Zones buffer (SPZ): inkcazelo, imilinganiselo, umthetho

Umba ukwahlulwa kwiinkampani kwiiklasi ingozi kunye nokusekwa imimandla ixeshana esifanelekileyo esihambelana abaphathi imveliso ezininzi kunye nemibutho yokuthengisa. Le ndawo lilawulwa linani ngezenzo zomthetho. Eyona kubo kuphuma SanPin 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1200-03.

enkulu isicelo

imimiselo iindawo zangasese isicelo kulwakhiwo, ucwangciso, nokusasazwa, ukusebenza, ezintsha, yalungisa izityalo zoshishino ezikhoyo kunye namaziko. Imithetho ziyasetyenziswa izinto zonxibelelwano kunye nezithuthi, womnatha yorhwebo, ukutya, eziluncedo kunye nezolimo, imveliso umqhubi. Bonke benza njengoko imithombo nempembelelo kwimpilo yabantu kunye ezingqongileyo.

imigomo

Imithetho ichaze:

1. iklasi ingozi izibonelelo yokuvelisa abaqeshwe kushishino.
2. Iimfuno ukuya kwindawo ekhuselweyo ndawo, iimeko uhlaziyo yabo.
3. Le nkqubo kunye neendlela ngayo ukumisela imida imimandla zococeko ngemise- benzi ngamnye okanye nezakhiwo zawo.
4. Izithintelo kusetyenziso kwiindawo yokhuseleko ezizodwa.
5. Inkqubo umbutho ngenzuzo imimandla.
6. Iimfuneko mpukane communications komsipha ezinobungozi (kaloliwe, yombhobho, indlela, umoya, njalo njalo).

izifundo

Nokumisela imithetho zangasese kufuneka zilandelwe ngabantu zomthetho emzimbeni wakhe umsebenzi ekhathaza ukubekwa, ulwakhiwo, ucwangciso kunye nemisebenzi. Iimfuno avunyiweyo yaceba ukuba imizimba ogunyazisiweyo ukuba asebenzise kweliso karhulumente.

SanPiN: imimandla yococeko

Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabemi, ngokungqinelana noMthetho Federal №52 ukusuka 30 Matshi 1999, ngeenxa zonke izityalo kunye nezakhiwo ezisebenza njengemithombo nempembelelo kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo, ukudala kwicandelo ezizodwa, ulawulo ekhethekileyo ukusetyenziswa. Ubukhulu zone sanitary kufuneka inciphise elibonakalayo, amachiza, isiphumo esibi bemvelo emoyeni ngaphakathi ezithile parameters. Xa ukusebenza kwezi ndawo asisithintelo lula ukusekwa kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo ukhuseleko loluntu ngexesha ukusebenza kweenkqubo zoshishino okanye esinye isakhiwo kwimo yesiqhelo.

ucwangciso

Oku kuquka ukubala zone yococeko ithethelele indawo yayo ezibalelwa ngokungqinelana ezilindelekileyo ungcoliseko lomoya kunye nobungakanani isiphumo ebonakalayo phezu kwakhe. Amanani iziphumo kufuneka kungqinwe iziphumo imilinganiselo kunye nophando. projekthi iindawo zangasese iyaphuhliswa ngezigaba ezibini:

1. sigaba lokuqala. Ukulungiswa kwamaxwebhu ngokungqinelana ungcoliseko lomoya kwiintsali ukubala kunye neempembelelo emzimbeni (intlokoma, ingxolo, EMI, njl ..).
2. Inyathelo lokugqibela (iseti). indawo Sanitary Kucetywa ngokungqinelana neziphumo imigqaliselo asendle, iimviwo kunye imilinganiselo ukuqinisekisa i parameters ezifunyenweyo ngaphambili.

avelele enye

Ikhrayitheriya egqiba indawo imimandla zococeko - exceedance emideni yawo lwangaphandle nangaphaya iphezulu (max) yoxinaniso mbane (MPC) yokulihlambela iikhompawundi ukuba zokuhlala umoya kunye namanqanaba elivumelekileyo (ovbela) impembelelo ebonakalayo. Amaqela kweemveliso zoshishino olunye ibekwe lwendawo ekhuselweyo zococeko (SPZ) kunye isibonisi jikelele ezikhutshwayo ezivela yonke imithombo ngaphakathi kwintsimi enye. Laboratory for Research Air zomlinganiselo iimpembelelo ebonakalayo kuwo yenziwa kule migca amacandelo ekhethekileyo lusekiwe, kwi-arhente nelokishi ovunyiweyo ngendlela emiselweyo ukuba ukubulawa imisebenzi enjalo.

iindawo umda

ummandla wokhuseleko Sanitary (SPZ) kulindeleke ngaphakathi kwemida ethile, ngokutsho iimpawu ukukhutshwa. Ngokuhambelana nale njengenqobo yokugweba, ukuba iindlela ezimbini yokutshata izabelo ezinjalo:

1. Ukususela imithombo na emzimbeni, imichiza, isiphumo bemvelo phambi izinto eliphakathi ophezulu, ukuvelisa ukukhutshwa shushu.
2. Ukusuka isiza imigca ilizwe elo ukuveliswa yemisebenzi yezoqoqosho kunye wabulawa ngokungqinelana nomgaqo-nkqubo osekwe, phezulu ukuya mda yangaphandle ngendlela kwangaphambili.

Nevuthisayo ngexesha ke, Zone Enterprise sanitary lusekiwe:

1. Kwimithombo sesikweni kunye ngokusesikweni. kusetyenziswa olu khetho xa kwimimandla engaphandle kwezixhobo inkqubo.
2. Xa umbutho kwemveliso kunye nemithombo zisasazwe kwindawo yoshishino.
3. Phambi ophantsi komhlaba amaziko nezakhiwo, ithwele abandayo ukukhutshwa avareji ukuphakama.

Imingcele kunye nemvume

Kwiindawo kunye nezinga imvelaphi kunene iimfuno ucoceko, iindawo zokuhlala, osebenza njengoko imithombo yongcoliseko kunye neziphumo kwimpilo yabantu abavumelekanga. wokuvuselela okanye ngokutsha ngaphandle ukuthoba zonke iintlobo nefuthe elibi kwi MPC e neengxaki zebhayoloji nemichiza, kwaye ulawulo kude kwizinto eziphathekayo evumelekileyo ufakelo ezikhoyo ukusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso.

weni yokhuseleko Sanitary kunye nokuhlelwa yococeko kwamashishini

Xa ukungafani kwindawo iindawo ezizodwa ezichazwe phantsi uqikelelo yoko uvavanyo lomngcipheko zophando intsimi kunye nemilinganiselo neziphumo ezibonakalayo, ezizikhulelayo kwemichiza emoyeni, isigqibo sokuba ukuseka imida yayo emhlabeni esithathwe yi lwalo njengako eqinisekisa ngokhuseleko likhulu impilo lwabahlali ugcwale ngabemi ingongoma. weni yokhuseleko Sanitary kunye nokuhlelwa yococeko kwamashishini zichaziweyo ngokungqinelana amandla, iimeko zokusebenza, imali kunye nohlobo zinto zikhutshelwa emoyeni, eveliswe wentshukumo, ingxolo kunye nezinye izinto ezimbi. Izalathisi kunye namaqela akhiwa kwakhona ngenxa yamanyathelo Kucingwa ukunciphisa iziphumo ezibi kwimpilo yoluntu kunye neemeko zokuphila. Ulwahlulo ilandelayo kweendawo yokhuseleko sanitary:

• 1 iiseli. - 1000 metres.
• 2 cl. - 500 m.
• 3 cl. - iimitha 300.
• 4 iiseli. - 100 m.
• 5 cl. - 50m.

Kufuneka kuthiwe kwiMithetho ngaphambili lwemimandla zococeko sele kabini kuye. Umzekelo, ukuba iklasi yokuqala -. 2000 m ukuncitshiswa okwethutyana xa umthamo kwimveliso akenzi njengesiseko ekubuyekezeni isithuba ezifunyenweyo. endaweni Sanitary yenjongosenzi ukuya imizobo (bumenemene izicwangciso zendawo, isicwangciso jikelele esixekweni, njalo njalo.) Nganeno site mveliso uphawulwe neesimboli zolwazi.

Yokunyuka kweLand

LeMithetho kukho iimeko ezininzi apho indawo sanitary lingafaka zandiswe. Ukwandiswa kwendawo kuquka akukho izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwesithathu. imimandla Sanitary ukuze kwandiswe kumaqumrhu thethwano kunye nokwakhiwa ukuluhlola Sanitary:

1. Kuxhomekeka Ukusebenza kwamanyathelo olawulo lomoya wokunciphisa kunokwenzeka okanye enikiweyo.
2. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, beka uphuhliso yokuhlala kwi emoyeni ngokuphathelele kwimveliso industrial kummandla yokungcola lomoya kunokwenzeka.
3. Xa engekho iindlela komoya ngokuhlanjululwa.
4. Kuxhomekeka kwicala umoya kunye nezinye iimeko ntlango embi.
5. Ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukunciphisa ukungcangcazela, ingxolo, amaza erediyo avela magnetic kunye nezinye izinto ezimbi ukuba ufake bume, ukuya imida ezicaciswe kule migaqo.
6. Kunye nokwakhiwa ezintsha, ngokwaneleyo babefunda nokusingqongileyo yimveliso.

zempumelelo

imimandla Sanitary okanye inxalenye yayo, masingaze sisetyenziselwe ukwanda kweendawo zoshishino. Ndawo kufuneka greened kwaye ohlayo. Ukuze wenze oku, isicwangciso olulodwa iphuhliswe. Yenziwe ngaxeshanye zeprojekthi ngokutsha okanye ukwakhiwa imveliso. Xa becwangcisa ukuphucuka ngu kwindawo yokuhlala (kwicandelo yokuhlala indawo placement, amaziko enkcubeko, njalo njalo.) Ingaba kuyimfuneko ukunika imithi strip kunye namatyholo ndatyala. Ububanzi kungabikho ngaphantsi kwe-50 leemitha, lo gama ububanzi buffer endaweni yokuyidibanisa zone 100 m - hayi ngaphantsi kwe-20 m Ukuqinisekisa efanelekileyo kwinqanaba esingqongileyo kwakunye enikezwe Imithetho izinto zingafakwa ngaphakathi ezikhethekileyo izahlulo, kwakunye ngqo kwi-industrial kwisayithi.

iziseko nuclear

imimandla Sanitary kufakelo zenyukliya ibonelelwe Art. 31 inani Federal Umthetho 170. Ewe ukuqinisekisa impilo yabantu abahlala kwimimandla apho isityalo amandla enyukliya, umthombo radiation okanye ukugcinwa site radioactive materials zingangeni. Area kunye nemida iindawo ezinjalo ichazwa isicwangciso ngokungqinelana nemigaqo ebekiweyo entsimini lokusetyenziswa amandla enyukliya. Wavuma ne imizimba Sanitary Ukuhlolwa yavunywa Amaqumrhu karhulumente wephondo nowengingqi.

imithetho

Mthetho ukhankanywe ngentla apha abazi kuhlaliswa ngaphakathi izinto isidambisi ichaziwe. Ezi ziquka kuquka zikarhulumente namaziko zokuhlala, amaziko ononophelo umntwana, ezempilo kunye nokwakha nolonwabo, ukutya, imveliso, into eluncedo, kunye nezinye izakhiwo efama, kodwa ezinxulumene nokusebenza yofakelo yenyukliya kwaye kubonelelwe sicwangciso kulo mmandla. Ukugcinwa kwamaziko ekhoyo ngaphakathi kummandla ngeenjongo yezoqoqosho xa utshintsha uhlobo lokusetyenziswa kwazo kuvumelekile kwi ntetho yenkampani msebenzi, intsebenziswano kunye norhulumente kunye nokhuseleko.

Baninzi lokuqaphela

Imfuneko ukuseka imimandla ezinjalo, emideni yabo kunye neendawo ichaziwe kwisicwangciso ngokungqinelana iimpawu ukhuseleko ufakelo zenyukliya. Ipharamitha ekuvunyelwene ngayo imizimba Sanitary Inspection. On site imigqaliselo linokumisela eminye imiqathango ukusetyenziswa imisebenzi yezoqoqosho-sikhokelo yomthetho ekhoyo. Ukuba indawo yolu hlobo zibandakanyiwe imimandla enelanga, ngokomlinganiso imbuyekezo yezentlalo noqoqosho ukuze bamazwe. Balwela imbuyiselo ngenxa izinto ezongezelelweyo lomngcipheko. Abemi kwakhona engakhankanywanga kule milinganiselo yesicwangciso sengxakeko. Imbuyekezo ngenxa yomonakalo obangelwe kusekwe esweni kwizikhululo ummandla wokhuseleko sanitary, ukwenziwa operator kwisakhelo komthetho yangoku.

Ukuphucula ulawulo andaweni

Kwiindawo ezikufutshane amanzi emilanjeni, amachibi kunye nezinye gidroistochnikov umphezulu, efakiweyo ummandla yonikezelo lwamanzi sanitary. Bona siphantsi kolawulo ekhethekileyo imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kunye nezinye. Ijoliswe kuthintelo etyekezwa, yongcoliseko, ungcoliseko kunye nokugqitywa izinto, ukulondoloza indawo lezilwanyana kunye nezityalo. amacandelo afana kwakheka njengenxalenye yamanyathelo yokusingqongileyo ezijoliswe ekuphuculeni imeko zobugcisa ulawulo yoxinzelelo lwamanzi, ukuphuculwa imithombo kunye nemigca yonxweme. Ngaphakathi shelterbelts imimandla lusekiwe, apho amanyathelo ezongezelelweyo ingqongqo ziyafundiswa.

Ezi nkcukacha lwemida sentlalo

Le ndawo kunye imida ngezithandelo wokhuselo lonxweme kunye nemimandla ibakhusela imithombo yamanzi, indlela yokusebenzisa bazimisele ngokungqinelana emhlabeni, ngokwasemzimbeni, ngokwendawo, zoxinzelelo lwamanzi kunye nezinye iimeko emhlabeni. Oku kufuna ngenxa yotshintsho lwemozulu kwi ugu. indawo umda kwaye iya kuvunywa yamkelwe yi izakhiwo Region ngesiphakamiso Isitya kunye neminye imibutho yengingqi elawula ukusetyenziswa kunye nokukhuselwa andaweni Ministry of Natural Resources Fund, ekuvunyelwene ngayo nemibutho karhulumente olugunyazisiweyo kwinkalo ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo, amasebe zangasese-nyhikityha kunye ofisi Federal lweMida Service, ngaphakathi nobuchule babo.

parameters

Umisela ububanzi ubuncinane zilandelayo kweendawo yokhuseleko kunye imicwe lonxweme zokhuselo:

1. Kuba amachibi, imilambo namachibi oxbow - ukusuka kolunye udini kwamanzi kwinqanaba eqhelekileyo chweba.
2. Kuba ingabi - evela emideni yabo (zero ubunzulu iidipozithi afanayo).
3. Kuba yolwandle - nelona qondo liphezulu bakuthembe.

Ububanzi esezantsi zokhuselo zone ukhuseleko zeenkalo komlambo, ubude apho ivela kumthombo:

1. 10 km - iimitha 50.
2. Ukususela 10 ukuya kuma-50 km - 100 m.
3. 50-100 km - meters 200.
4. 100-200 km - 300 m.
5. 200-500 km - iimitha ezingama-400.
6. 500 nangaphezulu - 500 m.

izinto key

Ukumisela imiqathango ethile kuqwalaselwa xa kujongwa Ububanzi kumgca yonxweme amachibi, imilambo kunye namachibi. Ezi zinto zibandakanya iintlobo amazwe ezikufutshane umthombo, lo steepness kwamathambeka. Umzekelo, ububanzi elunxwemeni kwi kwiqanda okanye ukubuyisela icala phambi umhlaba olimekayo imiselwe kwisithuba 15-30 m, amatyholo kunye ihlathi - iimitha 35. Xa degrees ezingaphezu kwesithathu exandekeni., Phambi kwangalaa ezikufutshane, kuyanda umgama ukuya 55-100 m.

imisebenzi engavunyelwanga

WokuLawula ngokukhuselwa imimandla yokhuseleko kwamanzi miqobo ekwenziweni kwemisebenzi. Ngokukodwa, ezi imisebenzi engavunyelwanga efana:

1. Ukusetyenziswa iikhemikhali indlela yokulwa izifo zezityalo kunye nezinambuzane, ukuphelisa ukhula.
2. Performance yemisebenzi air-chemical.
3. Ukusetyenziswa izichumisi ubulongwe ukuqengqeleka.
4. Ukubekwa zokugcina isichumiso, izinto zokuthambisa, imichiza, ziseko agcwalisa izixhobo izinto eziyingozi, abafuya kunye namaziko, iindawo zokulahla kunye nokugcinwa inkunkuma yezolimo, ezoshishino kunye emakhaya, indawo yokugcina amanzi amdaka, imihlaba yokungcwaba kunye namangcwaba.
5. Nokuchitha, ukulungiswa kunye nezithuthi zokucoca, oomatshini.
6. Ukugcinwa kwenkunkuma kunye umgquba.
7. Indawo yokuhlala ukulima kunye neendawo ezisezidolophini ukuba ububanzi bommandla zikhusela umthombo wamanzi lingaphantsi kwe-100 m, kwaye steepness kwamathambeka kwiindawo ezimelene - ngaphezu degrees ezintathu.
8. Ukwenza ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa engundoqo.
9. Ukubeka sites zothutho, kuquka phakathi izitiya kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezisezidolophini.
10. Ukuphunyezwa yokwakha kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, izakhiwo, unxibelelwano kunye nezinye izibonelelo, imigodi, yokuhambisa kunye neminye imisebenzi ngaphandle kwemvume abasemagunyeni abanobuchule.

Indlela lwelayini zokusebenzisa unxweme

Phakathi kwezi bands ukongezelela umda ngentla ezithintelweyo:

1. Kokulima.
2. Nokusetyenziswa kwezichumiso.
3. zitsho Ukugcinwa zomhlaba ezibanzi zemilambo.
4. Umbutho amadlelo zasehlotyeni kunye nemfuyo imfuyo, ngaphandle imimandla yokusebenza ye ukunkcenkceshelwa yemveli.
5. Ifaka iinkampu ngamaxesha Tented, indawo yokuhlala yasegadini neefama ezisezidolophini aqaqambisa iindawo ukwakhiwa kwezindlu ngamnye.
6. Movement kweetrekthali kunye nezinye izithuthi, ngaphandle koomatshini ngenjongo ekhethekileyo.

Umhlaba ngaphakathi kwemida imigca yonxweme inganikezelwa ukulungiselela ukubekwa izinto:

1. Ezolonwabo.
2. Hunting nezokuLoba.
3. supply Water.
4. izakhiwo kubunzulu baphantsi komhlaba kunye izibuko phambi imvume yokusebenzisa imithombo, nto leyo ibeka iimfuno ezizodwa imo yokhuseleko ukuthotyelwa.

Ukugcina ngezithandelo lonxweme kunye nemimandla nokhuselo namanzi lwenziwa kumalungu. Abanikazi bomhlaba kunye nabanye abanini, ogama iziza akhiwe kule mimandla kufuneka zihambelane ezikhethekileyo unyango. Ukusekwa kweendawo zokhuseleko amanzi singabandakanyi ukurhoxiswa iipasile abanikazi bawo efanelekileyo, ukuvimbela intengiselwano kunye nabo, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko ezinikiweyo ngumthetho.

County sanohrany

Zizimasekile njengomnye yeNdlela ukhuselo lwemithombo impiliso zendalo, kwimo zonyango kwiindawo iiholide. Le mimandla ingakumbi ezikhuselweyo. Bona Wamisa ezintsonkothileyo uncuma. On unyango kwemithombo yendalo iindawo elele awavumelekanga ukuba bahlale kunye nozalisekiso lwazo zonke iintlobo zezindlu. umsebenzi. Ngaphandle abasebenza kwi sifundo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo ngeenjongo yezempilo. Oku kufuneka zisetyenziswe esisiso kunye nokusingqongileyo ubugcisa lobuhlobo. Ukunyanzeliswa yale imo yabelwa abasebenzisi. Ezi ziquka amaqumrhu (asemthethweni kwaye ngokwasemzimbeni), inxaxheba kuphuhliso nokusetyenziswa elandelayo kwezibonelelo zonyango ngokungqinelana ne-mvume. Kwiindawo zolonwabo akavumelekanga ukuba izakhiwo ndawo izinto ezingachazwanga ezinxulumene ngqo lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa kwisigaba unyango Spa kunye nokuphumla. Kwakhona vala umsebenzi, ibe nempembelelo engentle kummandla we-bume, okukhokelela ukugqitywa, ukungcoliswa izibonelelo ezikhoyo emhlabeni.