Chloroform - ntoni na? Ulungiselelo kunye nesicelo yesenzo chloroform

Ukufunyanwa yeekhemikhali ezininzi ayikho ngabomi ngengozi, ngexesha kuyondelelaniswe, okanye ukufunda iimpawu into. Noko ke, abaninzi ngengozi wafumanisa iziyobisi kuba kubaluleke kakhulu, bona zisetyenziswa kuphela chemistry, kodwa amayeza, kushishino kunye namanye amacandelo. Kanye ngexesha kwabo izinto kunye chloroform ezinxulumene, nto leyo eza kuxutyushwa ngakumbi.

igama

Igama osisiqu na iintlobo eziliqela. Enyanisweni, njengazo zonke oganikhi khompawundi, elandela imithetho iimolekyuli nokuhlelwa eziqhelekileyo amagama ezingabalulekanga isihloko, ngokusekelwe nokuqulunqwa kwemolekyuli.

Ngoko ke, ukuba chloroform kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi igama:

• carbon trichloride;
• chloroform;
• trichloromethane.

Chloroform: ntoni na? Unakho ukubona isihloko umchiza, kwaye siqwalasele ubume zejometri ye molecule.

isakhiwo molecule

chloroform molecule luqulathe athom ezintathu chlorine yaye omnye hydrogen atom, atom nganye enxulumene noko carbon engundoqo. Ngokusisiseko, molecule trichloromethane - imveliso ngokutshintshwa olukhulu athom hydrogen ngu athom neklorin kwemolekyuli methane xa isetyenziswe kwiimeko ezithile.

Kulo mzekelo, zonke i C-CL ngokulinganayo ngokupheleleyo, ngamandla ezibandayo. iibhondi C-H kuthelekiswa nezinye imixokelelwane evela kwi molecule uba nokwehlukana ngakumbi uba sengozini kakhulu. Ngoko ke, le nkqubo ukuyisa phambili kwemolekyuli P-H iqhina lulula eqwengiweyo yehayidrojini ithathwa ngamanye athom (umz, chlorine, kakhulu, kunye nokusekwa carbon tetrachloride).

Phawula indlela azifuna chloroform. Ifomula ngu: CHCL _3. Le ndlela yokubala noshowo le fomu ilandelayo:

Zombini ezi zakhiwo bamele into yemichiza ethwele chloroform. Ifomula ibonisa ukuba molecule sizinzile kwaye ukuba asabele imiqathango engqongqo kufuneka isicelo.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Iipropati Physical ingachazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: trichloromethane:

1. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo (lobushushu igumbi, uxinzelelo eqhelekileyo umoya ka-100 kPa, ukufuma hayi ngaphezulu kwe-80%) ukwimo ndivuma ulwelo odorous ukuba akukho mbala. Ivumba chloroform ezibukhali ngokwaneleyo enzima, inwenwa, linjengevumba kaEtere. Isongo ngezinto kamnandi, kodwa aninako uzame nto, kuba ayityhefu kakhulu.
2. Amanzi ezingenakunyibilika, ekwaziyo ezinyibilikayo kuphela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo organic izinyibilikisi. Ekubeni amanzi nabo bangaba a elisezantsi-yoxinaniso (0.23%) isisombululo.
3. Iqondo lo compound lingaphantsi ngaphezu koko amanzi imalunga 62 ⁰ C.
4. Lokunyibilika kabukhali negative, -63.5 ⁰ C.
5. mninzi Chloroform ngaphezu lexinene kwamanzi yaye kuthetha ukuba 1,483 g / cm ^3.
6. Strong zicaca uhlobo zinetyhefu ukwimo phezu iziphumo ephilayo, libhekisela kwiqela iikhompawundi ezidakumbisayo.

Xa unyityilikiswa trehloristy amanzi carbon ekwaziyo yokutshata imixube azeotropic. Kule Isisombululo chloroform yi 97,5% kuphela amanzi 2.5%. Lokubila yesisombululo lifinyele kuthelekiswa ukuba trichloromethane esulungekileyo yaye 52 ⁰ C.

iipropati chemical

Njengabo bonke methane ikhlorini, chloroform ubonisa akukho reactivity. Ngoko ke, kukho indlela encinane, okufana kuye. Umzekelo, unyango iimolekyuli chlorine ngexesha lenkqubo yokulungiselela avela methane chlorination. Kule ulwelo kuthathwa chloroform, reactions zenzeka ngokodidi balo matshinana olukhulu zifuna imitha yelanga njengento efunwa kuqala ufaka ukukhanya.

CHCL ₃ + Ecl ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCL

Ngokutsho equation indlela ibonisa ukuba imveliso ngokupheleleyo methane ikhlorini - carbon tetrachloride. reactions ezinjalo enye indlela yokufumana carbon tetrachloride kolu shishino.

Kwakhona iipropati yamachiza ziquka umxube azeotropic ngamanzi, nto leyo bayakwazi chloroform. Yintoni na? Oko kukuthi, isisombululo esinjalo abilayo amacandelo musa bangenele naluphi na utshintsho. Xa abilayo lo mxube abangenakwahlulelana ibe amaqhezu.

Olunye uhlobo yendlela, nto leyo angangena chloroform na kufakwe-athom halogen ezinye atom okanye amaqela ezisebenzayo. Umzekelo, ukusabela kunye zolwelo sodium hayidroksayidi , yenza sodium acetate:

chloroform + NaOH (aq) = Sodium acetate + Sodium chloride + amanzi

Ngaphezu koko, phantse indlela okuphawulekayo indlela chloroform ne-amoniya kunye potassium hayidroksayidi (isisombululo kanzulu) ngenxa intsebenziswano enjalo, a benqanda.

Chloroform + ammonia + potassium hayidroksayidi = KCN + potassium chloride + amanzi

Storage chloroform

Xa trichloromethane ukhanyiso ibolile kunye ukuyilwa iimveliso ezinobungozi, ityhefu:

Chloroform phosgene = + zehydrochloric acid + yeKhlorini + ezinto carbon dioxide

Ngoko ke, iimeko yokugcina chloroform kufuneka ezikhethekileyo - nengqayi zeglasi emnyama kunye stoppered tight. Imvaba ngokwayo kufuneka igcinwe kude elangeni.

indawo yolwamkelo

Ukulungiswa chloroform lwaqhutywa ngeendlela ezininzi.

1. Inkqubo multistage le chlorination methane ukuba kwenzeka kwindlela olukhulu phantsi kwempembelelo ukukhanya yelanga nobushushu. Kulo mzekelo isiphumo chloroform nje kuphela, kodwa ezinye iimveliso ezintathu: chloromethane, dichloromethane kunye carbon tetrachloride. Le abasabela ngayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

CH ₄ + Ecl ₃ = CH ₂ CL + HCL - chloromethane ibunjiwe hydrogen chloride

CL + CH ₃ = CH ₂ Ecl ₂ Ecl ₂ + HCL - dichloromethane yehayidrojini chloride kwakhiwa

CH ₂ Ecl ₂ + Ecl ₂ = CHCL ₃ + HCL - trichloromethane kuyilwa (chloroform), hydrogen chloride

CHCL ₃ + Ecl ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCL - Iifom carbon tetrachloride yehayidrojini chloride

Ngale ndlela, ishishini trichloromethane yokuqaphela.

2. Le intsebenziswano phakathi umgubo aphuphe kunye ethyl utywala. Le ndlela laboratory.

3. Ukulungiswa chloroform electrolytic (umbane) ukuya kloride metal kwealkali emoyeni acetone okanye ethyl utywala. Kwakhona indlela zaselaborathri ukuvelisa trichloromethane.

nokucoca

Emva chloroform ifunyenwe, kufuneka zicocwe. Ngapha koko, ukuba isetyenziselwa iinjongo zonyango, umxholo ubumdaka kulo nje ayamkelekanga. Ukuba iinkcukacha isicelo setekeni, umxholo kwamagciwane kufuneka kuphela.

Kusenokubakho ubumdaka ezahlukeneyo esifaka chloroform. Yintoni na? Ntoni na ke?

• utywala ethyl.
• Hydrogen chloride.
• Phosgene.
• Chlorine.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili ukucoca ezi ubumdaka ukusuka chloroform:

• ezinkulu ngamanzi ngamanzi elandelwa iyoma (ukuvumela ukuze ngokupheleleyo, lahlani le ethanol);
• trichloromethane zohlanjwa acid enamandla, ngoko kunye kwealkali nkqi, kulandele ngamanzi. unyango olulandela womile ngokusebenzisa i arhente dehydrating - calcium chloride. Le nto ke fractionally Yek kumhlathi.

History of izovela

Ekubeni xa eyaziwa chloroform? Yintoni na kwaye kusetyenziswa phambi ntoni na? Zama ukuqonda.

Sisihlandlo sokuqala sale into iyasebenza 1831. Oko kwenzeka xa ekhemesti evela Guthrie Harbour yafunyanwa trichloromethane. Noko ke, injongo belingelilo nto, kwaba imveliso ngu-kakhulu. Le wemithi kwakhona kukhangela izinyibilikisi ukuba irabha, wavavanya yaye ngempazamo got chloroform.

Kulo nyaka, omnye oosonzululwazi ezimbini kamva kunye nonyaka ngokuzimeleyo afunyenwe imifuniselo le nto. It Yustas Libih (owenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso chemistry) kunye Eugen Subereyn. umsebenzi wabo ukufumana ndindisholo, kwaye bafumana ngayo. Nakuba kunjalo, siye safumanisa ngale nefuthe chloroform waza waqalisa ukusisebenzisa kamva, kuphela 1840s.

Le ndlela yokubala noshowo kunye impefumlelwano athom ngaphakathi molecule ukufunda kwaye ilawula ukwakha usomichiza Dumas kunyaka 1834. Wacela balinqabisa chloroform igama layo, awayinikwayo imbeko mbovane. Xa formiata Latin imbovane ngokukhawuleza, njengoko iqulethwe kwezi izinambuzane formic acid uyakwazi ifomu chloroform. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kwaye ukuchonga igama layo.

Isiphumo eziphilayo phezu kwabantu

It ufaneleke ukusetyenziswa kwayo nje chloroform iintlungu. Igalelo nabantu ngqo kakhulu, eziquka iinkqubo ezininzi ezinkulu omzimba.

Izinga nempembelelo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana:

• ingqondo imuncwe lemfuyo;
• ixesha lokusetyenziswa;
• indlela esinokufunda ngaphakathi.

Xa kuziwa ecocekileyo, chloroform zonyango, ngoko ukusetyenziswa kwaso ngokungqongqo imvukelo ngokuchanekileyo ekuhlaleni. Ngoko ke, Izimo kunokwenzeka ukusebenza nje ezimbalwa. Ukuba sithetha malunga chloroform ukuba idliwa emoyeni yaye inxalenye ukurhogele nombhalo wenkqu yakhe, isenzo apha emibi kakhulu nezonakalisayo.

Ngenxa yoko, inhalation of trichloromethane ngethuba lemizuzu eli-10 lunokwenzeka ngokuma nokudumba, spasm yemiphunga, ukukhohlela, umqala obuhlungu. Ukuba impembelelo akupheli yityhefu kwenzeka kwangoko. Uya kuthathwa yi-luvo (kunye nentloko kunye umnqonqo), mhlawumbi ebulalayo.

Kwakhona nempembelelo embi ophezu kwesibindi, nezintso amalungu zokugaya uye chloroform. ukusebenza kwayo kubi ngakumbi xa kuthathelwa isisombululo. Waphawula elandelayo indlela akhule ngayo ukwamkela chloroform:

• nesiyezi;
• ukugabha nentliziyo;
• ikhanda ziqhu;
• central system badandatheke luvo yaye ngenxa yoko, nokudinwa;
• umkhuhlane;
• irhashalala negazi, isikhumba ukuba bomvu.

Uphando kunye amalinge ngezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo aye abonisa iziphumo zilandelayo:

1. ukusetyenziswa zexesha elide chloroform ibe ulwelo ebangela ukuphazanyiswa lokukhulelwa, kwizifo ezininzi kunye mutagenesis izizukulwana ezizayo.
2. Xa ixesha umoya izilwanyana chloroform bebenxunguphele, ngababuthuntu kunye nobude bobomi babo yehliswe kakhulu.
3. Ngokusekelwe amalinge kunye neempuku, kwaphethwa carcinogenicity trichloromethane.

Ezi ziphumo ziye ifunyenwe ekhemisi kunye oogqirha nasekufundweni iziphumo izinto ze chloroform eziphilayo.

Ngawo amayeza

Sisihlandlo sokuqala zosetyenziso zonyango ukwimo imiliselwe kulo nyaka 1847. Kungelo xesha ukuba sisazinzulu, ugqirha, ekhemesti Holmes Coote yaphakanyiswa ukusetyenziswa chloroform njengoko ndindisholo. Isiphumo abantu ngayo kwixesha usebenzo HIV - ngokucima olupheleleyo lokuqonda, kungekho naziphi na iimvakalelo.

Kodwa kamva, xa isigulane wabuyela ezingqondweni, yatyhilwa ukuba akaluyeki isicaphucaphu, ukugabha. Koko sele nokumisela imithetho ngqo ngakumbi isicelo ukwimo ukuze intlungu enjalo.

A indima ebaluleke kakhulu intshayelelo amayeza chloroform edlalwa obstetrician IsiNgesi Dzheyms Simpson. Yaba nguye owaba imiphumo ezakhayo ezimbaxa ngethuba lenkqubo ukuzala.

Noko ke, kukho ezinye iindlela ezintsha, ekhuselekileyo kunye mihla zomzimba ngaphezu chloroform ngokuhamba kwexesha. ukusetyenziswa kwayo amayeza Oku shwaka. Namhlanje, isetyenziswa ngohlobo lwe:

• Ingxenye mafutha ukuba isicelo zangaphandle;
• njengoko sokongezelela ndindisholo zidityaniswe kunye nezinye izinto, yaye kuphela kungomlinganiselo omncinci kakhulu;
• njengamathontsi ekwehliseni isicaphucaphu nokugabha.

Izicelo Industrial

Ishishini liye wasebenzisa chloroform. isicelo sayo inxulumene syntheses ezahlukeneyo imichiza, apho idlala indima degreaser ezinganyibiliki kakhulu, samabanga okanye icandelo lesibini izinto ezibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.