ISivumelwano Nystad ngenxa yeminyaka emininzi kwemizamo Petra Velikogo

Imbali lizwe lethu ekupheleni XVII - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII igcwele iziganeko ezininzi echaphazela ngqo ikhondo elizayo zophuhliso eRashiya. Personality kaPeter the Great, amandla akhe, imisebenzi abanobudenge kwakhokelela ukuvela urhulumente omtsha, kwaye iSivumelwano Nystad wayengomnye mpumelelo iphambili kweli xesha.

"Loss Century"

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII Russia kwakuyinto lizwe, nangona kunjalo, yokuba impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwimicimbi yaseYurophu-wonke. Asole wakhonza njengoko iziganeko zangaphambili zembali, kwaye inertia yabalawuli. Kuyo yonke le khulu, ilizwe lethu libe namava kuphazamiseka ezininzi. Ixesha Iingxaki, ungenelelo ngoncedo i-Commonwealth kunye Sweden, ukulahleka kumazwe asentshona, luqhankqalazo ezithandwayo, lo apogee kwawo loo mvukelo Stepana Razina. Ngenxa yazo zonke ezi ziganeko, eRashiya waphulukana ukungena elwandle, phezu kwayo kwakukho into urhwebo esebenzayo, kwaye yodwa.

Ukongeza, indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa into yokuba abalawuli beli xesha: uMikhail Fedorovich, Alexis, uTheodore A., Ivan - baba impilo enkenenkene yaye akazange kwahluka acinga karhulumente. Ngaphandle kule manqaku Nozipho Alekseevna.

Ukuqala izinto ezinkulu

Yaba ixesha elifutshane ibamba abazalwana abancinane - Ivan, obeyindoda ukuncokola, uPetros, abo bangakwazanga alawule ngokwabo ngenxa ebuntwaneni. Xa waba esebenzayo ngakumbi nkqubo angaphandle. Russia wenze ezimbini yephulo iCrimea, ezo ezazijoliswe buthathaka kuyo Khanate, kwaye, ukuba kunokwenzeka, ukuze abe ukufikelela kwi kuLwandle Black. Nangona kunjalo, amaphulo ezimbini zomkhosi ziphelile kakubi kakhulu iRashiya, obengowabaya ezibangela ukuwa Nozipho.

UPetros, elingumthombo, kwabonakala ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ebonakalayo zobuntwana. Ahlela imidlalo imfazwe, maqhinga ukufunda, kwilali Kolomenskoye phezu kolwandle a iimpahla ezimbalwa ziye zakhiwa, nto leyo ngokuzingca kuthiwa nguPetros Fleet. Njengoko bekhula kucace ngakumbi wayeqonda ukuba nje Russia kufuneka ube nofikelelo elwandle ezifudumeleyo yokuthumela. Kulo mbono ke kuye komelezwa ngokuthi ngokundwendwela i- Sea White and iNgelosi - omnye izibuko ice-free PHAMBI eRashiya.

Exploration nokubambisana Europe

Umlo phakathi uPetros Nozipho elo ngowayesakuba. Ukususela 1689 yena ithatha onke amandla ezandleni zabo. Ukumkani byi apho elwandle - noLwandle Black okanye kwiBaltic - ukuzama ukufumana phandle. Ngo-1695 no 1696, wagqiba ukuhlola imikhosi imfazwe ngokuchasene kwilizwe lethu emzantsi. amaphulo Azov lubonise ukuba amandla ezikhoyo Russian asingobantu ngokwaneleyo ukulwa enamandla Ottoman kunye ingumbuso wayo othembekileyo - Krymskoe Hanstvo.

UPetros akazange lithemba, kwaye waphethulela ingqalelo yakhe ngasentla, ukuya kuLwandle lweBaltic. Apha alawulwa Sweden, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukulwa nenye phambili amazwe aseYurophu yelo xesha ngaphandle namahlakani ukuba ukuzibulala, ngoko ke ixesha leminyaka 1697-1698. King walungelelanisa Grand Embassy ukuya eYurophu. Ngeli xesha ke watyelela amazwe ahambele phambili yelizwekazi, emema iingcali emkhosini, ezobunjineli kunye yokwakha ishishini eRashiya. Endleleni, oonozakuzaku wayibona imali eseleyo bamandla eYurophu. Ngeli xesha ukwahlulwa ukuphisa ye-Intestate iSpanish, yaye emantla umdla Europe omncinane amandla amakhulu.

ISivumelwano Nystad ngo-1721: Imithombo uloyiso

Ukuxhaphaza eli, nonozakuzaku wenza inani izivumelwano ePoland, Saxony kunye Denmark. Le Alliance kwimbali igama Northern Alliance yaye ijolise ukujongela phantsi ukubusa Sweden kummandla iBaltic. Imfazwe iqala ngo-1700.

Ukumkani Swedish wenze ngokukhawuleza ekuyenzeni. Kulo nyaka amajoni Swedish yawela kufutshane Copenhagen kunye nokuhlasela enamandla banyanzelisa ukumkani Danish benza uxolo. Ixhoba elandelayo Carl weShumi wakhetha Russia. Ngenxa umyalelo nolungafanelekanga kunye nezinye iimeko omkhosi Russian lahluleka atsho e Narva. Ukumkani Swedish yagqiba ukuba uPetros oko akusekho ubandezele, kwaye yajolisa ukusebenza emkhosini Saxony, apho yena wabuya noloyiso, ngo-1706.

UPetros, Noko ke, akazange awele lithemba. Fast, amanyathelo ezingenamandla udala, ngokungathi kunjalo, kukho umkhosi entsha esekelwe phezu ngenkani, kwaye phantse Úyawubuyisa park zokudubula. Eyayingqalene ukwakhiwa kwizithuthi wahamba. Emva 1706 Russia ilwa Sweden yedwa. Wathi ke ukumkani amanyathelo asebenzayo zivelise iziphumo. Ngokuthe ngcembe lo nyathelo kunye ukongama kuzo amajoni Russian, leyo lifumene uloyiso Idabi Poltava, nto leyo ekhokelele wokugqibela noko lwagqitywa iSivumelwano Nystad eSweden.

IRussia ekubeni umbuso

Nangona kunjalo, waqhubeka imfazwe eminye iminyaka eli-12, ukuya uloyiso kumhlaba Russian aselwandle wongeze UVictoria. Gangut impi 1714 kunye Grengamskoe 1720 zadityaniswa indima okuvelelayo izithuthi Russian kwi kwiBaltic kunxweme. Ngenxa iingenelo likaRhulumente Russian Swedish licele izikhali. ISivumelwano Nystad watyikitywa kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, nto kwaphawula uloyiso epheleleyo yelizwe lethu.

Umbilini, iBritani neFransi zangenwa yi kukuba, ngoxa benza kwimicimbi iSpanish, kwasekwa emkhosini yamandla enjalo kunye namandla kwezopolitiko empumalanga kweli lizwekazi. Kodwa kwanyanzeleka ukuba uyavuma. Imigaqo iSivumelwano Nystad kulindeleke utshintsho kwimida phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Kuba Russia phezu kummandla lelifa elingunaphakade wemka Livonia, Estonia, Ingria, kwakunye ezinye kwimimandla Karelia. Kuba la mazwe Russia lathembisa ukuba ahlawule imbuyekezo eSweden kule mali engange zigidi ezi-2, yaye ukuba sibuyele eFinland. Peter States umlawuli, naseRashiya - bukhosi. Ukususela ngalo mzuzu karhulumente wethu iya isiba lelinye lamazwe - vershitelnits bayahlelwa Europe kunye nehlabathi.