Yintoni aphile? iintlobo begcina

Okwangoku, intsingiselo yegama elithi 'ukuphaphatheka "linokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi ngenzululwazi. Eli gama libhekisela geography, kunye optic kunye nokwakheka, nakwezinye iindawo ezininzi.

drift lizwekazi

Ngo-1912 i-nzulu waseJamani Alfred Wegener ecetywayo ingcamango heuristic lwentshukumo engenasiphelo kuzo izihlwele yezwekazi. izigqibo ezo kwenziwa komhlaba, ngokusekelwe abakuqapheleyo kunye ezifunyaniswe. Yintoni drift yezwekazi? Wegener wacebisa ukuba amazwekazi zibe kwisenzeko rhoqo, kodwa isantya incinane kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba uzive. Ngenkulungwane yama-20, le ngxelo yabangela ezininzi ugxekwa nokugculelwa ukusuka lesayensi.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kokushenxa lizwekazi yavulwa elide phambi kokuba komhlaba waseJamani. In the 1620s le ungumzondeleli ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze Frensis Bekon waphawula kwiincwadi zakhe wesandla imidlalo ngokuthe unxweme Merika nase-Afrika. Ngokusekelwe amanqaku bakhe kamva amashumi ingcamango yokuba ihamba amazwekazi i Frenchman Franco Plaka, kwaye ke waseJamani Theodore Lilienthal. Ngowe-1858, i-wezakwalizwi American Antonio Snider ndacebisa ingcamango olukhulu ngakumbi ukuba emva kokuba Ukupholisa ngaphantsi komhlaba kungalindelekanga ukumelana uxinzelelo noqhekeko ibe ziingceba. Kangangexesha elide, kokushenxa lizwekazi kuye bokuba. Xa enkulu eYurophu eUnited States, le thiyori nangoku yanto. Noko ke, ngo-1960 yokuqala, izazinzulu Soviet wagqiba ukuba imigwebo Wegener ziyinyaniso. Ngenxa yoko, isigama fiksizma waqhubeka bakhusele zokuma Russian MA Usov kunye S. iihupu ezaziwayo-kakuhle.

Imfundiso kokushenxa lizwekazi

Ngenkulungwane yama-20, behamba Alfred Wegener ehlabathini lonke kunye nenjongo lokwazi kakuhle kwaye umthombo wabo bonke ubomi emhlabeni. Ngokusekelwe data abaninzi ngenxa matutu komhlaba yaseJamani wayezimisele ukuba onke amazwekazi kuqamba efanayo zesakhiwo. Ngaphezu koko, lo nzulu singqineke izilwanyana eziphili eziqhelekileyo kunye nezityalo amazwekazi kwixesha elidlulileyo. Kwakhona ukufana banokubekwa kunye nemimandla zemozulu.

Ngokutsho Wegener, kuqala kukho umaleko lenyengane phezu komhlaba planethi. Ngenxa yokwakha-uhlobo bagxila ekuhambeni kwexesha a prakontinent enkulu ebizwa ngokuba Pangea. Le Ukwakheka ngemihla ukuya kwi-500 BC Ithi ke bakha praokean enye. Ngenxa semibutho ziitectonic plates ka Pangea waqalisa aqhekeza zibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci. Ngoko kwakukho begcina yezwekazi lethu.

intshukumo amazwekazi ifunyanwa yimikhosi centrifugal of njengokujikeleza komhlaba. Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuba nokutsala lilanga kunye neNyanga. Ngenxa kule kwakukho babo evela Eurasia, North America kunye koko Afrika. A mqolomba elikhulu zizaliswe Atlantic. Isiphumo ekwahlulweni Pangea baye baba nenkungu entabeni Andes kunye Cordillera.

Ngenxa yesiphumo begcina amazwekazi yeAfrika naseYurophu nemoto omnye komnye, uyila Alps, malayas, i Carpathians kunye nezinye neentaba. Ngokutsho hypothesis ka Wegener, iingongoma eziphambili ujikelezo amazwekazi baba izibonda boMhlaba.

ice drift

Ngoko ke akukho mfihlakalo ukuba ubunzima ekhenkcezisiweyo amanzi ihamba iilwandle kunye neelwandle ngenxa ukuhamba lwangaphakathi. Kodwa yintoni na begcina ngumkhenkce? Oku akuthethi inkululeko intshukumo phezu kwamanzi. Kulo mzekelo, ukuhamba kwazo e yolwandle okanye ulwandle phantsi kwempembelelo imimoya ezahlukeneyo kunye nemisinga. Uninzi ice aqhele kwi Arctic, apho uphando akayeki nokuba imini. iintshukumo ezifana zimelwe intshukumo ikakhulu anticyclonic, ngamanye amazwi, ngku. Ngenxa yale mjikelo womkhenkce ngaphandle Arctic Ocean ukuya kunxweme imilambo Greenland ezintathu. Kule ndlela kuya kufuneka ube yomkhenkce encinane ukusuka kwiminyaka 1 ukuya kwisi-5 kuxhomekeke loqalo lwencopho spalling. Isikhokelo intshukumo kuxhomekeke nokuqukuqela uhadi.

I yokuqala into ekhethekileyo wabukela Isazinzulu Nansen ngo-1893. Loo nqanawa "Fram" Wayehamba kunxweme Entsha yaseSiberia ukuya kuLwandle Greenland. Nansen kulandelelwa uxhulumaniso phakathi iimpawu komkhenkce kulo khosi unyaka-3 hambo. Ngenxa yoko, izazinzulu ziye zachongwa imithetho ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: isantya kokushenxa yomkhenkce nama-2% isantya somoya esihamba kunye nendlela intshukumo ubuxoki ngama-30 ukuya ngasekunene yangoku. Ezi Nansen kamva kuqinisekiswa unjingalwazi eSoviet Vladimir Wiese.

drift ice womoya

Oku unique kwizimanga zendalo ukususela 1913 ukuya 1940 kumanzi Greenland baye bafunda ezininzi matutu, yaye ngalo lonke ixesha bayavuma ukuba Nansen okulungileyo kwiincwadi zakhe kunye wit. Ngo-1930 emva kwexesha, eSoviet Union yaqala yonke womnatha Arctic lwezitishi zemozulu. Le projekthi yonganyelwe Scientist Zubov.

Ngokutsho ingcaciso efunyenweyo yena neqela lakhe bakwazi ukuchonga umzekelo ukuphaphatheka, olwenzeka ecaleni isobars. Kwathi kanti, kuba amanzi Greenland kuba buthathaka kakhulu, kodwa umoya onamandla kunene. Yaba nguye lowo wabongoza floes ukuya kunxweme iziqithi ezinkulu. Ekubeni begcina womoya uyancipha iye yavulwa. Wamisa imithetho ezimbini: 1. Iindawo intshukumo ice kunye isobars idibana. Xa oku xi eziphakamileyo kakhulu kwisahlulo esisekunene.

2. Le ubucotha intshukumo na bomzimba ngokomlinganiselo umgama phakathi isobars.

Ngokumalunga engile degrees 30, ukuphambuka kwenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo yomkhosi iseti yolungiselelo kunye kunobunye.

Siqhele zofuzo: ukuchongwa

Emzimbeni womntu kwinqanaba cellular kwenzeka izigidi iinkqubo automated. Enye kakhulu umdla khethekileyo kubo kokushenxa yemfuza. Oku mhlawumbi kuphela indlela okubangelwe iziganeko ezimile random. Ngoko ke yintoni na kokushenxa lwemfuzo? Olu tshintsho umbhodamo kwi nezihlandlo alleles ze yemfuza, oko kukuthi, umahluko abakhoyo.

Indlela ye isenzeko kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo ukuzala, ngenxa enza inani elikhulu leeseli lwegciwane, ebizwa gametes. Ezi seli abakwazi ukwenza elilodwa, kodwa ke kukho iimeko ezinqabileyo. Kungenxa yezi ntlobo ezizodwa akhiwa labemi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukubana uluhlu allele frequency kunokwenzeka kuphela ngokuphathelele omnye sangaphambili.

Ngenxa begcina le ngendaleko kweentlobo kwi nabantu basekuhlaleni. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba utshintsho rhoqo okunjalo kwenzeka nokuba naziphi na iimeko.

izakhi Drift: amaza labantu

Le nkqubo kuyo nayiphi na imeko aluchaphazeli inani iintlobo, njengoko ngenxa iilifti phikelela ukuwa. Izazinzulu ezininzi bezibuza ukuba yintoni na le nto yokuthanda ukucinga yemfuza ngendaleko. Oku izifundo zabo bazama ukuphendula Scientist Russian Chetverikov. Uthethe ukungalingani endalo ubukhulu labantu. Ngexesha amalinge kwafunyaniswa ukuba ezi nkqubo zidlala indima ebonakalayo nasekusungulweni zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. ukuhla kumanani zibizwa ngokuba amaza labemi. isakhiwo genetic Human sakhiwe ngendlela yokuba ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokuba azale kwinzala - umntu omtsha zohlobo olufanayo. Izilwanyana kwakunye nezityalo amaza abantu zixhomekeke qho indawo. iintlobo kuphela lokuqala ikhowudi yezofuzo zingavela ngeendlela kwindawo ethile. Noko ke, phezu ngendaleko kwi izilwanyana nezityalo na alleles uxanduva.

Siqhele zofuzo: zazivelela ezinto

Isiphelo umphumo iya kuba zanyamalala okupheleleyo isenzeko yabemi enye allele nokukhusela oko enye. Inqanaba eliphezulu kokushenxa yemfuza, kokukhona akhawulezayo ngendaleko beemolekyuli lweentlobo. Uphando lubonise ukuba amathuba nitrogen yokuhambisa allele frequency lilingana nenani labantu bebonke.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba isakhi ngasinye molecule ezifana kwavele kanye yi wezakhi. yesi mvelo kwenzeka kunye rhoqo malunga 10-5 nganye gene / gamete. Kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba ezincinane kwinqanaba labantu, inowuthi amathuba kuguquka entsha.

Sekunjalo, izazinzulu ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba iqondo ngendaleko akuxhomekekanga kwinani iintlobo kunye nenani kokushenxa yemfuza. abaphandi waseMerika Zuckerkandl sokuvotela lubonisa ukuba alleles cala namhlanje bachukumiseka ngesantya esingaguqukiyo. Oku kusebenza kuzo naziphi na iintlobo.

electron drift

Le nkqubo intshukumo amasuntswana icala phantsi kwempembelelo yentsimi static. Ukufudukela kunokuba mdaka nezendalo. Konke kuxhomekeke conductivity yentsimi yombane. Le begcina kwe amasuntswana kwi zegesi kunye nesinyithi umiselwa isindululo yangoku thermal. Kulo mzekelo, ukuqikelela isantya kunye nezikhokelo intshukumo ayiyi kuphumelela. Isibakala sokuba isiphumo thermal aluyiyo wampompoza olufanayo kokukhulu amasuntswana icala. elektroni Kukho ubuhlobo kunye endle iphawulwa ngogxininiso kwanokuxinana medium. Xa plasma, amasuntswana benithobele ukuya mhlaba otsalayo, ukuze isindululo uya kuba ngokufanayo rhoqo.

Izinga intlawulo yokhukuliseko kwintsimi yombane iphezulu kakhulu ion. Oku kubangelwa angxamele elinqatyisiweyo bume.

Begcina kwi DC

Lo mshini FET liye ingxaki enye enkulu - isiqabu yobunzima kulogo. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba begcina zero. Ngenxa yoko kophazamiseko zangoku kwi imveliso wokukhulisa iwela ixabiso yokungena index. Le begcina zero amaninzi iqatshelwe kungekho uphawu igalelo.

Izizathu ngokucima enjalo kungaba:

- ukusilela Power nongezelele isidima;
- resistors Ukungazinzi okanye transistors;
- ingxolo eliphantsi-frequency;
- lobushushu eliphezulu aphakathi;
- ukuphazamiseka crosstalk okanye. Isiphumo ezinqabileyo kunye nezintsonkothileyo kophazamiseko ezikhoyo DCA inokuba uxhulumaniso galvanic phakathi manqanaba. Ngokukhawuleza adlulisele utshintshe iimpawu, ngoko ke xenga emnyango ngenkankulu usuka.

Ukuze yokungenelela i begcina zero ingasetyenziswa amacandelo termokompensiruyuschie ukhuselo kakhulu kwezendalo, DC converters, indlela Ubhaqo karhulumente. Kuluncedo ukutshintsha wesekethe elungeleleneyo DCA.

Le begcina yamehlo

Le nkqubo iyacotha ngenxa ukubana ngcembe lweliso lakho. Ngamanye amazwi, oko entengo ngokuzenzekelayo lo ngundoqo retina kuyo nayiphi na into. Ngokusengqiqweni icela umbuzo yintoni na begcina yamehlo yaye yintoni ebangela loo nto.

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kufuneka siqonde ukuba retina bomntu iindidi ezintathu iintshukumo ezingachazwanga waze waziva: i iingcangcazela rhoqo, ayinako nitrogen kunye nentshukumo egudileyo. Urhulumente yokuqala eqhelekileyo. Le rhoqo yindibanisela izihlunu iliso ukuya 80 Hz. Imeko yesibini nalo ngaphakathi kwemida eqhelekileyo. Indlela ilawulwa yi basabela ngequbuliso. Urhulumente wesithathu kuvumelekile kuphela ngokudibene ezimbini zokuqala, kodwa zingahlukaniswa. ibangelwe inokuba ukukhanyela retina a nendlela yokunika ingxelo.

aqhele The beenqanawa

Ukususwa kwikhondo emkhombeni lenzeka amaninzi phantsi kwempembelelo yimimoya enamandla. Uphawu ezingundoqo kokushenxa onjalo engile ephakathi imigca indlela lokwenyaniso kunye nezalathiso ababuxoki. isitya ukudiliza kunokwenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo le yangoku. Siqhele offset kuboniswe "ivela" isikhundla xa umthwalo ke ngoko ukukhasa ngpaha komzantsi.

Isiphumo ingozi yalo begcina kungenzeka yenqanawa ematyeni okanye ukufuna. Ngaphandle meko enjalo kuyimfuneko ukwalathisa impumlo emkhombeni, bayisa nomoya.