Yintoni ubukhulu zomoya? Yintoni ubungakanani kwemolekyuli?

Xa athom ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu angene iibhondi imichiza kunye namanye, molecule apho. Akukhathaliseki nokuba ezi atom efanayo okanye bonke zahlukile enye kwenye kokubini imilo kunye nobukhulu. Sonke ukuqonda, yintoni ubungakanani molecule ngoko luxhomekeke khona.

Yintoni molecule?

Kangangamawaka eminyaka, izazinzulu ziye ucingela malunga imfihlelo yobomi, malunga into eyenzekayo imvelaphi yayo. Ngokutsho ngamasiko kakhulu, ubomi nayo yonke into, yonke into kweli hlabathi yenziwe izinto ezisisiseko yendalo - umhlaba, umoya, umoya, amanzi kunye nomlilo. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, zobulumko ezininzi ndiqalile ukubeka phambili ingcamango yokuba zonke izinto iqanjwa ezincinane, izinto ayahlukahlukenanga ukuba ayikwazi ukuba kudalwa okanye zitshatyalaliswe.

Noko ke, kuphela emva kokufika ingcamango atom of chemistry mihla, oososayensi baqalisa postulate ukuba amasuntswana ethatyathwe kunye, ndadala kwiibloko zokwakha ezingundoqo izinto zonke. Ngoko kwakukho isithuba ukuba umxholo theory mihla yamasuntswana ibhekisa unit zincinane mass.

Ngokutsho definition yawo yamandulo, molecule - kwisuntswana incinane into enceda ukugcina chemical yayo kunye neepropati emzimbeni. Le nto ndiyibhalayo athom ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kwaye amaqela athom ezifanayo okanye ezahlukeneyo abanjelwe kunye zizinto imichiza.

Yintoni ubukhulu zomoya? Xa grade 5 zenzululwazi zendalo (isifundo) inika uluvo jikelele kuphela ubungakanani, iimilo, iinkcukacha ezingakumbi ngalo mba ifundwa kwisikolo esiphakamileyo kwiiklasi chemistry.

imizekelo molecule

Iimolekyuli kungaba lula okanye ezintsonkothileyo. Nantsi eminye imizekelo:

• H ₂ O (amanzi);
• N ₂ (nitrogen);
• O ₃ (ozone);
• Cao (calcium oxide);
• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (glucose).

Molekyuli ezibandakanya izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kuthiwa iikhompawundi. Ngaloo ndlela, amanzi, calcium oxide kunye iswekile ezingundoqo. Asingabo bonke khompawundi molekyuli, kodwa iimolekyuli ezi zinto. nga big njani na? Yintoni na ubukhulu kwemolekyuli? Wazi into yokuba phantse yonke le nto siyibonayo yenziwe-athom (ngaphandle ukukhanya kunye nesandi). Ubunzima sabo setotali ubunzima molekyuli ziya kubakho.

isiphumlisi

Ukuthetha ngento ixabiso ezo molekyuli, uninzi oosonzululwazi bakucaphukele ubunzima eziphilayo. Le ubunzima lilonke zonke athom enqila:

• Amanzi ubunjwe athom ezimbini hydrogen (ukuba iyunithi enye ubunzima atom) kwaye enye atom oxygen (16 amu), kukho ubunzima beemolekyuli 18 (ngakumbi ngqo, 18.01528).
• Iswekile enobunzima beemolekyuli ka 180.
• DNA into ende kakhulu, ukuze ube nelitye molekyuli ukuba malunga 1010 (ubunzima elisondeleyo omnye chromosome kwabantu).

Silinganiso neenanometer

Ukongezelela ubunzima, singakwazi kwakhona ubungakanani yintoni na ubukhulu bezinto molecule e neenanometer. unit amanzi malunga 0.27 NM ubukhulu. DNA ifikelela 2 NM ubukhulu, kwaye wandise ukuya kwiimitha eziliqela ubude. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba ezi ubukhulu ungalunga kwi iseli enye. Umlinganiselo ngobude Ebubanzini DNA Akumangalisi. Kuyinto 1/100 000 000, oku unwele yabantu kubude nebala lebhola ekhatywayo.

Iimilo kunye nobukhulu

Yintoni ubukhulu zomoya? Baya kuza iimilo kwaye abe nobukhulu obahlukeneyo. Water kunye ne-carbon dioxide ngaxeshanye yenye, iprotini incinane - enye kwelikhulu. Iimolekyuli - izinto ezinama athom, abaqhagamshelwe omnye nomnye. Ukuqonda ukubonakala iimolekyuli nto ngokwesithethe yinxalenye chemistry. Ngaphandle kwabo bikho yokuziphatha imichiza engaqhelekanga, enye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo na ngobukhulu eziphilayo.

Apho iluncedo ingakumbi ukwazi ngoko ixabiso zomoya? Impendulo kule mibuzo neminye emininzi kunceda entsimini ngenxa yezixhobo kwakunye ingqikelelo nano-iirobhothi kunye nezinto ezikrelekrele ezifunekayo ukujongana neziphumo ngobukhulu emolekyuli kunye neemilo.

Yintoni ubukhulu zomoya?

Iklasi 5 zesayensi yendalo malunga nesihloko inika ulwazi ngokubanzi kuphela, zonke molekyuli iqanjwa athom, nto leyo sihamba rhoqo random. Kwisikolo aphakamileyo, uyakwazi sele ukubona iifomyula kumaziko iincwadi chemistry, zazo imilo Rule yale iimolekyuli. Nangona kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukulinganisa ubude babo umlawuli eziqhelekileyo, kodwa ukwenza oku, kufuneka wazi ukuba molekyuli kukho izinto-ntathu. umfanekiso wabo iphepha kwingqikelelo kwi-moya onamacala amabini. Ubude molecule itshintshiwe nge amakhonkco ubude iikona zayo. Kukho abo ezintathu eziphambili:

• Tetrahedron angle 109 °, xa zonke amakhonkco le-atom nazo zonke ezinye athom abatshatanga (dash elinye kuphela).
• I-engile a namacala 120 °, xa elinye atom umntu ibhondi kabini ukuya kwenye atom.
• umgca engile 180 °, xa atom uba iintambo ezimbini kabini okanye kathathu nomnye atom.

iikona Real badla zahlukile kwezi engile, ekubeni kuyimfuneko ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo inani lweziphumo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka intsebenziswano electrostatic.

Indlela ukuthelekelela ubungakanani iimolekyuli: Imizekelo

Yintoni ubukhulu zomoya? Grade 5 iimpendulo kulo mbuzo, njengoko natshoyo, abantu jikelele ngokwendalo. Abafundi bazi ukuba ubungakanani ezi zihlanganisi lincinane kakhulu. Umzekelo, ukuba molecule ukuvula Isanti ukhozo olunye esanti lonke wokudla isanti, ngoko ngaphantsi ubunzima ngenxa nto ifihlwe endlwini imigangatho ezintlanu. Yintoni ubukhulu zomoya? Impendulo emfutshane, nto leyo nayo i nzululwazi, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.

Ubunzima molekyuli ilingana isalamane yokunikana ubuninzi lilonke kweziyobisi into okanye iimolekyuli kuthelekiswa ubunzima izinyo le Avogadro njalo. Le yunithi kg. I-avareji ubunzima ngemolekyula ka-10 ^-23 -10 ^-26 kg. Thabatha, umzekelo, amanzi. ubunzima bayo ezinto 3 × 10 ^-26 kg.

Njengoko ubungakanani molecule kuchaphazela amandla yomtsalane?

Lijongene akutsalwa phakathi iimolekyuli ungamandla kagesi, nto leyo ebonakalisa ngokusebenzisa nomtsalane isizathu ezi ntlawulo esahlukileyo. Umkhosi electrostatic olukhoyo phakathi izityholo esahlukileyo, ilawula ukudibana phakathi athom kunye naphakathi iimolekyuli. Amandla omxhuzulane incinane kangaka kulo mzekelo ukuba nokungahoywa.

Ubungakanani molecule kuchaphazela amandla womxhuzulane ngokusebenzisa electron ilifu kwezithintelo random kwi ukwabiwa elektroni kwi molecule. Kwimeko nonpolar amasuntswana umboniso ababuthathaka kuphela van der Waals intsebenziswano okanye eziziintsali imikhosi, ubungakanani molekyuli kuba nefuthe ngqo kwi ubukhulu efini electron ezingqonge molecule utshilo. I elikhulu oko, kokukhona endle ityala okundijikelezileyo kuyo.

A electron ilifu elikhulu kuthetha ukuba iimolekyuli angabamelwane phakathi ingaba nonxibelelwano ngekhompyutha ngakumbi. Ngenxa yoko, enye inxalenye molecule eba intlawulo yethutyana buso HIV, kunye nezinye - negative. Xa oku kusenzeka, imolekyuli ukuba ngamaza electron efini ezikufuphi. Le ingaka ibatsalayo kungenxa buso icala ezintle zinemoletyhule uthanda icala leyesibini inxalenye.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, yintoni na ubuninzi molekyuli? Imbali yendalo, njengoko sibonile, unako ukufumana i imbonakaliso yokomfuziselo ubunzima kunye nobungakanani kwezi amasuntswana amancinane. Kodwa siyazi ukuba kukho iikhompawundi alula nanzima. Ke yesibini ekunokuthiwa into efana macromolecule. Le yunithi elikhulu kunene, ezifana iproteni ngokuqhelekileyo yenziweyo polymerization of subunits ezincinci (monomers). Bona lidla amawaka-athom okanye ngaphezulu.

Olona hlobo macromolecules ngamachiza ezi biopolymers (nucleic, iiprotheni, carbohydrate polyphenols) kunye molekyuli ezinkulu non-polymeric (ezifana lipids). macromolecules Synthetic ziquka iiplastiki eqhelekileyo neerhali zokwenziwa, kwakunye nezixhobo zovavanyo ezifana nanotubes carbon.