi ngamanzi yaye bathi kukho amasuntswana icala mahala (ion) in isisombululo. Hi ndlela leyi, ukususela loo kwizikhundla namhlanje kuqwalaselwa dissociation electrolytic yesikolo.

Sithetha yonke enye into eyenza le ngcamango kunye nendlela icacisa indlela yentsebenziswano kwezinto ngamanzi. Njengazo naziphi na ezinye msebenzi, iye postulates eziliqela ukuba isebenzisa:

1. Kwimeko indlela kwamanzi into disintegrates ibe ion (HIV - kwaye awunayo zesiqinisekiso - anion). Ezi amasuntswana benithobele ukuxovwa zitsale iimolekyuli zamanzi, ngokuzenzekelayo, ihlawuliswa kuyo icala kakuhle kwaye kwelinye - negative (dipole kuyilwa) ukwenza kwizakhiwo aqua (solvates).

2. Inkqubo dissociation yi ingathityazwa - ngamanye amazwi xa kufakwa izinto zahlulwe zaba ion, uphantsi kweempembelelo nayiphi na into, ukuze kwakhona babe umthombo.

3. Ukuba i electrode Qhagamshela isisombululo yaye ngoku, ukuse- ziya uqale ukususa le electrode nokubi - cathode kunye anions ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo ityala - anode. Kungenxa yoko le nto izinto zikhawuleze enyibilikayo emanzini, baqhuba umbane ngaphezu kwamanzi ngokwayo. Ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo kuthiwa electrolytes.

4. I degree of dissociation of electrolyte luphawu ipesenti phantsi nokonakala kweziyobisi. Le rate ixhomekeke isinyibilikisi kunye neempawu enyibilikayo, uyazikhomba yokugqibela kunye lobushushu lwangaphandle.

Apha, enyanisweni, bonke yemfundiso yale mbono elula. Them siya kusebenzisa kweli nqaku inkcazo into eyenzekayo kule isisombululo electrolyte. Imizekelo ezi zihlanganisi Makhe sihlolisise kancinane emva koko, ngoku makhe sihlolisise enye imfundiso.

acid Theory and Lewis neziseko

Ngokutsho kwithiyori dissociation electrolytic, acid - into ekhoyo isisombululo sakhe hydrogen zesiqinisekiso kunye nesiseko - nezixandileyo abole xa isisombululo anion hayidroksayidi. Kukho enye imfundiso, ogama emva yasekhemesti odumileyo Gilbert Lewis. It ikuvumela ukuba ukwandisa isigama asidi eziliqela kunye neziseko. Ngokutsho ingcamango Lewis, esiti - i ion okanye iimolekyuli kwezinto ukuba babe orbitals electron simahla yaye bayakwazi ukwamkela ovela kwenye molecule. Easy ukuqashela ukuba iziseko ziya kuba ezo amasuntswana ukuba bayakwazi ukuba enye okanye ngaphezulu electron yayo "sebenzisa" acid. Kunika umdla apha kukuba acid okanye isiseko kusenokungabikho kuphela electrolyte kodwa nayiphi na into nkqu ezingenakunyibilika emanzini.

theory Protolytic Brendsteda Lowry

Ngowe-1923, ngaphandle kwelinye, izazinzulu amabini - J. kunye nethiyori T. Lowry Bronsted -predlozhili, ngoku esetyenziswa ngokubonakalayo zizazinzulu ukuchaza iinkqubo imichiza. Undoqo kule mbono kukuba dissociation intsingiselo zehla ukuba ukudluliselwa Proton ukusuka kwisiseko asidi. Ngoko ke, lo yokugqibela iqondwa apha nje acceptor Proton. Ngoko ke acid na onikele. Ithiyori kwakhona uchaza ubukho kwezinto ezilungileyo ebonisa iimpawu kunye asidi kunye neziseko. iikhompawundi ezifana kuthiwa amphoteric. Ithiyori Bronsted-Lowry kwithuba yabo isebenza ampholytes, kanti ezibizwa protoliths acid okanye esisiseko.

Siye beze kwicandelo elilandelayo. Apha siza kukubonisa oko electrolytes abomeleleyo nababuthathaka ezahlukeneyo, kwaye nixoxe ifuthe iimeko zangaphandle kwiimpawu zazo. Kwaye ngoko bangadlulela nenkcazelo isicelo wabo.

electrolytes ukuzenza nezo bawe phantsi

into nganye idityaniswe namanzi kuphela. Ezinye ukunyibilika kakuhle (umzekelo, chloride sodium), yaye ezinye musa ukuluhlakaza (umzekelo, itshokhwe). Ngoko ke, zonke izinto zahlulwe electrolytes omeleleyo buthathaka. Laba zizinto ezisebenzisana kakuhle ngamanzi kwaye ifakwe kwi emazantsi sisombululo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka iqondo eliphantsi kakhulu dissociation kunye izitropu womelele, oluvumela molecule ukuba iba zibe ion yayo candelo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Dissociation electrolytes amandla kwenzeka nokuba ngokucotha okanye ngokwandisa lobushushu kunye ingqalelo le into isisombululo.

Thetha malunga electrolyte olomeleleyo. Ezi ziquka zonke iityuwa ezinyibilikayo, kwakunye asidi omeleleyo alkalis. Kulula ukuba ndidilize zibe ion kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukuqokelela kubo imvula. I zangoku electrolyte, ngokuzenzekelayo, ukuba kubulelwe ion eziqulathwe kule isicombululo wenziwe. Ngoko ke, lo electrolytes best conductive olomeleleyo. Imizekelo yalo yokugqibela: asidi enamandla, alkalis, ityuwa emanzini.

Imiba echaphazela ukuziphatha electrolytes

Ngoku jonga indlela utshintsho esichapazela okusingqongileyo lwangaphandle phezu iimpawu kwezinto. Ukufumaneka ichaphazela ngqo iqondo dissociation le electrolyte. Ngaphezu koko, le ulwalamano ingavezwa ngokwezibalo. Umthetho esichaza olu lwalamano, ngokuba umthetho ukuxutywa of Ostwald kwaye ibhalwe njenge: a = (K / c) 1/2. Apha, i - liqondo of dissociation (kuthathwa njenge fraction), K - dissociation rhoqo, ezahlukeneyo nemfuyo nganye, kwaye naso - electrolyte yoxinaniso isisombululo. Ngokutsho kule formula, ungafunda okuninzi malunga mba kunye nokuziphatha kwayo isisombululo.

Kodwa baye babhadula bawushiya nesihloko. Enye ndzo ku iqondo dissociation of electrolyte ikwachaphazela lobushushu. Izinto ezininzi ndiyandise kwandisa ukunyibilika kwaye reactivity. Oku kuchaza kukuvela reactions ezithile kuphela kwiqondo lobushushu ephakamileyo. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ukuba mhlawumbi ngokucothayo kakhulu, okanye kumacala omabini (le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ingathityazwa).

Siye sahlolisisa izinto ezibonakalisa indlela yokuziphatha inkqubo ezifana isisombululo electrolyte. Ngoku siqhubela phambili kwisicelo anomsebenzi wezandla ezi, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, izinto ezibalulekileyo kakhulu imichiza.

isicelo industrial

Kakade ke, wonk 'elivile ilizwi "electrolyte" njengoko lisetyenziswa amabhetri. Xa isithuthi usebenzisa iibhetri abakhokelayo-asidi, lo electrolyte apho wenza indima 40 ekhulwini sulphuric acid. Ukuze siqonde isizathu sokuba kukho konke ufuna nje into efunekayo ukuze baqonde iimpawu ibhetri.

Ngoko ke yintoni na umgaqo osebenza kuyo nayiphi kwebhetri? Xa indlela ingathityazwa leyo ethatha indawo uguqulo into enye kwenye, ngenxa apho electron kokupapashwa. Xa intsebenziswano isigxina ibhetri kwenzeka izinto, oko akunakwenzeka phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Oku angamelwa njengoko ukuqokelelela samandla umbandela, ngenxa yokusabela wemichiza. Xa owenza inguqu umva iqala, kunciphisa inkqubo kule ngxuba sokuqala. Ezi nkqubo zimbini kunye zenza umjikelo omnye isigxina-obhobhozayo.

Qwalasela inkqubo angasentla ngumzekelo ethile - abakhokelayo-asidi yebhetri. Njengoko kulula ukuthelekelela, umthombo yangoku siquka i element, equka phambili (lead diokisd kunye PBO ₂₎ kunye iasidi. Nayiphi ibhetri iqulathe i electrode kunye isithuba phakathi kwabo izaliswe nje electrolyte. Njengoko yokugqibela, njengoko sele sibonile, kulo mzekelo usebenzisa sulphuric acid ye-40 ekhulwini. Le cathode ze battery eyenziwe dioxide abakhokelayo, anode yenziwe lead ecocekileyo. Konke oku kungenxa ezi electrode ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwenzeka reactions ingathityazwa ebandakanya ion ukuba ubuhlobo acid:

1. PBO ₂ + SO ₄ ^{2 + 4H + + 2e - =} PbSO ₄ + 2H ₂ Owu (indlela ezenzeka kwi electrode negative - cathode).
2. PB + SO ₄ ^{2 -} 2e - = PbSO ₄ (indlela ezenzeka kwi electrode ezakhayo - le anode).

Ukuba ufunda indlela ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene - ukufumana iinkqubo ezenzeka ngexesha ukubhobhoza ibhetri, ukuba ekunene - kwi ngentlawulo. Ngamnye umthombo chemical zangoku ezi khemikhali yahlukile, kodwa indlela kwazo ngokubanzi uchaza enye: kukho iinkqubo ezimbini, enye yazo electron ukuba "ugxile" kunye namanye, icala, "hamba." Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba inani electron wendele Ndikulinganise inani eshicilelwe.

Enyanisweni, ngaphandle iibhetri, kukho izicelo ezininzi ezi izinto. Ngokubanzi, electrolytes, imizekelo apho siye sikunike, - yinto ukhozo nje ezahlukeneyo izinto ukuba simanyene phantsi kwale kota. Bathi asirhawule yonke, kuyo yonke indawo. Umzekelo, umzimba womntu. Ngaba ucinga ukuba akukho izinto ezinjalo? embi kakhulu. Bona zifumaneka kuyo yonke kuthi kwaye zenza elona nani likhulu electrolytes igazi. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, ion yentsimbi, nto leyo eyinxalenye mpilo kwaye inceda izithuthi ioksijini ukuba nezihlunu emzimbeni wethu. electrolytes igazi nabo badlala indima ephambili ummiselo eseleyo ngamanzi netyuwa kunye nomsebenzi yentliziyo. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ion potassium kesodiyam (akukho nokuba inkqubo okwenzeka iiseli ezibizwa Impompo potassium-sodium).

Nayiphi na into uyakwazi ukunyibilikisa ubuncinane kancinane - electrolytes. Kwaye akukho shishino kunye nobomi bethu, naphi na apho iyasetyenziswa. Oku kuphela iibhetri iimoto kunye neebhetri. Ingaba nayiphi na iikhemikhali kunye ukudla, iifektri zomkhosi, iifektri ingubo njalo njalo.

Ukwakheka electrolyte, ngasendleleni, yahlukile. Ngaloo ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukuba kunika electrolyte acid obrak. Ahluke kuyaphi kwizakhiwo zazo, njengoko natshoyo, ii-asidi na abanikeli Proton, kunye kwealkali - acceptors. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, utshintsho electrolyte Ukwakhiwa ngenxa yokulahleka yinxalenye xi iziyobisi nokuba uyancipha okanye ukunyuka (konke oko kuxhomekeke koko lilahlekile, amanzi okanye electrolyte).

Yonke imihla sijongene nawo, kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abantu bazi kakuhle ukuba ingcaciso-gama njengoko electrolytes ezinjalo. Imizekelo kwezinto ezithile siye saxubusha, ngoko makhe aye iingqiqo encinane olunzima kakhulu.

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo of electrolytes

Ke kaloku, malunga physics. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuqonda kwi sifundo sale sihloko - umsinga wegqitha waya electrolytes. indima kule eyadlalwa ion. Ezi amasuntswana ebizwayo abasuka kwenye inxalenye yesisombululo kwentlawulo kwenye. Ngenxa yoko, anions badla kusoloko electrode kwaye iyatshi- - ezingakhiyo. Ngenxa yoko, ngokwenza yesisombululo yombane ngoku, siye zahlule iintlawuliso kumacala ahlukeneyo nkqubo.

iimpawu umdla kakhulu zomzimba ezifana mninzi. Oku kuchaphazela iimpawu ezininzi iikhompawundi zethu phantsi kwengxoxo. Kwaye kaninzi pops lo mbuzo: "? Indlela ukwandisa lexinene i electrolyte" Enyanisweni, impendulo ilula: kuyimfuneko ukuthoba isiqulatho wamanzi yezisombululo. Ekubeni lexinene i electrolyte ikakhulu kumiselwa lexinene kwe-sulphuric acid, oko ixhomeke xi lokugqibela. Kukho iindlela ezimbini ukuze kuphunyezwe esi sicwangciso. Eyokuqala ilula: Bilisa electrolyte eziqulathwe kule ibhetri. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka ukuba oko kubalele ukuze lobushushu ngaphakathi wavuka kancinane abangaphezu kwamakhulu omnye degrees Celsius. Ukuba le ndlela ayikasebenzi, musani ukuyixhalela, kukho omnye: utshintsha nje le electrolyte entsha endala. Ukuze wenze oku, izicoci isicombululo endala ukucoca insides kwe-sulphuric acid intsalela emanzini Yek, uze ugalele inxalenye entsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umgangatho sezisombululo electrolyte ngoko nangoko ukuba ixabiso yoxinaniso oyifunayo. Emva kucuthwe ukulibala malunga indlela yokukhulisa lexinene i electrolyte.

Ukwakheka electrolyte becala imisela iipropati yayo. Iimpawu ezifana conductivity sombane nokuxinana, umzekelo, kuxhomekeka kakhulu kwi kuhlobo enyibilikayo kunye ingqalelo yayo. Kukho umbuzo elahlukileyo lingakanani electrolyte kwi ibhetri kunokuba. Enyanisweni, umthamo wayo inxulumene ngqo nomthamo ebhengeziweyo imveliso. Le asidi ngaphezulu sulphuric ngaphakathi ibhetri, ngoko ke unamandla ngakumbi, t. E. I ombane ngaphezulu wokuvelisa.

Uphi na ke luncedo?

Ukuba umntu othanda imoto okanye nomdla nje iimoto, uya kuqonda yonke into ngokwakho. Ngokuqinisekileyo nawe uyazi ukuba njani electrolyte eninzi ibhetri ngoku. Kwaye ukuba sele ukusuka emotweni, ngoko akayi kuba akufuneki ulwazi iimpawu ezi izinto, ukusetyenziswa kwazo nendlela ukusebenzisana nabanye. Ukwazi oku, akuyi lokudideka, uya kucelwa ukuba uchaze ukuba lingantoni na electrolyte kwi ibhetri. Nangona nokuba awukho umntu othanda imoto, kodwa unayo imoto, ngoko ke ulwazi isixhobo battery iya kuba ngenene akukho ngozi kwaye aya kukunceda ukuba ukulungisa. Kuya kuba lula yaye kungabinandleko kakhulu ukwenza yonke into ngokwakho, kunokuya kwiziko imoto.

Kwaye ukuba afunde banzi ngale sihloko, sicebisa ukuba ukhangela i incwadi chemistry yezikolo kunye neeyunivesithi. Ukuba uyazi le inzululwazi kakuhle kwaye ufunde iincwadi ngokwaneleyo, ukhetho best iya kuba "eziyimichiza imithombo zangoku" Varypaeva. Kukho zichazwe iinkcukacha yonke imfundiso ubomi bebhetri, iintlobo iibhetri nezinto hydrogen.

isiphelo

Siye kufika esiphelweni. Makhe siyibeka. Ngaphezu siye saxubusha yonke into, njengokuba kungekho nto ezifana electrolytes: imizekelo, theory isakhiwo kunye iimpawu, imisebenzi kunye izicelo. Kwakhona, oku kufuneka kunokuthiwa ezi zihlanganisi ziyinxalenye yobomi bethu, ngaphandle apho nako ayisekho, umzimba wethu kunye nazo zonke iinkalo zoshishino. Wena bakhumbula electrolytes igazi? Enkosi kubo siphila. Yaye kuthekani neemoto zethu? Nalo olu lwazi njani ukulungisa nayiphi na ingxaki kunye ibhetri, njengokuba ngoku ukuqonda indlela yokukhulisa lexinene i electrolyte kuyo.

Yonke akunakubakho ndithi, kodwa zange ukumisa thina umgomo onjalo. Ngapha koko, akukho zonke elinokubaliswa ezi izinto ezimangalisayo.