Yintoni na imbambano eziphilayo: inkcazelo, isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Imbewu yezinto eziphilayo - iiseli emangalisayo. On Earth, ukuba babe kwimeko obushushu aphantsi kakhulu okanye phezulu, uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye radiation eqhumayo. Kwakungqina ukuba imbambano nokubakho isithuba, kwakwelo yonke. Yintoni na imbambano eziphilayo? Yintoni imfihlelo ezi seli?

Impikiswano: definition eziphilayo

Liguqulwe lithatyathwa kwigama lesiGrike elithetha "mbewu." Kodwa phambi ezi seli nto ayiphelelanga apha ezityalweni. Yintoni na impikiswano? Eziphilayo, kukho ingqiqo ecacileyo, kodwa ke iiseli yokuzala maqanda. Ngoncedo lwabo, inkqubo yokuzala lwenziwa iintsholongwane ezinjalo ngokwabo - elilodwa kungekho engundoqo.

Amakhowa nazo ziyakwazi sporulation. Bonke abantu bayawubona njani isonka, nto leyo ixesha elide engxoweni yeplastiki uqala ukuba ligutyungelwe ibiselityatyambile emhlophe - Yaqala ukuphuhlisa ngumngundo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, icwecwe uqala ukufumana ibe ngwevu okanye oluhlaza. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngundo kuye kwasekwa imbewu kwaye iqala anandise. Nanku omnye umzekelo. Kwigumbi elifumileyo ngumngundo rhoqo afumaneka kwi iindonga, leyo aqalile "atyatyambe". Lahla ukungunda kunzima, kuba ngundo nako ukwabela imbewu phezu kumgama oziimitha eziliqela.

isakhiwo

Ngoko ke ndicinge ngako, yintoni na imbambano. Eziphilayo, onke amaziko eziphilayo iphathwa ngokwemiqathango ukuzalana isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi. iiseli ukuzala maqanda kufika iimilo ezahlukeneyo: okweqanda, elimbhoxo, ngeenxa zonke. Ekubeni abanganyangekiyo ezahlukeneyo izinto eziphilayo, komhlaba isixhobo yahlulahlulwe ngendlela ekhethekileyo. It iqulathe amaqokobhe ezimbini, isithuba phakathi kwabo izaliswe protein iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo kunye carbohydrate. Ukuze siqinise ukhuseleko ngokuchasene iimpembelelo mechanical ethile mpikiswano kumphezulu wayo ube zemfundo ezizodwa, ezo zibizwa ngokuba "iimbambo".

Isiqulatho iseli lwangaphakathi yokuzala maqanda imelwe kukho icytoplasm - ngaphakathi semiliquid medium. It amalungiselelo chromosome neprotheyini yokuqaphela nezixhobo.

izityalo iimbambano

Xa ezi seli, eziphilayo ezininzi zezityalo bakwazi nokuzala.

izityalo ibihlungu - sisixhobo ukuba kwenziwe kwezityalo yokuqala kakhulu kwakudala. Oku lisiza kakhulu. Umzekelo, umgca wokuxhumela elilodwa olunye-zoospores chlamydomonas - iiseli motile. Ngenxa yoko, enye indlela ethile eziphilayo eziliqela twatse.

Abafuduki ilizwe yokuqala, izityalo ibihlungu ephakamileyo, nazo ziyakwazi sporulation. Ubulembu, ubulembu club, horsetails kunye yefeni ukwakha amalungu ezizodwa yokuzala maqanda - ama. Bona ziqulathe iiseli buphindwe maqanda. Izityalo ukuba imizimba enjalo, ebizwa sporophytes. Xa mossy ama unyawo thaca kunye nebhokisi. Xa sivuthiwe, philisi livezwe, iiseli ziwe emhlabeni. Phambi amanzi, ukuba sikhule isizukulwana ngokwesondo - gametophyte, nto imelwe moss eluhlaza yegqabi "ekhaphethini". Ihluke kunjalo nakwamanye amalungu izityalo ibihlungu-ebizwa ukuba owoyamaniswe ubona nje gametophyte - izityalo eziluhlaza. Kwezi zityalo kukho inkqubo ye alternation kwizizukulwana zesini maqanda.

zavuleka bacteria

Imbewu bacteria - ayikho nje iseli apho Iziphindaphinda eziphilayo. Phantsi kweemeko ezinzima iibhaktheriya ukuba uzikhusele, kufa. Nokuba litshatshazi, laba imbambano apho isixa ukufuma liyehla, oko sehlise izinga ngobunzulu zonke iinkqubo zobomi. Xa iimeko zitshintsha kuba ngcono, imbambano esusa eluswini, kuphuma i iintsholongwane nokuphila ngokupheleleyo. Enye siyakwazi ukubona ukuba sporulation iintsholongwane ayikho indlela yokuzala, kwaye kungenzeka ukuba asinde.

Yintoni na imbambano eziphilayo iye yaziwa elide. Ekubeni eziphilayo yokuqala inkqubo lokuzalanisa kwenzeka ngoncedo ezi seli. Kakade ke, iimbambano musa ukunika recombination lwempahla yemfuza, oko kukhokelele ukuvela emitsha luncedo nje akunakwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, i ezifanayo ngqo umzimba kunye nokulondolozwa kwazo zonke iipropati kwiimbambano siqinisekiso.