Iindlela eziphilayo zande. uhlobo Table yokuzalela

Ukukwazi izidalwa eziphilayo ukuze bazale lwazo kuthiwa yokuzala. impahla Ngaloo yemfuza ikhutshelwa inzala kunye neempawu kwabazali ngamaqondo ahlukahlukeneyo, yaye wabonakala kubalulwa njengoko eziphilayo ancedisayo.

Types zizale

Izazinzulu ziye zachongwa iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili yokuzala eziphilayo. Kunokuba ngokwesondo okanye asexually. Kwimeko yokuqala, ukudlala kufuneka inzala imizekelo-2, yaye lowo yesibini ngokwaneleyo kuphela.

Xa maqanda ukuzala a omzimba entsha ephuma iiseli somatic. Kwindalo, kukho iindlela ezininzi zizale ngaphandle esini. Ezi ziquka ngezakhi, thomo, uqhekeko, sporulation, iyantlukwano, ngezakhi.

Xa ukuzala, eziphilayo ezintsha siphuma ngokudibana iiseli ezizodwa reproductive ekuthiwa gametes, kwaye ukuyilwa esilandelayo elilodwa. Le ndlela eliphezulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa asexually.

Thelekisa iinzuzo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zombini iindlela zizale kufuneka ngani. Umzekelo, kukho iingenelo zilandelayo zebhayoloji ukuzala maqanda:

• ukukwazi ukudlala inani elikhulu labantu;
• inzala ifuze eziphilayo umzali kuzo zonke ngezizathu.

Le ndlela ukuzala abantu abatsha yenza kube lula ukufumana ngokukhawuleza inzala ezininzi. Oku kuluncedo ukuba eziphilayo ezihlala iimeko rhoqo. Kuyinto ukuzala ekhawulezayo, eliqela ngqo leekopi kumzimba koomama intsingiselo yokuzala maqanda. Le ndlela yokuvelisa inzala usebenzisa izityalo lenyama.

Kodwa ngokwesini kuveliswe uphawu uninzi eziphilileyo. Oku uyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukwahluka genetic zezi nkampani ifunyenwe ethile esemzimbeni. It ivumela ukuba ngokukhawuleza ukumelana nemozulu zobomi. Eneneni, ngexesha ukuyilwa indibanisela entsha iiseli ze ephilayo kwenzeka abazali.

Iintlobo yokuzala inzala maqanda

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ukufumana eziphilayo lwembali ngaphandle iiseli lwegciwane. biology kwabo ukufunda. Ukuzala, iintlobo eziphilayo oluncedisayo apho ayitshintshi, ekunokuthi kusekelwe kwenye okanye ngaphezulu iiseli ukwabela.

Kwimeko yokuqala iifom ezinjalo bodwa:

• (Schizogony) icandelo iseli omnye okanye isininzi;
• sporulation;
• thomo kweseli.

Xa lidala ulwahlulohlulo iqela leseli lwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ubé;
• eziphilayo thomo multicellular (umz, hydra).

Nganye kwezi ntlobo asetyenziselwa ukujikwa maqanda uneempawu zawo.

iintlobo yokuzala

Le ndlela elula ukwahlulwa ngokwesiqhelo. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ezininzi zilula. Imizekelo phindo maqanda ngu ngokucandeka yokubini: amoeba, ciliates Slipper euglena eluhlaza.

sporulation ngokubanzi ingqalelo. Kuyinto uphawu phantse zonke izityalo, umngundo, yaye ezinye eziphilayo prokaryotic ezilula (umz iintsholongwane okanye ulwelwe blue-green).

A inani kwiseli kunye eziphilayo multicellular, kukho fom lweenkomo, ezifana lolu. Oku kwenzeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: esigingqini ivela emzimbeni kamama, nto leyo eyandisa ubukhulu. Kulo efanayo ngoko kukho ziingqaleko ke onke amalungu. Xa inkqubo uphelisa, lolu kwenzeka. coelenterates Le ndlela ukuvelisa lisetyenziswa (hydra), kwiseli (igwele, ezinye iindidi ciliates).

Kodwa enye usho eminye imizekelo yokuzala maqanda zezinto eziphilayo. Ngoko ke, musa ukulibala malunga yiyantlukwano. Kule nkqubo, ngamnye umzali yahlulwe eziliqela. Ukususela ngamnye kubo ebumba omzimba elitsha. Umzekelo, filamentous nobulembu Spirogyra enokwaphulwa nakweyiphi na indawo. izahlulo ezibini elizayo ziya kufumana umzimba ezimbini ezintsha.

Kuba izityalo luphawulwa andise kwezityalo. Ngokutsho kumgaqo iinkqubo akungeni yahluka lolu okanye ukuqhekeka. Isityalo unako ukwenza izakhiwo ezizodwa kuyimfuneko yokuvelisa kwakhona. Ukuvela oluncedisayo inxalenye yomzimba kunokwenzeka kunye eziphilayo koomama.

syngenesis

zande kakhulu izinto eziphilayo ngokwabo eziphilayo ngokuhlanganisa izinto zofuzo kubantu ababini. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le gametes ezimbini ezama, yaye isiphumo a elilodwa diploid. Kuphuhliso umzimba wayo omtsha ngokupheleleyo amathuba. Forms yokuzala ngokwesini eziphilayo luphawulwa kwezinye izityalo eneentyatyambo, izilwanyana ezininzi kwaye, kakade, umntu.

Gametes ke kweentlobo ezimbini - inkunzi nemazi. Ukuba fom a dioecious, ngalinye yeentlobo iseli eyenziwe abantu ngokulandelelana inkunzi nemazi. Ezinye izinto eziphilayo bayakwazi ukuvelisa zombini iindidi gametes ngokuzimeleyo. Kulo mzekelo kuthiwa hermaphrodites.

Kwakhona ukuzala kunokwenzeka ngokwesondo apho gametes hayi bazibandakanya. Oku iintlobo ezifana conjugation, gametangiogamiya, apogamy, gologamiya.

Inkqubo yokuzala

Zonke izinto eziphilayo yakhiwa iiseli. ukukhula kunye nophuhliso zinokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba zisoloko luse. Ngexesha ubomi iminyaka iseli afe. Baye indawo abanye. Indlela kuphela ukuvelisa iiseli ezintsha ke ukwahlulwa langaphambili. Le yinkqubo kubalulekile ukuba zonke izidalwa. Umzekelo, emzimbeni womntu yesibini zonke yahlulwe eziliqela izigidi zezi yunithi.

Izazi ziye wachaza iindlela ezintathu weseli ukwanda. division ngqo ebizwa amitosis, ngokungathanga ngqo - mitosis, ukuncitshiswa - meiosis. Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lokwanda eziphilayo, data ngalinye kuquka iflowu iinkqubo.

Amitosis and mitosis

Inkqubo ubuncinane eziqhelekileyo kwaye azilondolozwa bafunda division cell amitosis. Kule nkqubo, undoqo wahlulwe yi constriction. Ngelo xesha ukuqinisekisa ukwabiwa efanayo kule genetic material akunakwenzeka. Iseli wahlulwe yi amitosis, kwiimeko ezininzi, ayikwazi ukuqhubeka inxaxheba kumjikelo rhoqo mitosis. Ngoko ke, kucingwa ukuba Kukuze batshabalale.

indlela Universal yokuzala kwizisele eukaryotic i mitosis. Eziseleni silwanyana ingena, ngokuqhelekileyo iyure. Musa phantsi ixabiso yokuzala eziphilayo, ngenxa yokuba Bulelani kuye, enikelweyo ukukhula kwazo zonke izinto.

mitosis

Ulandelelwano zonke iinkqubo ezithe zenzeka ngexesha ukuyilwa iiseli ezintsha, ngokuba umjikelo cell. It iqulathe izigaba ezithathu: interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis. Ixesha Umjikelo ixhomekeke iintlobo iiseli, kwaye ukusuka iimeko zangaphandle. Nabachatshazelwa yi lobushushu, ukufumaneka kwezondlo, ioksijini. Umzekelo, kwi epithelium wamathumbu yi ukuyilwa iiseli ezintsha kwenzeka njalo imizuzu 8-10 ntsholongwane - yonke imizuzu engama-20.

Inkqubo iqala interphase. Ngeli xesha, kukho iinkqubo ukukhula kakhulu. Khupha izinto zinceda ukuba ukwandisa iseli nokuzaliseka yonke imisebenzi eyabelwe. Ngexesha interphase-DNA ukuphindaphindeka.

Ngqo ngexesha lesigaba mitosis lwenzeka ngokucandeka yenyukliya. Chromatids ngexesha lenkqubo yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwenye nenye uMbumbi lisasazwe phakathi kwiiseli intombi njengoko chromosome.

Process, ngexesha apho bohlukene phakathi zolwakhiwo ezintsha kukho icytoplasm, ebizwa cytokinesis.

Ngexesha mitosis, iiseli akhiwa, apho ulwazi yemfuza efanayo ngokupheleleyo eziphilayo umzali. Ngethuba lale nkqubo kabini inani zofuzo.

meiosis

Kule ndlela, inombolo division iseli chromosome zinciphe. Oku kuqinisekisa izilwanyana kunye ukuzala sporogenesis ngokwesondo kwizityalo. Ngexesha meiosis kukho iyantlukwano ezimbini ezilandelelanayo, kwaye eyandulelayo kubo single reduplication ye DNA.

Zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze ezi nkqubo ngekawusi phezulu ngexesha nqanaba lokuqala - interphase. kwisigaba ngasinye sigaba izigaba ezine: prophase, metaphase, anaphase kunye telophase. Isigaba efanayo yaye mitosis, kodwa inkqubo ngamnye uneempawu zawo.

Imvelaphi meiosis - qheke leseli apho inani zofuzo kuncitshiswa amaxesha-2. haploid ezimbini avela kwimfundo enye diploid. Ngeli xesha, iinkqubo kuphuma DNA kweleli kuyilwa division yokuluka. Ngaphezu koko, lo conjugation lwenziwa kwi prophase zofuzo homologous. Umphunga ngenxa ibe bivalent. Kwezinye iindawo chromatids ukuwela. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ukuwela.

Inqanaba lokugqibela le ebizwa ngokuba yi-meiosis yesibini. Eli candelo, apho iiseli akhekha iseti haploid zofuzo, equka chromatid omnye. Ngenxa yoko lweenkqubo ezichazwe ukuyilwa kwento diploid (okanye oogonia spermatogonia) ushiya iiseli-4.

ukubaluleka yendalo ukuyilwa iiseli meiotic ezibonelela izilwanyana ezizalayo okanye ngokwesondo ibihlungu uluhlu izilwanyana ngaphezulu. Le yindlela eya ukuqinisekisa ulondolozo yofuzo yokuzala ngokusisigxina iintlobo.

Ngakumbi ngokwesini kunye nokuveliswa maqanda eziphilayo

Kuxhomekeka ngendlela apho iiseli nabelane ukuvelisa inzala ukuba ayikhuphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yale nkqubo. Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ubukho bezinto eziphilayo ezininzi kwiimeko ukutshintsha zibangelwa kanye yokuba bakwazi ukudibanisa iindlela ezahlukileyo yokuzala.

Kakade ke, ukuzala kunye maqanda ngayo ngohlobo lwabo eziphilayo eyahluke kakhulu. Iintlobo Table yokuzalela kuya kunceda ukuqonda ukuba yintoni umahluko esisiseko.

Kucacile ukuba iifom ngokwesondo lokwanda eziphilayo zibe nobunzima kakhulu. Kodwa asexually iqinisekisa ukudlalwa nkqi inani elikhulu kwinzala. Xa ukuzala eziphilayo inani nakumagatya likhula ngokukhawuleza kangaka.