Yintoni stylistically ezinemibala mazwi? Umbala okuloba

Baya kuba kwisebe lenzululwazi ojongene uqeqesho ekusetyenzisweni ngokwahlukeneyo kolwimi kunxibelelwano, kwakunye nokunika ulwazi malunga ulwimi ngokwawo, kunye efanelekileyo kuthetha kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Libizwa ngokuba "isimbo 'ezihlangwini baso ubuciko (ingqiqo ubugagu), eyayisingethe kuphela yokuthetha style yoluntu. Indlela inzululwazi lugubungela zonke iinkqubo iindlela zentetho. Yinto uhlobo imfundiso malunga iintlobo ezininzi ezisebenzayo yokubonakalisa iingcinga neemvakalelo.

Yintoni stylistically ezinemibala mazwi?

Zisetyenziswa kuphela nezimbo ezithile, ezifana:

1. isigama Scientific. Oku kuquka amagama asetyenziswa kwimfundo, inzululwazi neteknoloji (umz, uluhlu, laser njalo njalo. D.).
2. Lexicon Political. Nanga amagama asetyenziswe endle kwezentlalo nezopolitiko (yomviwa, ithisisi, ucinga njalo. N.).
3. Incoko isigama. Oku zimelwe ngamagama, ezithi zisetyenziswe kakhulu kunxibelelwano yasekhaya, ngomlomo (imifanekiso emikhulu, kunye Inet t. D.). Njengenxalenye yemisebenzi wobugcisa usetyenziswa ukuba abalinganiswa kwezi abalinganiswa abaphambili.

Ebeka i ngasentla, siya kuchaza ukuba amazwi oku stylistically vali. Ngawo la ke amazwi, ukuba wongeze ixabiso, ngakumbi ngqo, Bayibiza into badlule kwi-yovavanyo efanelekileyo (ukungahoywa, imvume, isigqebelo, njalo njalo. P.), Njengokuba ngokunjalo iimvakalelo ezithile kuye.

Uhlobo Umbala zobugcisa

Oku kuquka amacandelo amabini:

1. yokusetyenziswa-ekujoliswe imibala zobugcisa (kombala kweeyunithi ngamnye ngolwimi), mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, ukuba zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu eziphambili:

• ingxoxo;
• ncwadi;
• cala.

Iintlobo ezimbini zokuqala ingaba:

- Iifom zegrama (umz, izivumelwano (cala) - Agreement (ingxoxo);

- igama (umzekelo, indawo (cala) - Indawo (incwadi);

- izaci (umz, uwatwabulule imilenze (incoko) - ukuze kuphumla ukulala yokugqibela (incwadi);

- iziphakamiso (umzekelo, ngenxa-flying non iimeko zemozulu, lo moya lilibaziseka (cala) - ngenxa enkungwini, andizange kubaleka (Indies).

2. yokuvakalisa-zesimbo evaluation imibala (akukho nomphetho ukuya isimbo esithile, equlethwe ilizwi) iquka iintlobo ezintathu:

• kwanciphisa;
• banda;
• cala.

Umzekelo: ngobomi (cala) - zhituha (yancitshiswa) - ubomi (ukwanda).

igama cala kwaye stylistically ipeyintwe

Isigama ulwimi boncwadi nga kwahlulwa ibe amacandelo ezimbini eziphambili: isigama stylistically zakudala cala.

isigama cala - amagama Awabotshwanga nayiphi na iindlela ezikhoyo yokuthetha, oko kukuthi, zinokuthi zisetyenziswe ngayo nayiphi na inkqubo yokuthetha kuthetha, kuba ezibonisa bebala ngokweemvakalelo. Noko ke, la mazwi izithethantonye zesimbo (kwincoko, incwadi, zomthonyama).

Ngokutsho M. V. Lomonosova theory ( "luthoba abathathu"), onke amanye amagama nokuba kukumancedo inkqubo intetho eliphezulu (umz, ukuphumla, kunye nelizwe t. D.) Okanye ukuba ephantsi (umz, ngenye imini, isisu m. N ) ..

Kulo mba, kukho isigama oluthethwayo (inkabi gray, tsyts, njl ...) Yaye ke incwadi, nto leyo, yahlulelwe kwii ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• ishishini esemthethweni (abakhi, protocol, etc ...);
• iincwadi zesigama (amehlo, magenta, etc ...);
• SF (cathetus, ithisisi, etc ...);
• publicistic (abasebenzi intsimi, inyathelo, njalo njalo. p.).

Umkhomba-style olumnandi

Ababini kubo, ngokukodwa:

• stylistics ulwimi;
• indlela yokuthetha (stylistics ezisebenzayo).

Le icala lokuqala ukufunda indlela zesimbo isigama, igrama kunye phraseology kunye nesakhiwo zesimbo ulwimi.

iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentetho kunye nokuxhomekeka kwabo kwiingxelo ezahlukeneyo kweenjongo - Second.

Stylistics iilwimi kufuneka siqulathe le siseko consistency ukusebenza kwaye zibonisa ukuzalana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentetho ngenjongo lisithi, abantu bakhe, iimeko zonxibelelwano, isimo sengqondo umbhali kunye nentetho yi lowo uthunyelwe.

iindidi zawo awona abalulekileyo iindlela ezisebenzayo (neentlobo ulwimi standard, ezo kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi zentlalo).

IziTayile - imidibaniso ezahlukeneyo yokusetyenziswa kolwimi kwinkqubo yokunxibelelana. Ngayinye intetho nkqubo ebalasele ngokuphuma isicelo izibonelelo zolwimi, ngokunjalo indibanisela lawo elikhethekileyo omnye komnye.

Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuba iqulunqe inkcazo oko a stylistics iilwimi. Oku, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, isebe le-Ezolimi ukuba ufunda iindlela ezahlukeneyo (ulwimi, intetho, uhlobo, njalo njalo). Kwakhona esi sifundo yophando lwakhe iimpawu ngokweemvakalelo, ekhululekile yaye okulinganisa kweeyunithi zeelwimi ngokwemigaqo paradigmatic (ngaphakathi kwinkqubo lolwimi), kwaye inkalo syntagmatic (kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano).

Ubume icandelo igqalwa Ezolimi

Indlela ulwimi mihla Russian ibandakanya zizahlulo ezithathu eziphambili:

1. uhlobo yesicatshulwa, ejongisisa isakhiwo yayo yangaphakathi kwaye hayi ulwimi umbutho phakathi isiqulatho (injongo, umxholo kunye njalo njalo. D.) Ekubeni ibinzana ulwimi.

Ukuze eli candelo, kubalulekile ukwakha okubhaliweyo, impefumlelwano sezulu noshowo, ulwalamano uhlobo kunye nomxholo, ifuthe iinjongo ngokunxibelelana lombhali kunye uthunyelwe ezi, kwakunye nefuthe kwizinto ezisisiseko. Ngokubanzi, indima ebalulekileyo ngoku udlalwa nge iqondo ukubhengezwa imisebenzi ethile boqhagamshelwano.

2. stylistics yokusetyenziswa swi isifundo kwezi ndlela ekhoyo yokusetyenziswa kolwimi kwiinkalo ezithile zezinto ezenziwa luluntu (zolawulo, ezomthetho, lwezenzululwazi, kwezentlalo nezopolitiko, njalo njalo).

3. Ezi zibonelelo isimbo (stylistics practical) inxaxheba kuphando kwezibonelelo kweelwimi ngokwemiqathango imibala zabo zobugcisa (ezichazayo ngokweemvakalelo kwaye esebenza ngayo). Ixilonga imiba malunga nokusetyenziswa kweeyunithi lolwimi njengendlela yokukhuthaza amazwi iingcinga ezithile, iimvakalelo, kunye nokudlulisela ulwazi.

Ngamanye amazwi, indlela ulwimi mihla Russian, kwakunye inkcubeko intetho engathi study imiba enxulumene iqondo ukusetyenziswa kolwimi kunye nokusebenza kunye nemali yayo phantsi unxibelelwano ngomlomo. linomdla ingxaki ngokuphathelele ekwahlukeni imizwa kwintetho.

Ngaloo ndlela, ziqonde onke amacandelo isimbo ingashwankathelwa njengengcaciso. Ngokutsho Dictionary zobugcisa Encyclopedic ulwimi Russian, oko nesebe Ezolimi ukuba lifunda izakhono zolwimi ngeendlela zawo izimvo kunye imigaqo esebenzayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.

Umxholo isimbo practical

Okokuqala, liquka ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga izimbo iilwimi. Okwesibini, stylistics practical iquka uvavanyo imibala oludlulisa ngokweemvakalelo kwezibonelelo ezikhoyo ngolu lwimi. Okwesithathu, eli candelo liqulathe ntonye kwezibonelelo lweelwimi.

indawo Central inikwa yokugqibela, ukuze:

• ngolwimi ngokufuthi akukho izithethantonye elililo;
• ukwahluka nelithi kufuneka kusoloko kunxibelelana norms zoncwadi;
• Oku kuvumele kuthelekiswa ntonye njengoko isifundo ubukho babo ngexesha elifanayo phantsi nemeko zazivelela yabo.

Kubalulekile kwakhona kwi-sikhokelo ukusetyenziswa bobuqili izixhobo zesimbo zegrama lungelelanisa ngayo ulwimi.

Imbali chavelela kwesimbo

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, owandulela kwefom mihla le isimbo baba poetics amandulo zamaxesha aphakathi kunye inokusebenza. Eyokuqala eyayibonwa inzululwazi kwimibongo, kwaye eyesibini - inzululwazi ubugagu, engundoqo apho ibandakanyeka ekufundiseni malunga ibinzana yomlomo ngokusekelwe ekukhetheni amagama athile, amabinzana kunye ngezafobe.

Phakathi ngokwesakhelo stylistics Russian indima ebonakalayo ngoku udlalwa nge thiyori iindlela zokuqala Russian Scientist-semvelo M. V. Lomonosova.

Igama elithi yavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX. ngokukhethekayo usebenza isiJamani romantic, yaye phakathi kwenkulungwane efanayo, ukuzama style ukugwetyelwa lwenzululwazi ( "isimbo Philosophy" Herbert Spencer (1852) kunye Heymann yiSteinthal (1866).

Basics yesimbo babekwa imisebenzi AA and A Potebni Veselovsky ( "Ukususela imbali walithiywa").

Ngengqiqo emxinwa ngakumbi (njengoko lungiselelo izinto ulwimi kwintetho kwi imida morpheme ukuya lonke isivakalisi), eli sebe lwe Ezolimi izicelo American Ezolimi esichazayo (-sharing 40-50. Wenkulungwane XX-th.).

Nenye intsingiselo, indlela ezaziqondwa mihla Ezolimi IsiNgesi isicatshulwa. Ukongeza, ezi iingqiqo ezifana ukwahluka kunye nenkululeko yokuzikhethela ngeentlobo iindlela umbhali wesicatshulwa okanye ndithetha atyeshelwe kakhulu ezinxulumene, ngoko ezingaphezu kunye negrama (stylistics text).

Njengoko imfundiso itekisi efana kunye ezisezantsi extra-umhlabi ulwimi ( "ikhowudi", ulwimi oluqhelekileyo, njalo njalo. D.) Style siqulunqwe abameli Prague isikolo iilwimi ngokwembali kakhulu ekuqaleni (sharing-30-40. Wenkulungwane XX-th.). Apha nesenzo intetho yonke (ngomlomo okanye ngokubhaliweyo) iqondwa njengoko ngenxa sikhetha isithethi iifom ezithile neelwimi kuquka namathuba pre-elungiselela ulwimi (zegrama, syntactic, phonetic, lungelelanisa). Njengoko kwakunye zombini, kwi-sikhokelo isenzo yokuthetha, Kakade ke, kuxhomekeke "umsebenzi" wayo.

Isiseko sale hlobo utoliko isimbo yaba imbono ( "Unxibelelwano") isimbo 'esebenza' zentetho. Lwafika ingqikelelo Charles Bally: ngolwimi bakwezolimo iintlobo ezininzi kuyahambisana, kunye imiqolo zabo, enye yazo "imvelaphi cala", yaye ezinye nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo umbala olongezelelweyo - zobugcisa.

Iikhrayitheriya Uvavanyo isigama zobugcisa

Eyona zimbini ze zivele, ngokukodwa:

1. Ubukho okanye ukungabi amagama akwi njengohlobo ethile esebenza ulwimi Russian.
2. Ubukho imibala ngokweemvakalelo zentetho (ezinokwenzeka ezibonisa kweeyunithi zeelwimi).

Inkolelo iingcamango zobugcisa

intsingiselo okuloba yeli gama - kuba yipropathi umxholo okanye ifomu isandi iyunithi olumnandi, nto leyo enciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo isimbo ethile. Kuye elinye igama - kusenokuthetha (ukuhla).

Amaxesha amaninzi, kukho amaxesha xa kunzima ukwahlula phakathi intsingiselo zesimbo kunye lungelelanisa kweeyunithi zeelwimi. Umzekelo, amagama afana ebunzi, izidlele kunye zomlomo iingqiqo yokwakheka (inxalenye lukakayi, iinxalenye ubuso, nezibaya ulusu-kwezihlunu), kwaye tserkovnoslavyanizmy ehambelanayo (ibunzi, izidlele, Nomlomo) - ". Umthombo iintetho abazizilumko" "ichibi ngezimvo",

Ngoko ke, singatsho ukuba apha zidibana kunye kusenokuthetha intsingiselo lungelelanisa yeli gama. Kodwa umahluko lwesemantiki embodiments zobugcisa kunokuba kuba ncinci (umz, Breg - Beach, silwa - abandayo, njl ...). Kule meko, siza ungakhetha amaxabiso inkalo zobugcisa njenge geqe.

izakhi igcwele kakhulu

Ezintathu zazo:

1. Esebenza ngayo. Icacisa iyunithi kulwimi besekhaya isimbo esithile.
2. Ngokweemvakalelo ntweni. Olu phawu simisela ubuhlobo isithethi ukuya into intetho.
3. Ekhululekile (ekhululekile). Ubonisa umnqweno yesithethi, ukuze ndithethe, "ayihombise" kuyo. expressivity nolahlo ngokubanzi kungaba kuqondwe nokuhlaziya ifomu lwangaphakathi igama (uxhulumaniso phakathi ixabiso kunye nesandi).

Iimpawu zendlela kweeyunithi zeelwimi

A lot of kubo, ke, wagqiba ekubeni kulwabiwo oku kulandelayo:

• isiseko:

- umsebenzi ngokunxibelelana (inkqubo yonxibelelwano);

- kwengqondo (inkqubo ingcamango).

• eziziiprayimari;
• yezabelo (anga).

Iimpawu zendlela amagama (ulwimi) bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amathathu:

• nominative (nokonyulwa nokuhlalisana izinto leyinene extralinguistic);
• ngokweemvakalelo (ukubonakaliswa ukuzalana isithethi into intetho);
• conative (orientation kuthelekiswa interlocutor).

Imisebenzi engundoqo na ukubizwa ngokuba iilwimi jikelele, leyo azibonakalisa naliphi na inani iingxelo (ngaphandle Ngokubhekiselele ukubandakanya zobugcisa).

Clichés kunye kantselyarizmy

Yintoni amagama stylistically vali, ekuxoxwe ngazo ngaphambili, oko dili ixabisa kunye iimpazamo ukuba zibangelwa ukusetyenziswa zabo zingabi nasihlahla. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwe amacandelo eelwimi, abaqhagamshelwe kunye indlela esemthethweni.

izinto zayo zifakiwe kwi stylistically akwamkelekanga kubo umxholo, ngokuba kantselyarizmami ( "Russian udidi ulwimi 10"). Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba eli gama libhekisela kwiinkonzo intetho kuphela kwiimeko apho zisetyenziswa entetho, nto leyo babotshelelwe yimigangatho yale isimbo.

Ngu kantselyarizmam phraseological kwaye lungelelanisa kwamkelwa ilizwi (ibinzana) ukuba ikakhulu okufana-arhente imibala ilizwi inkqubo (umz, kukuswela, ukuba ikhona, ukumbamba kunye m. P.). ukusebenzisa kwabo njengenxalenye yale isimbo kwenza kube stylistically understated.

Iyafuna ukukhumbuza ukuba onjalo stylistically zipeyintwe amagama - kweeyunithi zeelwimi kunye ixabiso.

Impembelelo style kakuhle esemthethweni yabonisa usebenzisa clichés (amagama ezifumene yande kakhulu, yaye amabinzana aye kuluhlu lwabantu abaziwa ngokungahlawuli bucinyiwe semantics nezovakalelo). Umzekelo, kwithuba kwiimeko ezininzi, ngokufuthi wasebenzisa ibinzana elithi "ukufumana ubhaliso" ( "I ibhola, ephaphazela kungena injongo, ofumana imvume yokuhlala kwiitheyibhile", "Aphrodite waba umboniso osisigxina ingqokelela lwembali, ngoko ke ifumene imvume zokuhlala isixeko sethu").

Isitampu nayo nayiphi njalo intetho, umzekelo izikweko ethile (inkcazelo leyo baye balahlekelwa amandla abo yokomfuziselo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwincoko). Noko ke, indlela ebonakalayo eli gama liye ngenkcazelo ngakumbi: ibizwa beyenza amabinzana sinakho umbala lokubhala ( "Russian udidi ulwimi 10").

amagama Onemisebenzi kwexabiso licaciswe, nako kwenza njengoko clichés (umzekelo, inombolo, umba, ukhankase, ichazwa, umthambo, kuthwalelwa phandle eyahlukileyo, njalo njalo).

Kufuneka zingahlukaniswa ekuthiwa-iindawo (esebenzisa ibinzana zinikezelwa kwi intetho, ezisetyenziswa kwi- style journalistic).

Ezi ziquka ukuhlanganiswa yokuba umlinganiswa zizinze (inkonzo yengqesho, abasebenzi kwicandelo likarhulumente, amazwe uncedo wobuntu yaye njalo njalo. D.). ngokubanzi Bona isetyenziswa iintatheli ngenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba uzakhe rhoqo ndlela ngokwesiseko entsha yokuthetha.