Yiyiphi ubukhulu na achazwe apha boMhlaba

Umhlaba nxazonke - oku ulwazi eqhelekileyo. Kodwa thina siyazi ukwakheka kwalo nobukhulu? Ngubani phakathi kwethu ambize engqondweni zingaphi iikhilomitha iqulethe ojikeleyo koMhlaba kwi-ikhweyitha? Yaye ecaleni ithe cwaka? Abakwaziyo nini kwaye yalinganisa ngayo kuqala ubude achazwe apha emhlabeni? Ngelo xesha, ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo umdla kakhulu.

Kuba okokuqala achazwe apha emhlabeni xa kulinganiswa yi sezibalo yamaGrike yamandulo ogama Eratosthenes, owayehlala kwisixeko Siena. Nangona izazinzulu sele esazi ukuba umhlaba iluhlobo kuyinto sphere. Okwenzeka umzimba wasezulwini ngamaxesha angafaniyo, Eratosthenes waphawula ukuba enye ngexesha elinye, ilanga, xa ndazigcina, Siena, sise ngaso bade, ngexesha elifanayo Alexandria kwangaloo mini kwaye Lifikile baphambuke yi engile ethile.

Imigqaliselo kwenziwa kunyaka ngamnye ngenjikalanga ehlotyeni. Ngokulinganisa engile lwezixhobo nge ngeenkwenkwezi ISAZINZULU bafumanisa ukuba 1/50 inxalenye ojikeleyo iyonke.

Njengoko usazi, isangqa ngokupheleleyo ilingana degrees 360. Ngenxa yoko, kwanele ukuba ukwazi Isingqi engile isidanga 1 (okt. E. Umgama phakathi amanqaku kwi elele ngemiqadi kukho izithuba emboxo of 1 ngaphantsi komhlaba). Emva koko, ixabiso iziphumo kufuneka liphindaphindwe 360.

Ukuthatha ubude umgama Isingqi phakathi imizi Alexandria kunye Siena (5000 izigaba baseYiputa), naxa ucingela ukuba ezi imizi kwi ithe cwaka enye, Eratosthenes wenza izibalo eziyimfuneko igama inani elo lilingana achazwe apha le Umhlaba - 252 amawaka zigaba zaseYiputa.

Kuba ngelo xesha ukuba somlinganiselo echanileyo, kuba akazange zikhona iindlela ethembekileyo yokulinganisa umgama phakathi imizi, kunye nendlela ukusuka Siena eAleksandriya ukulinganisa isantya neenkamela nendlwana.

izazinzulu koko kumazwe ahlukeneyo iphuculwe ixabiso ngokuphindaphindiweyo kulinganiswa leyo la manani achazwe apha emhlabeni. Ngo-nzulu Dutch kwinkulungwane ye-17 amagama Sibelius waqulunqa indlela balinganise umgama kunye theodolites yokuqala - izixhobo ezikhethekileyo geodetic. Le ndlela iye ngokuba triangulation kwaye isekelwe phezu ukwakhiwa inani elikhulu zoonxantathu kunye isiseko womlinganiselo ngamnye kubo.

Indlela triangulation isetyenziswa kule mini, lonke kumphezulu womhlaba cishe hlanganyela ngaphakathi yi noonxantathu elide.

izazinzulu Russian nazo zibe negalelo kule phando. Ngenkulungwane ye-19 achazwe apha emhlabeni xa ilinganiswa Pulkovo Observatory, wayiqhubela zophando V. Ya. Struve.

De kwaba yinkulungwane ye-17 Umhlaba yayigqalwa imilo echanekileyo ibhola. Kodwa emva kokuba efunde ubungqina nokuhla ngabafakwa womxhuzulane ukusuka kwi-ikhweyitha ukuya esibondeni. Izazinzulu ziye bawuphikisa kuphikiswana izizathu oku, ithiyori kakhulu lililo kuye kwaqatshelwa Emhlabeni izibonda ucinezelo.

Ukuze Ukuyivavanya lo mbono, i-French Academy of uhambo ezimbini ezizimeleyo eziququzelelwe (ngo-1735 no 1736 ngokulandelelana), nto leyo Wabulinganisa ke ubude izidanga ethandwa polar, ngokulandelelana, ePeru kunye eLapland. Degree kwi-ikhweyitha, njengoko kanti, ngamafutshane!

Kamva, ezinye imilinganiselo ngqo ngakumbi baye baqinisekisa ukuba la manani achazwe polar zomhlaba mfutshane sentshinyela 21.4 km.

Okwangoku wavelisa eliphezulu-ngqo womlinganiselo kunye yenze uphando zakutshanje kunye nezixhobo mihla. Kwilizwe lethu, yamkele iinkcukacha ezifunyenwe zizazinzulu yiSoviet Izotovym A. A. and Krasovskim F. N. Ngokutsho kwezi zifundo, ubude umtya ojikeleyo iplanethi yethu Jonga ikhweyitha - 40,075.7 khilomitha, kunye ithe cwaka - 40008,55 km. Embindini babesuke zomhlaba (.. N t semimajor axis) ulingana neemitha 6.378.245, polar (axis minor) - 6.356.863 mitha.

Ummandla kumphezulu womhlaba - million 510 isikwere. ukusuka, apho umhlaba bobabo-29% kuphela. Umthamo komhlaba "ibhola" - 1,083 ezigidi cubic metres. ukusuka. Ubunzima iplanethi yethu iphawulwa linani 6x10 ^ iitoni ezingama-21. Kwezi, malunga-7% accounted for ngamanzi.