Yintoni uKhesare? Intsingiselo umlawuli nokuzimisela kwakhe

Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela intsingiselo yegama elithi 'umlawuli' and definition yayo, ngenxa yokuba kaninzi ukusebenzisa le kota. Kwaye yintoni ukuthini eli gama kuthetha, owaqaphela ezimbalwa. Ezi abalawuli yahlukile ookumkani? Yintoni emenza zabo? Zama ukuqonda.

Umlawuli wokuqala waseRoma

Kuba okokuqala lilizwi "umlawuli" ithe yaphawulwa ngo-eRoma. Ngoko ke umphathi kwi intloko yomkhosi wamaRoma. Malunga ngubani lo mlawuli wayesazi yonke into ukusuka abatsha ukuya esigqeba leeyunithi umkhosi omkhulu. Lo mntu unelungelo ngokupheleleyo isigqibo uya kuba yintoni na izenzo umkhosi omkhulu. I acaciswa ilizwi livela * uKhesare Latin "panel", gama elo elithetha "amandla olukhulu."

I wokuqala Emperor

Owokuqala ukwazi oko, waba owayamileyo * uKhesare ukuya jikelele waseRoma Scipio africanus. Ngexesha yeSibini Punic War, kwaba isiko ukunika le kwisihloko emva kokuqala enkulu phezu yotshaba. Ekuqaleni, kuphela Yeengwevu ngempela bonisa ngubani na umlawuli yaye anyule yenethiwekhi yalo kwisihloko. Kodwa kamva nokuba amajoni zesiqhelo ukuze nivakalise ngokubanzi igama lakhe onjalo elikhulu. Ukongeza, isihloko "uMlawuli" iinjengele AmaRoma kunikwa izihlandlo eziliqela. Emva koko ifom ilizwi yayisetyenziswa Imperator II.

Scipio africanus ngokuziqhenya inxitywa le ngesiqu kuba imbeko ngexesha iziganeko ezisemthethweni zoluntu kunye neentetho Yeengwevu. Ukongeza, njengoko umnqobi Carthage, ubomi Scipio wada wachaza ukuba isihloko ecaleni kwegama lakho.

Abalawuli Caesar and Octavian

Abanye ixesha esikweni ukuba igama abalawuli iinjengele zahlala. Emva uthotho zoloyiso ukuba isihloko ngexesha elifanayo kumenza anikele Iinjengele ezimbalwa. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ingqikelelo oko kuthetha ntoni * kuKhesare, iye yatshintsha. Ngoku, eli gama lisetyenziswa ukuba lithetha "eyaziyo, ngamandla njengowongamileyo," kuquka emkhosini.

Yuliy Tsezar waba bearer lomgadi Imperator isihloko, yaye babhala kuhlala kuyo igama lakhe, kunye nezinye izihloko ezisemthethweni. Kodwa ezihlangwini zakhe, Oktavian Avgust watshintsha ukusetyenziswa kwale isihloko. Ngoku wonke umntu uyazi oko Augustus wayalela ukuba ubhale isihloko phambi igama lakhe. portraits yakhe eqingqiweyo uphawu kuphela Imperator Caesar lo Julii gama. Ngoku ke ngesiqu nenduna kunye umphathi ibe nye kwiitayitile yabalawuli ephakamileyo.

Isihloko mlawuli eMpuma uBukhosi baseRoma

Into yokuba loo uMlawuli babahlali Byzantium sibazi ixesha elide. Kodwa emva kokuba ulwahlulo uBukhosi baseRoma, abemi kwinxalenye esempuma elinye igama ntshunxekile. igama Eqhelekileyo "umlawuli" yaguqulelwa ngokuthi "nguzwilakhe", gama elo elithetha "ukuba namandla". Nguzwilakhe apha, njengokuba eRoma, wabiza izikhulu nabalawuli. Kamva lo ngesiqu ingavela bonke abalawuli yoBukhosi baseByzantium. Xa uhlobo yayo kutshintsha nguzwilakhe wasinda ngewaka enesiqingatha. Xa ulwimi mihla, ngoko kubiza indoda inkululeko kunye namandla mda.

Xa isihloko loMlawuli wanyamalala

Kubonakala ukuba isihloko omhle kangaka zimiselwe ukuze baphile ixesha elide. In uBukhosi baseRoma, umlawuli ngamnye olutsha ukudibanisa njengomlinganiso omtsha kule kwisihloko. E uTrajan, umzekelo, kwaba ingqiqo yam oko yomlawuli. Wathi ukuba isihloko Imperator, kwangathi umvuzo wakhe kuphela emkhosini, kodwa abahlali kuqala, oko kukuthi, Princeps.

Ukususela ngenkulungwane yesibini, isihloko ekugqibeleni naqiniswa kwirejista yomphathi ephakamileyo ezintlwini kwaye iyasetyenziswa ukuya kwiminyaka 476. Yaye ebudeni kombuso ka uDiocletian esithile ixesha emva kokuba sele ababusi ezimbini uBukhosi baseRoma, omnye wabo kuthiwa "uKesare" kwaye yesibini - "Agasti". Emva kokutshatyalaliswa uBukhosi baseRoma, ikomkhulu bonke ilityalwe oko uKhesare kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela.

Mlawuli kumaXesha Aphakathi

Ukuvuselelwa isihloko loMlawuli ibinayo ekuqaleni AD 9. Eli zebhola koBukhosi amakhosi, ngoko, akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba isihloko baseRoma beza ngexesha lo mntu ebalulekileyo eYurophu ngexesha uCharlemagne. Le isihloko imvume kuye njengommeli kaThixo emhlabeni - Pope Leo III. Ngoko ke, isibizo esithi "Roman Empire", ukongeza Isichazi "engcwele". Ngaloo ndlela, bekubonakalisiwe ukuba urhulumente omtsha oyiNgcwele uBukhosi baseRoma ikhona ngokuthanda nomyalelo kukaThixo. UTata ingqalelo ummeli kaThixo emhlabeni kwizinto zokomoya, kodwa uKhesare isigqibo imibuzo yehlabathi intsikelelo kaThixo.

Aba bameli eCawa Western ngokunzulu siwagxobhagxobhe abalawuli baseByzantium, kuba nje unelungelo ukunxiba kwisihloko emva kokuwa eRoma. Kodwa uKarl Veliky wayeyazi ukuba uKhesare. Inkcazo le ngcamango ayikwazanga ngakumbi oluhambelana igorha lukhuni-nkqubo sisilumko.

Emva Karla Velikogo uMlawuli Otto wathabatha isithsaba. Emva koko waba isihloko German-ozelwe noMveleli izikumkani ezincinane. A esikweni ukuba uthathe isihloko loMlawuli of the Holy uBukhosi baseRoma ezivela ezandleni Katolika. Oopopu Impindezelo ukuxhaphaza umthetho, atsho ngookumkani ze ithi ezincinane waseJamani umngeni ezinye kwisihloko ngasinye yekhethelo. Ukuze ghost udumo ukuba kuthiwe loMlawuli eli lizwe, leyo wayengaselulo kwimaphu, walwa baza bafa ngenxa yabantu bucinyiwe, imida, utshabalalisa isixeko. Kodwa emva kokuba ukubonakala imephu Europe amazwe enamandla esitsha isihloko loMlawuli of the Holy uBukhosi baseRoma ekugqibeleni isabalulekile kwaye cwaka ubunile kwinkulungwane yokuqala yeshumi elinesithoba,

Amakhosi karhulumente Russian

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 kamva lo mlawuli kukhunjulwa sikarhulumente Russian. Le isihloko wathabatha tsars Russian ngo-1721. Le umthetho ehambelana lwabhengezwa iNdlu Yeengwevu kunye Sinodi emva iSivumelwano Nystad. Isihlokomiso Tsar uPetros ndacelwa ukuba uthathe isihloko entsha kwaye ngoku ebizwa ngokuba 'uMlawuli kunye noYise Eninzi iLizwe loobawo. " Uxwebhu Kwavunyelwana kunye eyamkelwe izidumbu ezimbini ezinkulu zolawulo Russian: I yeeNgwevu ingqalelo imicimbi yehlabathi, kwaye Sinodi ababandakanyekayo icala lokomoya ebomini. wagxininisa Ngoko ukuba amandla umlawuli kunye yehlabathi kunye ngokomoya.

Ngokuthe ngcembe, isiqu omtsha zonke izindlu yasebukhosini ezaziwayo of Europe. Indlela yokuqala ukubhiyozela iinkosana Russian yaqala Prussia, eNetherlands naseSweden. UMlawuli Rank wahamba yonke mlawuli Russian kude kube sekufeni. media zakutsha isihloko Russian yasebukhosini ukuba adubule ngo-1918.

umbusi French

Ide kwenkulungwane ye-18 yayilawulwa ookumkani yaseFransi. Kodwa uNapoleon mna, eli Isihloko ayamkelekanga. Nje in eFransi wakhe, ufile phantsi revolution, apho onke amalungu entsapho yasebukhosini waphela sele ehlala phezu block. Ngoko ke, ukuba kuthiwe ukumkani iqhawe umphathi lizwe wayengekho kunye ngezandla zakhe. Naku luncedo isihloko mlawuli: kwangokunjalo ngokunxulunyaniswa phakathi kombuso ka uCharlemagne kunye norhulumente uNapoleon ngayo. May 18, 1804 efanayo uNapoleon wanikwa le isihloko enkulu. Emva kwakhe kwaye ekubhukuqweni komnye umlawuli isihloko kakumkani owayesakuba France bambamba. Kamva ke kancinane wagqithela uNapoleon III, kodwa lo mlawuli yaba umlawuli ngokufutshane ngenxa yenani yeentsilelo zezopolitiko. Emva kokuba ekugqibeleni isihloko republic umongameli wawa yayekwa.

Umlawuli Austria-Hungary

Ngowe-1804 iza kobunye ubukhosi kwimephu yaseYurophu. Franz wayefuna ukuba akhulule Italy ukusuka urhulumente waseFransi nabemi yonke kumzantsi-mpuma Habsburg wendlu yokumkani. kamva Austria Franz wathabatha itayitile 'labapostile "uMlawuli waza wadala kobunye ubukhosi - Austria-Hungary.

Umbuso British

Kunye emphaya yelizwekazi yaseYurophu ezazikho kangangexesha elithile, kunye nabanye. Umzekelo, eNgilani baqala ukubiza ngokwakhe imibuso British sele-1583, xa amazwe Intshona Melika yagqitywa. Kwanasemva kokuba ukulahleka amakoloni aseMelika of England iye bungalahleki kwesinomhlwa impembelelo yayo kuqhubeka ngokuqhuba iinkqubo ehlabathini lonke. Ngowe-1876, iBritani ehlonyelwe ubuncwane Indiya, njengoko koroleva Viktoriya wafumana isihloko uKumkanikazi of India. Amandla ubukhosi IsiNgesi naa ehlabathini lonke - kubhaliwe kwathiwa ukuba uBukhosi British ilanga alitshoni.

Kwakukho imibuso kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, malunga ngubani umlawuli ayaziwa kakuhle eMexico. Kukho eminye imithetho ngelixa Maximilian I. Kukho ababusi e Haiti, Brazil kunye namanye amazwe.

LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi bazitshabalalisa zonke iziseko umyalelo ekhoyo ehlabathini. nkqubo Imperial yafikelela esiphelweni, kunye nabalawuli kakhulu. Ihlabathi itshintshile, ookumkani zikwixesha elidlulileyo, kwaye ufunde kabanzi ngazo kungaba kuphela manqaku, iincwadi okanye iifilim kwi izifundo zembali.