Yintoni i-oratorio kumculo?

Yintoni i-oratorio? Eli gama lithetha umsebenzi omkhulu womculo obhaliweyo kwi-orchestra (kuquka i-organ), kwi-choir, kunye nakwiimvumi zeemvumi. Ngokuqhelekileyo iqhinga le-oratorio lenziwe kwiingqikithi zeBhayibhile.

Imbali yokuvela

Ukuze uqonde ukuba i-oratorio ingumculo, umntu kufuneka aphendule kwimbali yale ngqiqo. Kukholelwa ukuba umsebenzi onjalo wabonakala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 kwibandla lama-Oratorians, eyasungulwa nguSt. Philip Neri e-Italy. Igama livela kwigama lesiLatini elithi "oratorium", okubhekisela kwigumbi elikhethekileyo elijoliswe ekuthandazeni nasekuhlanganiseni amalungu ebandla.

"Emphefumlweni nasemzimbeni" u-Emilio de Cavalieri - lo ngumsebenzi wokuqala wokuvumela ukuba uqonde ukuba i-oratorio ingumculo. Inkcazo ibonisa ukuba lo luhlobo oluthile lomculo, njengoko lwaluqulunqwa ngamagama ahlukeneyo ahlukeneyo, kwaye ahamba kunye nezixhobo zomculo kunye ne-chorus.

Ekuqaleni, ii-oratories zabhalwa kwiingqungquthela ezibalulekileyo zeBhayibhile kunye neyevangeli kwaye zazivame ukusetyenziswa ekusebenziseni ngqo ethempelini ngemihla yeeholide ezinkulu zebandla. Ngako oko, kwakukho iKrisimesi, iPasika, inzondelelo kunye nezinye iintlobo ezifanayo zomsebenzi womculo. Yona incazelo yamagama ka-oratorio ibonisa ukuba oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umthandazo, nangona kunjalo, ngokugqithiseleyo ixesha umsebenzi womculo uba nzima kwaye uhambela kwinqanaba lezemidlalo.

Ukuphuhliswa kweendawo eItali

I-Italy yilizwe apho i-oratorio ivela khona. Abaqambi uBenedetto Ferrari, uAgostino Agazzari, uLoreto Vitori, uGiacomo Carissimi kunye nabanye abaninzi benza le ngceka ngendlela ekhoyo namhlanje, kubandakanywa isakhiwo, ukuchithwa kweeyaradi, iinombolo zomculo kunye nesibheno senkcubeko kwiibhalo zeBhayibhile.

Imisebenzi yabalobi ibonakala ngokubonakala kwemibala ekhanyayo, ukukhanya nokucocwa. Inxaxheba ekhethekileyo inikelwa ku- Alessandro Scarlatti, imisebenzi yakhe eyona nto yayisisigxina saleli khokelo lomculo.

Oratorio eJamani

Ukuze uqonde ukuba i-oratorio ingumculo, akunakwenzeka ukukhankanya indima yaseJamani. Kulo lizwe ukuba inkokheli ekuphuhlisweni kwalo msebenzi womculo kwi-17 leminyaka ihamba. Ukuqala kweli xesha libekwe ngumsebenzi othi "Ukukhathazeka" nguHenry Schutz, wanikela ngaphandle kwintsimi yase-Italy into efana ne-oratorio. Imizekelo yemisebenzi eJamani ngelo xesha yile ilandelayo: "Bethulia liberata" ngu-Ignaz Jacob Holzbauer, "La Conversione di S. Agostino" nguJohn Adolf Hasse, kunye no-Antonio Caldara, uNicolo Yomelli, njl. Ingqalelo ifanelekile umsebenzi kaJohannes Mattezon, ohambisa i-oratorio kwiKatolika Ibandla lamaProtestanti. Wabhala imisebenzi engama-24 yomculo, amabali athathwe kwiBhayi- bhile, nangona kunjalo, enxulumene nexesha langoku. Oku kwavunyelwa ukubonisa ngendlela eyahlukileyo ukuba yintoni i-oratorio.

Isandla, uBach noHaydn

Esi sikhokelo somculo sifinyelele ekuphakameni kwawo emsebenzini wezobuchule ezifana ne-Handel, uBach noHaydn. Abaqambi baphumelele ukuphefumula ubomi obutsha kulo hlobo kwaye bawuthabathele kwiitempile ukuya kwinqanaba leemidlalo kunye neehholo zekonsathi.

UYohn Bach walungisa ngokupheleleyo i-oratorio yesiJamani, enika ihlabathi njengezo "i-Christmas Oratorio", "i-Easter Oratorio", kunye nemisebenzi ethi "Ukunyamekela kukaYohane" kunye nokuthi "Ukunyamekela kukaMateyu. Kwimifanekiso.

UJoseph Haydn wabhala imisebenzi emibili enkulu kulolu hlobo: "Ukudala kwehlabathi" kunye ne "The Seasons". Ngomsebenzi wakhe wasebenzisa iicatshulwa zelizwe, ezivumela ukudala i-oratorios, ezele ubomi bomntu olula, uvuyo lwakhe kunye nosizi. Wayekwazi ukuhlanganisa ubuncwane bamazwi kunye nokuchaneka komculo.

UFriedrich Händel wabonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba yiyiphi i-oratorio. Inkcazo yohlobo oluhambelana nalo mqambi ludibaniso lwezithethe zaseItali neJamani kunye nempawu. Umphezulu walo msebenzi uquka imisebenzi enjengokuthi "Mesiya", "u-Israyeli eYiputa", "uSamson" nabanye.

ХІХ inkulungwane

Ukususela phakathi kwekhulu le-XIX, isakhiwo se-oratorio sitshintsha, kwaye siqala ukubuyela kwimvelaphi yaso. Umsebenzi ubonelela ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabaphulaphuli ekusebenzeni kweengoma ezahlukeneyo kunye neengoma. Ezi tekisi zibonisa ukucamngca kunye nokucinga. Icawa yamaKatolika ibonise ngenye indlela ukuba i-oratorio iyini. Ukhuthazo lunikezelwa uFeliks Mendelssohn, owadala into efana no "Eliya" kunye no "St. Paul", kunye noFranz Liszt kunye nemisebenzi ethi "Ingqungquthela yeSaint Elizabeth" no "Kristu."

Utshintsho luya eFransi, apho, nangona uthando oluqhelekileyo lwee-opas, abaphulaphuli baqala ukuthatha umdla kwi-oratorio. Ngeli xesha kwakukho amagama anjengoCharles Francois Gounod, uCamille Saint-Saens, uJules Massenet, uGabriel Pierne nabanye. Ubuqili balabaqambi babenandipha ukuthandwa kakhulu kungekhona kuphela eYurophu, kodwa naseMelika.

Inkulungwane yeshumi elinamibini kunye nexesha lethu

Inkulungwane ye-XX eyahlukileyo ibonisa ukuba yiyiphi i-oratorio. Umsebenzi ubonakala ngokusetyenziswa kweengqikithi zeBhayibhile, nangona, ngokuchazwa ngokujulileyo okuxhomekeke kwimibandela enzulu.

Kwakhona le nkalo ibonakaliswe ukuguqulwa kwe-oratorio kunye nezinye iintlobo ezifanayo, kuquka i-opera ne-katana. Oku kubonakala ngakumbi kwimisebenzi kaArthur Honegger, uDarius Miyo, Igor Fedorovich Stravinsky nabanye. Kukho nekhokelo entsha-oratorio-opera. Ngethuba lethu lohlobo lomculo lusasaziwa kwaye lunokufumaneka kwiindawo ezidumileyo zehlabathi.

Ukwahlukana phakathi kwe-opera kunye ne-cantata

Ngekhulu le-16 le-17, ezinye iintlobo zomculo zavela kanye kunye ne-oratorio, kuquka i-opera kunye ne-oratorio. Imisebenzi efana nayo ibonakala ngokuba neendima ezifanayo kunye nabadlali be-soloists, kunye neengoma ezifanayo ezifana ne-chorus kunye ne-orchestra. Nangona kunjalo, nabo banempawu ezahlukileyo.

Ukuba sithetha nge-opera, ke lo hlobo luhlobo lwe-oratorio, nangona kunjalo, lunegalelo elibonakalayo, ngokukodwa, indawo, iingubo. Ezi zinto azikho kwi-oratorio. Ukongeza, i-opera ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokugxila kuphela kwiitekisi zonqulo. Olunye uphawu oluphawulekayo kukuba i-oratorio ilawulwa yi-choir, ngelixa ku-opera ngamnye umdlali unethuba lokubonisa umdlalo wakhe kunye ne talente. Ukwahlukana kwakhona kubandakanya ubude bomsebenzi. I-oratorio ihlala malunga neyure (ubuninzi babini), ngelixa i-opera ide.

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-cantata, i-oratorio ibona amaninzi angama-solo kunye nomdlalo omnye. I-Cantata ihluke ngexesha elifutshane, ngoko ngamanye amaxesha lingaba yinxalenye ye-oratorio. Oku kufana nemisebenzi kaBach.

Ulwakhiwo

I-oratorio ikwahlula ngoluhlu lwezinto ezilandelayo:

• Uluhlu lwezinto zokusebenza;
• Ukuphindaphinda. Ukusetyenziswa ukuchaza icatshulwa kunye nesicwangciso;
• Choral arias. Ngokuqhelekileyo eli qela lijongene nokuphakama kweNkosi. I-Arias ihamba neepayipi kunye ne-timpani.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwisicwangciso kunye nempawu zobunjwa, i-oratorio ingaba nezinye izixhobo ezongezelelweyo. Oku kunqunywe yiinjongo zempembelelo kwabaphulaphuli kunye nokumelwa komntu umbhali.

I-oratorio ngumsebenzi omkhulu womculo, obandakanya ukuthatha inxaxheba kweyunithi, ii-soloists kunye ne-symphony orchestra. Ngokwesiko, isiseko sesiqendu solu hlobo luyivesi yeBhayibhile.