Yiyiphi indlela yokucinga? Definition. Indlela ukuphuhlisa yokucinga: inyathelo ngu step guide

Yinxalenye yobomi bomntu yindlela yokucinga. Ingcaciso yengqiqo lanikwa kumaxesha amandulo. Lo mbuzo oosonzululwazi abanomdla kunye iinkcuba lonke ixesha. Kwaye le meko akukho ngokupheleleyo wafundela ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

Imbali ukufunda umqondo

Ngawo onke amaxesha, izazinzulu nomdla kulo mba yokucinga. Ingcaciso kolu luvo wanikwa emva kumaxesha amandulo. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa ukwazi i_i_isiseko iziganeko ezingabonakaliyo. Sobulumko Parmenides waba ngowokuqala owamvusayo umba. Ukuba abantu unetyala kuye imbonakalo kweekhonsepthi ezifana inyaniso kunye noluvo.

Little ngokwahlukileyo ingqalelo umbuzo zikaPlato. Wayekholelwa ukuba yokucinga - kubonisa qumrhu cosmic ukuba unezixhobo umphefumlo womntu ukuya iphela emzimbeni emhlabeni. Wayekholelwa ukuba akukho umsebenzi ngobuchule, kwaye ziveze efuna 'ukukhumbula' ukwazi ukuba sele 'akayilibalanga'. Nangona ingxabano kunokuba kwamnandi, ezizezi, uPlato wothulelw kuphononongo kweekhonsepthi ezifana intuition.

Aristotle wanikela ingcaciso ngokucokisekileyo isibakala sokuba le ndlela yokucinga. Determination zaquka iindidi ezifana umgwebo nokuqiqa. Sobulumko aba yonke kwezesayensi - logic. Kamva, le ebizwa ngokuba "Umatshini okucinga" wadalwa ngokusekelwe kuphando Raymond Lully.

Descartes waqonda ukucinga nje udidi yokomoya, yaye indlela engundoqo ulwazi kuqwalaselwa ngendlela imibuzo. Spinoza, ke, babekholelwa ukuba indlela ebonakalayo yesenzo. Eyona merit Kant yaba ukwahlulwa lengqiqo kule synthetic nabaqiqayo.

Sicinga: inkcazo

Iinkqubo ibakho ingqondo yomntu, abangela umdla olukhulu. Ngoko ke, kukho iithiyori ezininzi uhlobo yokucinga. Determination lubonisa oku kulandelayo: lo msebenzi kwengqondo, nto leyo ikhutshwa phandle umntu. Le yindlela hlobo imbono kunye reflection of engokoqobo.

Isiphumo engundoqo yomsebenzi yengqondo - yimbono (kunokuzibonakalisa ngokohlobo ulwazi, ingqiqo, izimvo, okanye ezinye iintlobo). Asimele ukubhidanisa le nkqubo kunye kuyabuya. Sicinga, ngokutsho izazinzulu, kuphela emntwini, kodwa mbono ingqiqo nazo izilwanyana kunye neefom asezantsi lombutho yobomi.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula eziliqela iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ukuba abonakalisa yokucinga. Inkcazo kule kota ukunika ilungelo lokuthetha malunga yokuba inika inkcazelo malunga ezo ngezenzeko abangakwaziyo waqonda ngokudibana ngqo. Ngoko ke, kukho ubudlelwane yokucinga ngezakhono analytical.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ngabantu ukucinga kuboniswa ngokuthe ngcembe, kunye nophuhliso ngamnye. Ngoko, xa ulwazi lomntu semimiselo zolwimi, ingakumbi okusingqongileyo kunye nezinye zezinto eziphilayo, uqala ukuthatha kwiifomu ezintsha kunye neentsingiselo enzulu.

zimpawu yokucinga

Yokucinga inenani iimpawu ocacisa. Eyona eziphambili zezi zilandelayo:

• Le nkqubo ivumela ngokuxhomekeke kugxininisa kunxibelelwano ahlukeneyo kwaye ukuqonda undoqo nesenzeko esithile ngasinye;
• ziphakama ngokusekelwe ulwazi yeengcingane, kwakunye nenyathelo eyenziwa ngaphambili ekhoyo;
• ebecinga lusoloko lusekelwe nolwazi esisiseko;
• njengoko iphuhlisa ngcinga ukuya kude ngaphaya ndlela ekhoyo kunye nezimvo ulwazi ngezenzeko ezahlukeneyo.

imisebenzi yengqondo Basic

Ingcaciso yegama elithi "okucinga" xa uqala ayichazi uhlobo yonke le nkqubo. Ukuze siqonde ngcono intsingiselo yalo, kuyimfuneko ukuba bafunde imisebenzi esisiseko, leyo zibonisa kakuhle eli gama:

• Uhlalutyo - ukungcola into efundwayo zibe kumacandelo;
• wamazwi - ukuchonga lwamakhonkco ubunye iinxalenye bahlukana;
• uthelekiso - ukubonakalisa iimpawu ezifanayo kunye ezahlukeneyo izinto;
• Classification - Ukutyunjwa iimpawu eziphambili kunye iqela phambili nguye;
• iinkcukacha - Ukukhethwa udidi oluthile ubunzima bayo;
• gabalala - ukuvumelana izinto kunye ngezenzeko kwiqela;
• Isakhiwo - ukufunda isifundo esithile, nokuba ngabanye.

ukucinga izinto

Indlela yokucinga indlela zokusombulula iingxaki ezichaphazela iinkalo ezibalulekileyo, leyo akhiwa ngayo ubomi babantu. Worth ukuphawula iingongoma ezibalulekileyo:

• lobukhulu kazwelonke - oku ke sengqondo kunye nezithethe ezithile ezithe ngokwembali ezendeleyo kubantu abahlala kwindawo ethile;
• izithethe zasekuhlaleni nezopolitiko - kwasekwa phantsi koxinzelelo yoluntu;
• izithakazelo - into ayinyani ukuba inganempembelelo kwisigqibo sokugqibela imibuzo ingxaki.

iindlela zokucinga

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, nkqu kumaxesha amandulo kwachazwa le mbono. Iintlobo yokucinga ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• abstract - kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa ngesimilo associative;
• ubhalo - esebenzisa amagama uyilo kumiselwa kwaye eqhelekileyo;
• logic abstract - sidibanisa ukusetyenziswa yeesimboli kunye noyilo standard;
• eziphambukileyo - ukukhangela iimpendulo peer ezininzi kumbuzo ofanayo;
• Convergent - kuvumela enye indlela elungileyo kuphela ukusombulula ingxaki kuphela;
• asebenzisekayo - lubandakanya iinjongo zokuvelisa, izicwangciso kunye ubuchule;
• senkolelo - kubandakanya umsebenzi kwengqondo;
• creative - inenjongo yokudala i "imveliso" omtsha;
• ingqiqo - ekungqinweni data ekhoyo;
• spatial - isifundo into ezahlukeneyo uthi kunye neepropati;
• enobuchwepheshe - inkqubo abatheni yokungabikho zeemilo kakuhle echazwe.

zigaba okucinga

Abaphandi Nikela ingqalelo yokucinga esebenzayo kunye neguquguqukayo. Ngenxa yokuba injongo yayo ephambili ukusombulula iingxaki, singakwazi ukwahlula izigaba iphambili ilandelayo:

• ulwazi ingxaki (ziziphumo ukuhamba ulwazi ukwenzela ixesha elithile);
• ukukhangela izisombululo ezinokubakhona kunye nokuphuhlisa yeengcinga ezizezinye;
• uvavanyo olunzulu yeengcinga ukuze zizisebenzise wabo practice;
• isisombululo kule ngxaki esizibonakalisa ekufumaneni impendulo kumba eziyingxaki kwaye ukulungisa oko engqondweni.

amazinga yokucinga

Ukumisela inqanaba yokucinga okokuqala banomdla Beck Aron, nto leyo ngokufanelekileyo ingqalelo nguyise ngengqondo kwengqondo. Wayekholelwa ukuba kumgangatho zingqondweni, abantu ukulawula iinkolelo kunye namacebo lusekiwe. Ngokuphathelele koku la manqanaba yokucinga:

• iingcinga ejikelezayo eziphezu lokuqonda (kulula ukubona kunye nolawulo);
• iingcinga oluzenzekelayo - ukuba ezinye iingcinga eziye kuhlala kuluntu kwaye ingqondo yomntu (kwiimeko ezininzi, ke inkqubo yemfundo noqeqesho wabeka);
• iinkolelo kwengqondo - ayizozakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo neziphaluka ezithe zenzeka kwinqanaba zingqondweni (kunzima ukutshintsha).

engabuyi

Ukuchaza inkqubo yokucinga ithi ukuba uthotho lokwenzekayo apho umntu isigqibo kule okanye ezinye iiphazili logic. Isiphumo kwakhona zingafumaneka ulwazi ngokwesiseko olutsha. Kolu luhlu kukho ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• inkqubo le engangqalanga;
• ngokusekelwe kulwazi okade;
• Oku kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi Eyokuqiqa ka-bume, kodwa kungaphelelanga apho kuyo;
• Unxibelelwano phakathi kweendidi ezahlukeneyo ziboniswe kwifomu ngamazwi;
• Oku kubaluleke practical.

iimpawu kwengqondo

Ukumisela inqanaba lengqiqo ngayo kuhlangene ukuba iimpawu ezithile engqondweni. Ezi ziquka oku kulandelayo:

• ukuzimela - ukukwazi ukuvelisa izimvo yoqobo kunye neengcamango, ngaphandle koncedo lwabanye, ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezisemgangathweni kwaye singanikezeli impembelelo ngaphandle;
• ukwazi - imfuneko ukunika ingcaciso entsha;
• Isantya - ixesha eside ukususela kwixesha kuqatshelwe ingxaki de isizukulwana izisombululo lokugqibela;
• inkululeko - ukukwazi ukusebenzisa ukusombulula ingxaki efanayo ulwazi ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo;
• simultaneity - ukukwazi ukujonga ingxaki evela iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwaye ukungenisa indlela ubhetyebhetye ukucombulula kuyo;
• Ubunzulu - liqondo bobunini ngesihloko esithile, kwakunye nokuqonda le meko (kuthetha ukuqonda oonobangela iziganeko ezithile, ngokunjalo namandla kwangaphambili le meko vetshe);
• Ukuba nokwenzeka - ukukwazi ukuthathela ingqalelo iimeko ezithile apho kukho ingxaki, lemka iiphatheni yesiqhelo kanye ubuchule;
• ukungaguquguquki - ukuseka ulandelelwano ngqo yezenzo ekucombululeni iingxaki;
• criticality - usitya ukuveza uvavanyo olunzulu ngamnye iingcamango asakhulayo.

Zeziphi iindlela zokubona inqanaba lengqiqo eyaziwa?

Abaphandi waphawula ukuba iinkqubo ingcinga ukwasuleleka ngabantu ezahlukeneyo ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Kule uqhagamshelo kukho imfuneko yokuba lo msebenzi, njengoko kwinkcazelo kwinqanaba ukucinga. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le kwizifundo bavelise kakhulu iindlela. Eyona ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa zezi:

• "Amazwi 20" - uvavanyo kunceda ukuchonga ubuchule bomntu ukukhumbula.
• "Anagrams" - bubuchule enenjongo ukufumanisa isakhono a yokucinga combinatorial. Kwakhona, uvavanyo iveza Ukuthanda zonxibelelwano.
• "Chonga iimpawu ezibalulekileyo" - indlela ngokuzimisela yokucinga, esilungiselelwe ukuchonga abantu abakwazi ukwahlula izenzakalo eziziprayimari nezizisekondari.
• "Zokukhumbula amagama" - igqiba indlela uphuhliso ubuchule enxulumene ukugcina nokukotshwa ulwazi. Kwakhona ukuvavanya ukuvavanya imemori karhulumente kunye ingqalelo xa abantu abaphethwe zizifo zengqondo.
• "Ubuhlobo oluninzi" - uvavanyo ukwenzela inqanaba yokucinga ubhalo kwi abafikisayo kunye nabantu abadala. Waphetha ngokwesiseko kwisigqibo imisebenzi 18.
• "Cube Ikhonkco" - bubuchule ukuba ijolise ekuchongeni umntu kwezakhono ezizodwa (ngokubona, utyekelo ukuhlalutya, ubuchule ukuchonga iipateni, njl ...). Xa ekucombululeni iingxaki zesakhiwo kubhekwe ubungakanani ukukhalipha kwabantu.
• "Ukwakhiwa kocingo" - uvavanyo ukwenzela inqanaba lophuhliso yokucinga. Libonisa nendlela kakuhle examinee uyayiqonda le njongo indlela ngokusondeleyo ulandela imiyalelo. Zinto zijongwayo iyakujongwa kwakhona isantya kunye nolungelelaniso.

Indlela ukuphuhlisa yokucinga: inyathelo ngu step guide

Ukuba uvavanyo ukuqinisekisa inqanaba ukucinga iziphumo enganelisiyo yabonisa, musa nje ukunika up. Ukuphuhlisa lo amandla okusebenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ubhale phantsi izimvo zakho kwakunye indlela yokusombulula ingxaki (oku ikuvumela ukuba basebenzise iilwimi zabo ngaphezu kokuba ubuchopho);
• phawula umdlalo ubhalo (umzekelo kakhulu okuphawuleka chess);
• ukuthenga Iipasile ezimbalwa kunye qashi okanye ukuzisombulula Bayisungula lonke ixesha labo free;
• ukuba wenze umsebenzi ingqondo efunekayo ipatheni umsantsa (inokuba utshintsho ngesiquphe ikwimo kwemini, indlela entsha ukwenza imisebenzi yesiqhelo);
• umthambo (kungcono ukuba zincede zikhethe ukudanisa, njengoko kunyanzeleke ukuba bacinga rhoqo kwaye khumbula indlela yezithuthi);
• Zibandakanye ubugcisa obubonwayo eziya kukunceda ukuba ufumane iindlela ezintsha ntetho izimvo zabo;
• Fumana ingqondo yakho ukuba bafunde ulwazi olutsha (ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuqalisa ukufunda ulwimi olutsha, ubukele documentary, kuqala ukufunda encyclopedia, etc ...);
• indlela zokusombulula iingxaki ngendlela kunokuba ngokungakhethiyo (le nkqubo iquka ekusekeni uthotho lwamanyathelo - ukusuka ukuqonda ingxaki phambi kokuba bafike isigqibo sokugqibela);
• Musa ukulibala ngalo lonke, kuba ingqondo ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka banikwe ithuba lokuba kwakhona.

Yokucinga Psychology

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le ngcamango ixakeke kakhulu ifundwa bengqondo. Ingcaciso yokucinga ilula: a iseti kweenkqubo yomsebenzi yengqondo ezisisiseko umsebenzi ngokwasengqondweni. Ngenxa iindidi yamalena elide ezifana ingqalelo, umbutho, imbono, umgwebo, kunye nabanye. Kukholelwa ukuba ukucinga - oku ngomnye wemisebenzi aphezulu psyche yabantu. Olu suku lubonwa ukubonakaliswa ngqo leyinene ngendlela ngokubanzi. Kakuhle eli nkqubo kukuchonga ngumongo izinto ezinzulu, kunye nokudala uthungelwano phakathi kwabo.