Icyanobacteria - is ... icyanobacteria: isakhiwo, ulwazi jikelele

Phakathi izinto ezikhoyo ngoku, kukho ezinye izincedisi apho nawuphi na ummandla wendalo iingxabano rhoqo. Ngoko ke izidalwa ezibizwa icyanobacteria. Nangona igama ngqo abanazo. Izithethantonye ezininzi kakhulu;

• ulwelwe blue-eluhlaza;
• cyanobiont;
• fikohromovye Monera;
• cyano;
• slizievye ulwelwe nabanye.

Kubonakala ukuba icyanobacteria - kube incinane kakhulu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye umzimba kwaye impikiswano enjalo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo kwaye kwakhona isakhiwo yayo ukwenzela ukugqiba ukubandakanya ngqo taxonomic.

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa ngobukho

Ngokutsho ingxelo yefosili, imbali lona lisiza blue-eluhlaza enemvelaphi yayo kude emva kwexesha, iminyaka nesigidi embalwa eyadlulayo. Ezi ziphumo kwakhokelela nasekufundweni paleontologists abahlalutya namawa (sites zabo) baloo maxesha akude.

icyanobacteria kwafunyanwa phezu phezu iisampuli, isakhiwo apho kwakungekho yahlukile iifom mihla. Oku kubonisa iqondo eliphezulu bhetyebhetye ezi zidalwa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo, ekunyamezeleni zabo ezigqithisileyo basinde. Kucacile ukuba kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwakukho eninzi utshintsho ubushushu negesi yokwakheka komhlaba. Akukho, Noko ke, abazange kuchaphazela nokufaneleka umbala oluhlaza.

Icyanobacteria mihla - a kokuphilayo kweseli olunye-, nto leyo yavulwa kunye nezinye iintlobo iiseli bacteria. Oko kukuthi, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Lui Pasterom kunye nezinye izazinzulu kwi XVIII-XIX iinkulungwane.

Ngakumbi ukufunda ngenyameko ayetyhubela kamva, kunye nophuhliso electron microscopy kunye neendlela lwala maxesha kunye yenze uphando. Iimpawu zaye zachongwa ukuba ilifa icyanobacteria. Isakhiwo iseli uquka iqela elitsha, akafumaneki kwezinye izidalwa, izakhiwo.

ngezigaba

Lo mbuzo ukumisela kuyiphi taxonomic uvuliwe. Nangona yaziwa into enye kuphela: icyanobacteria - prokaryotes. Oku kungqinwe neempawu ezifana:

• Ukungabikho inucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts;
• ubukho kwi murein yeseli eludongeni;
• S-ribosome molecule eyakhiwa iiseli.

Kunjalo, icyanobacteria - prokaryotes, uniko manani, malunga ne-1,5 million iintlobo. Bonke bephela, zahlelwa kwaye amaqela ngamaqela 5 amakhulu morphological.

1. Chroococcales. Kwane- iqela elikhulu ukumanyanisa iindlela wedwa okanye lobukoloniyali. High lamanani eziphilayo abanjelwe kunye efanayo yencindi secreted iseli eludongeni lomntu ngamnye. Imilo eli qela zezi intonga emile kunye nesakhiwo ukulenza.
2. Plevrokapsovye. efana kakhulu kwifom elidlulileyo, kodwa kukho icandelo ngohlobo yokutshata beotsitov (ngakumbi kule meko kamva). Okuqukiweyo apha icyanobacteria iiklasi ezintathu ezisisiseko: Plevrokapsy, Dermokapsy, Miksosartsiny.
3. Oksillatorii. Eyona iphambili eli qela kukuba zonke iiseli ziye zadityaniswa isakhiwo eqhelekileyo ebizwa ngokuba trichome mucic. Eli candelo uthatha indawo, ngaphandle kokuya ngaphandle elikulomsonto, ngaphakathi. Ostsillatorii zibandakanya kobulungu yayo iiseli kuphela kwezityalo, ebabela asexually isiqingatha.
4. Nostokovye. Umdla cryophilic yayo. Nmb ukuhlala ezinkqantosini open ngumkhenkce ukwakha kwabo ukuhlasela bebala. I njalo-ebizwa mkhuba "eqhubela ice entlango." Amaxwebhu ezi izinto kanye filamentous njengoko trichomes, kodwa ngokwesondo ukuzala, ngoncedo iiseli ezikhethekileyo - heterocysts. Apha ungenza ziquka nabameli zilandelayo: Annaba, Nostoc, Kalotriksy.
5. Stigonemovye. efana kakhulu iqela elidlulileyo. Umahluko iphambili indlela yokuzala - ukuba walhule wande ngaphakathi kwi seli efanayo. Ummeli ithandwayo le lombutho - Fisherelly.

Ngoko ke, lo umbala oluhlaza kwaye zihlelwa ngokwemimiselo morphological, njengokuba kuba abanye kukho imibuzo emininzi yaye Icacili phandle ukuba lihlazo. Zezityalo kunye microbiologists ukuba zifana kwi Taxonomy icyanobacteria akakwazi alikafiki.

ezihlala

Ngenxa yobukho izixhobo ezizodwa (heterocysts, beotsitov, tillakoidov esingaqhelekanga, vacuoles igesi, ukukwazi ukulungisa nitrogen ezinto eziphilayo nezinye) izinto data ahlala kuyo yonke indawo. Bayakwazi ukuba asinde ngisho kwiimeko ezininzi kakhulu, apho kungekho eziphilayo ayinakuba khona. Umzekelo, eshushu, intshule, iimeko anaerobic thermophilic kunye emanzini umoya, imeko asidi ukuba pH ngaphantsi kwe-4.

Icyanobacteria - ephilayo ukusinda cwaka phezu kwentlabathi yolwandle kunye kwemiqhele enamatye, iibhloko ice neentlango ezishushu. Funda ukuchonga ubukho kunye umbala oluhlaza kunokuba umbala uphawu kubhabho, nto leyo yenze ngamathanga zabo. Umbala ziyahluka ukusuka blue-omnyama pink emsi nemfusa nebomvu.

Sinezelenymi zibizwa ngokuba, nto leyo ngokufuthi phezu kwamanzi okuqhelekileyo acocekileyo okanye ityuwa zakha mucic umboniso blue-eluhlaza. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba 'ekuveleni esezansi. " Oku kunokubonwa phantse nasiphi edikeni, oqala ukuze akhule kwaye ijike ibe kumgxobhozo.

Features isakhiwo cell

Icyanobacteria babe isakhiwo zisaqhubeka eziphilayo prokaryotic, kodwa kukho ezinye izinto awohluke.

Iyonke isicwangciso isakhiwo iseli lumi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• iseli udonga murein kunye polysaccharides;
• plasma inwebu bilipidnogo isakhiwo;
• kukho icytoplasm ne ngokukhululekileyo genetic material ngohlobo iimolekyuli DNA;
• tillakoidy umsebenzi yokusebenza yefotosinthesis zombala equlathe (chlorophylls, xanthophylls carotenoids).

iindawo ezithile iseli echazwe ngezantsi.

Types of izakhiwo ezizodwa

Oku ikakhulu geterotsisty. Ezi zithinteli - hayi rhoqo, kodwa iiseli ngokwabo njengenxalenye trichomes (common vulu bobukoloniyali obudibene yencindi). Ahluke xa ingakhangelwa neemicroscope ngu nokubunjwa kwayo, kuba umsebenzi wabo eziphambili - ukuveliswa enzyme, ukuvumela ukuba ukulungisa nitrogen ngemolekyula evela emoyeni. Ngoko ke, zombala kwi geterotsisty kukho kancinane, kodwa eninzi initrogen.

Okwesibini, gormogonii - amacandelo ethatyathwe trichomes. Bakhonza yokuzalela.

Beotsity - luhlobo leseli intombi, ubunzima sinikezwe ngumzali omnye. Ngamanye amaxesha inani labo ifikelela amawaka enye ixesha sisahlula. Onjalo msebenzi osemqoka unokuba Dermokapsy ezinye Plevrokapsodievye.

Akinetes - iiseli ezizodwa zikarhulumente quiescent yaye zifakwe kwi-trichomes. Ahluke izityebi omkhulu ngakumbi polysaccharides cell eludongeni. indima yabo iyafana geterotsisty.

vacuoles Gas - yokuba awunazo zonke icyanobacteria. isakhiwo iseli ekuqaleni kuthetha phambi kwabo. indima yabo - ngokuthatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo kweentyatyambo amanzi. Elinye igama izakhiwo ezinjalo - Carboxysome.

kusebenze lweseli. Ngokuqinisekileyo babe, kwaye izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kunye neeseli amagciwane. Noko ke, lona lisiza blue-eluhlaza, ezi inclusions thile ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ziquka:

• glycogen;
• granules polyphosphate;
• tsianofitsin - into eyodwa, equka aspartate, arginine. Inceda ukuba yokugcina nitrogen, ekubeni ezi inclusions sele heterocysts.

Le nto iye cyanobacterium. iindawo eziphambili kunye neeseli ezizodwa kunye organelles - yiloo nto ivumela tsianeyam baphumeze photosynthesis, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ukunyanga iintsholongwane.

buphindwe

Le nkqubo ayikho nzima ngakumbi, njengoko enye, ezo eneentsholongwane. Icyanobacteria Ungayohlula ngokukha, iinxalenye trichomes, iseli eqhelekileyo zibe mbini, okanye ukuphumeza inkqubo ngokwesini.

Amaninzi kwezi nkqubo ebandakanya iiseli ezikhethekileyo geterotsisty, Akinetes, beotsity.

ngeendlela intshukumo

Yindawo yokuhlala igutyungelwe phezu icyanobacteria ngaphandle kodonga yeseli, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu umaleko ekhethekileyo polysaccharide ekwaziyo zokubumba capsule mucic ngeenxa zonke. Kuyinto ngenxa lo msebenzi neyentengiso enambuzelayo umbala oluhlaza.

Misila okanye isiliya ekhethekileyo apho. Movement na kwenziwa kuphela phezu tiyeke omfutshane amanxeba yencindi yomlomo. Ezinye Ostsillatorii babe ngendlela engaqhelekanga kakhulu yokuhambisa - ke egxininisa axis yayo ngexesha elifanayo ukuba ukujikeleza lonke trichomes. Ngenxa yoko kukho intshukumo phezu komhlaba.

Ukukwazi ukulungisa nitrogen

Olu phawu iye phantse yonke cyanobacterium. Oku Bulelani kunokwenzeka ukuba nitrogenase transcriptase inakho ekwaziyo nitrogen ezinto eziphilayo nesiguqulela sibe ukutya iikhompawundi ifomu. Oku kwenzeka izakhiwo geterotsisty. Ngenxa yoko, abo iindidi ezingenawo kubo, ukulungisa initrojeni esuka emoyeni akakwazi.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, le nkqubo yenza ukuba abantu icyanobacteria ebaluleke kakhulu ubomi bezityalo. Ngeniswa emhlabeni, oluhlaza flora ukunceda ukufunxa nitrogen ebotshiwe usenokuphila ubomi obuqhelekileyo.

uhlobo anaerobic

Ezinye uhlobo ulwelwe blue-eluhlaza (umz, Ostsillatorii) banako ukuphila kwemiqathango anaerobic ngokupheleleyo, yaye umoya ngayo emanzini. Kulo mzekelo imveliso ye umchiza ngaphakathi emzimbeni kwaye kwasekwa ngenxa sulphur lwalusanda bephuma kokusingqongileyo.