Yintoni protein? Imizekelo iiprothini ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo

Ukuze siqonde indlela ebaluleke ngayo iiproteni, izimamva ezinokuthelekiswa ukukhumbula ibinzana eyaziwa kakuhle Fridriha Engelsa: ". Ubomi - indlela zempilo imizimba protein" Enyanisweni, ehlabathini ezi zinto ukongeza nucleic, ndizihlalise phezu kwakho zonke izenzo ephilayo. Kweli phepha, siya kufumanisa ukuba le nkqubo ibandakanya protein, bafunde ntoni ukusebenza lenza ngokunjalo ukuchaza iimpawu noshowo lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo.

Peptides - ehlelekile neeplastikhi

Eneneni, ekwiseli ophilayo njengeprotini izityalo kunye nezilwanyana nangokobungakanani nakolu phezu kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, kwakunye ukusebenza elona nani likhulu kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Bathi inxaxheba ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo kubaluleke kakhulu cellular, ezifana intshukumo, ukhuseleko, umsebenzi alarm njalo njalo. Ngokomzekelo, xa izihlunu izicwili kwezilwanyana nabantu peptides ziquka ukuya kwi-85% ngokobunzima mba owomileyo, kwaye ngethambo kunye dermis - ukusuka 15-50%.

Zonke iiproteni zeselula kunye zomzimba iqanjwa asidi acid (20 iintlobo). inani labo eziphilayo usoloko ulingana iintlobo mabini. imidibaniso Ezahlukeneyo monomers peptide ukwenza ezahlukeneyo iiproteni kwindalo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba inani ngeenkwenkwezi ka 2x10 ¹⁸ iintlobo kunokwenzeka. Xa polypeptides eziphilayo ekuthiwa Iipholima macromolecular ezizikhulelayo - macromolecules.

acid - monomers protein

Zonke iintlobo 20 ezi zihlanganisi yamachiza iiprothini neeyunithi noshowo kufuneka indlela jikelele H. ₂ -R-COOH. Yokuba izinto amphoteric organic unako ukusebenzisa zombini iipropati ezisisiseko kunye asidi. Hayi nje iiproteni elula, kodwa ezintsonkothileyo, ezinamaphepha ebizwa ngokuba yi-asidi kubalulekile acid. Kodwa ke monomers kubalulekile, ezifana valine, lysine, methionine inokufumaneka kuphela ezithile iintlobo belkov.Takie iiprothini kubizwa ngokuba eliphezulu-grade.

Ngoko ke, nezibonakalisa Polymer ingqalelo kuphela abaninzi acid njani na protein, kodwa olunjani monomers aba ngeentambo peptide kwi macromolecule. Yongeza ukuba yokuchitha acid ezifana asparagine, glutamic acid, cysteine ukuze ngokuzimeleyo kuhlelwe xa iiseli abantu kunye nezilwanyana. monomers Essential ziiproteni eziveliswa ntsholongwane, izityalo kunye nezinye izinto. Baya kuza eziphilayo heterotrophic kuphela ukutya.

Njengoko polypeptide kwaveza

Njengoko yaziwa, 20 acid ezahlukeneyo kudityaniswa ukuya ezininzi iintlobo iimolekyuli protein. Njani nomphetho monomers omnye komnye? Kuyabonakala ukuba carboxyl kunye ngomdla amaqela acid ezikufutshane elele sebenzisana. A ekuthiwa iibhondi peptide, kunye iimolekyuli zamanzi zabelwa njenge eceleni basabela njani polycondensation. Oku kubangela protein molecule iqulathe zeentsalela acid acid kunye imixokelelwane phindo peptide. Ngako oko ke kuthiwa nabo polypeptides.

Ngokufuthi, iiprotheni anokuqulatha nje omnye, kodwa eziliqela imixokelelwane polypeptide kwaye ziqulathe amawaka amaninzi zeentsalela acid acid. Ngaphezu koko, iiproteni elula kwaye proteid nabakwaziyo bazixakekisa uqwalaselo labo lomhlaba. Oku kudala samabanga, kodwa wesibini, emfundo ephakamileyo kunye isakhiwo koqeqesho kuphela. Makhe sihlolisise le nkqubo zolwimi ngokunzulu. Ukuqhubeka ukuhlola umbuzo wokuba yintoni eyenza iproteni, ufumanise ukuba uqwalaselo lo macromolecule. Siye safumanisa ukuba kwitsheyini polypeptide ziqulathe nobuninzi iibhondi covalent chemical. Yiyo le sakhiwo kuthiwa zaseprayimari.

Idlala indima ebalulekileyo ukwakhiwa komthamo nobugcisa asidi acid, kwakunye ngokulandelelana eziwafaka. kuvela isakhiwo Secondary ngalo mzuzu le Helix. It omeleza iibhondi hydrogen abasandula asakhulayo abaninzi.

amanqanaba aphezulu mbutho protein

isakhiwo ephakamileyo ngenxa impahla ezijikeleze in uhlobo ibhola - globules, umz, izihlunu Iprothini myoglobin ngelaphu nje isakhiwo lwendawo enjalo. Oko kuxhaswa njengoko elalisandul 'ukusekwa ngeentambo hydrogen, yaye imixokelelwane disulfide (ukuba kwiintsalela cysteine kuquka eziliqela protein molecule). ifomu koqeqesho - oku kubangelwa yokudibanisa libe phantsi kophahla olunye globules iiproteins eziliqela iindidi ezintsha leendibano, ezifana hydrophobic okanye electrostatic. Sikunye peptides kunye nesakhiwo koqeqesho iquka nesabelo nonproteinaceous. Ezi isenokuba ion wemagniziyam, intsimbi, ubhedu okanye iintsalela orthophosphate okanye nucleic, kunye lipids.

Features protein biosynthesis

ngaphambili Siye safumanisa ukuba le nkqubo ibandakanya protini. Oku elakhiwe ukulandelana acid acid. ibandla yabo baya kuyiphosa kwitsheyini polypeptide ithatha indawo ribosomes - non-inwebu iiseli organelles, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Xa biosynthesis kwemolekyuli nayo ulwazi inxaxheba kunye nokudluliselwa RNA. Eyokuqala itemplate indibano protein i yokudlulisela yesibini asidi ezahlukeneyo acid. kukho a byi kwi inkqubo biosynthesis yeselula, oko kukuthi, iproteni iqulathe nucleotides okanye acid? Impendulo ilula - ke polypeptides zombini ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo kuquka oganikhi khompawundi amphoteric - acid. In umjikelo wobomi iiseli , kukho amaxesha umsebenzi wayo xa njini iproteni ukwenzeka ingakumbi esebenzayo. Oku njalo-ngokuba isigaba J1 kunye J2 interphase. Ngeli xesha, iseli ikhula ngamandla kwaye ufuna ezininzi izinto zokwakha, nto leyo ziiprotein. Ngaphezulu, ngenxa yokuba uhlobo isiphelo ezimbini iiseli intombi mitotic, nganye efuna isixa esikhulu kwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa kwi imiphantsi reticulum kakuhle endoplasmic na kuyondelelaniswe kungenelela lipids kunye carbohydrate, yaye EPM granular kwenzeka biosynthesis kweziyi.

Imisebenzi ye iiprotheni

Ukwazi oko kwenza iproteni, oko kuchazwe njenge iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo, kunye neempawu ezizodwa ezendeleyo kwezi izinto. Neeproteni liyenze endlwaneni iindidi imisebenzi, ezifana nolwakhiwo, njengenxalenye inwebu zonke iiseli kunye organelles: mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, Golgi complex, njalo-njalo. peptides ezifana gamoglobuliny okanye omzimba - yimizekelo iiprotheni elula ukuba enze umsebenzi olukhuselayo. Ngamanye amazwi, okukwazi zeselula - oku ziziphumo amanyathelo ezi izinto. A protein complex - kokubeka, kunye haemoglobin, uphumeza umsebenzi zothutho izilwanyana, oko kukuthi, ethwele ioksijini egazini. Umqondiso iiproteni ezakha inwebu yeseli, ulwazi iseli ukubonelela kwiziyobisi, uzama ukufumana xa kukho icytoplasm yakhe. peptide albumin linoxanduva ezingundoqo parameters igazi, umzekelo, ngekhono layo ihlwili. Protein ovalbumin stock amaqanda endlwaneni, kwaye mthombo kwezondlo.

Neeproteni - isiseko yeseli cytoskeleton

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo peptides - inkxaso. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina imilo kunye nomthamo aphilayo. Isakhiwo ekuthiwa submembrane - microtubules kunye microfilaments ezazimanyene ukwenza i skeleton yangaphakathi iiseli. Iiproteni ebandakanywe ukwakhiwa kwawo, umz, tubulin, ngokulula zixinaniswe nangengalo. Oku kunceda iseli ukugcina imilo yayo deformations mechanical.

Xa plant cells, kunye iiprotheni hyaloplasm, umsebenzi axhasayo Ziphinde imisonto kukho icytoplasm - plasmodesmata. Edlula pores eludongeni yeseli, bakufikise ubudlelwane phakathi eziliqela izakhiwo zeselula ukukhwezelela kwenza esiqwini sesityalo.

Enzyme - into protein nature

Enye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo kweziyi - ifuthe lazo izinga ekudibaneni kwemichiza. iiproteni Basic bayakwazi denature inxalenye - inkqubo imicu macromolecule kubume ephakamileyo okanye koqeqesho. I-chain efanayo kakhulu polypeptide akukho kwaphulwa. nokuguqulwa Partial oxhasa kokubini uphawu kunye nomsebenzi ekujonganeni le protini. Ipropati yokugqibela kukukwazi enqanda ukuphembelela izinga reactions kwemichiza kwi nucleus kwaye kukho icytoplasm yeseli. Peptides ukuba, icala, kunciphisa umyinge iinkqubo khemikhali ngokuba enzyme inhibitor. Umzekelo, iproteni Catalase elula i-enzayimi leyo ibalekisa ukuqhekeka iperoksayidi yehidrojeni ngayo izinto eziyityhefu. Oku kuveliswe imveliso ekupheleni le reactions ezininzi chemical. Catalase ibalekisa yokuchithwa kwayo nezinto cala, amanzi kunye neoksijini.

iimpawu iiprotheni

Le peptides zihlelwa ngeendlela ezininzi. Umzekelo, ngokumalunga amanzi yohlulwe esibamba kunye hydrophobic. Amaqondo obushushu, nto ngokwahlukileyo kuchaphazela isakhiwo neempawu ezo molekyuli protein. Umzekelo, iiproteins ngekeratini - iinwele kunye necandelo iinzipho unako ukumelana ubushushu ephantsi phezulu, ngamanye na thermolabile. Kodwa ovalbumin protein, okhankanywe ngaphambili, xa lashushu 80-100 ° C itshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba oko wohlukana isakhiwo ephambili iintsalela acid acid. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba intshabalalo. Enoba iimeko, akazange adale thina, ngendlela lokuzalwa kwiproteni imbuyekezo abakwazi. Motor protein - actin kunye milozin ezikhoyo imicu kwezihlunu. nokuncipha kwabo enye nokuphumla sisiseko yomsebenzi kwezihlunu.