Abasetyhini abakhulu basosayensi kunye nokufumanisa kwabo. Iifoto

Ngamaxesha onke ehlabathini kwakukho uluvo lokuba ubulili besini kunye nesayensi azizinto ezingahambelaniyo. Nangona kunjalo, oosetyhini besayensi, abenegalelo ekuphuhliseni uluntu kuzo zonke izigaba zomlando, ukuphikisana nesimo sengqondo esinjalo.

IiNzululwazi kwiLizwe laMandulo

Nangona impucuko yaqala ekuqaleni kwayo, abameli bezesondo ezibuthathaka kwiimeko ezinqabileyo babe nethuba lokubandakanya inzululwazi. Uninzi lweentlobo zezintombi zentombi zazihlala eGrisi lasendulo, nangona u-patriarchy othembekileyo owayebusa apho.

Ummeli odumileyo wendalo yenzululwazi nguHypatia, owayehlala kweli lizwe ekupheleni kwe-IV-ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-5 AD. E. Wayeyintombi yesazinzi eyaziwayo iTheon yase-Aleksandria, ngoko ke wayenakho ukufikelela kwimfundo. Ukongeza kwinto awafundisa ngayo kwizifundo ze-Aleksandria ezifana nefilosofi, izibalo kunye neenkwenkwezi, apho wabhala imisebenzi yesayensi. U-Hypatia wayeyi-inventor: wenza iinguqu ezinjalo zenzululwazi njenge-distiller, astrolabe kunye ne-hydrometer.

Izazi zenzululwazi zasendulo zazihlala kwamanye amazwe. Ukufika kwixesha lethu, ulwazi lufikelele malunga noMariya umprofetikazi, owayehlala ekhulwini lokuqala le-AD. E. EYerusalem. Ukuzibandakanya kwi-alchemy, ngokulandela umzekelo weengcali zenzululwazi ngelo xesha, wenza igalelo elibonakalayo ekuphuhliseni i-chemistry yanamhlanje. Yinto yakhe yokwakheka kwenkqubo yokufudumeza i-liquids kwi-batham e-steam kunye nomboniso wokuqala we-cube distillation.

Iinkcukacha ezenziwe ngabafazi besayensi

Nangona kunqongophe olunqongophele ekufikeleleni kolwazi, ubulili obuhle beqhubeka nokusebenza kwimigqaliselo yabo. Iingcamango ezininzi zesayensi, imigaqo, kunye nezilungiso ezihlukahlukeneyo esisisebenzisa kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, zenziwe ngabasetyhini besayensi.

Ngoko, amanyathelo okuqala kwiprogram yile nkosikazi. UMnumzana Augusta uAda Byron (1815-1851), intombi yesibongo esidumileyo, eneminyaka eyi-17 ubudala, yakha iiprogram ezintathu ezibonakalisa amandla okuhlaziya umatshini wokubala. Oku kwakuqala kwenkqubo. Igama lakhe lenye yeelwimi zokufunda ze-ADA, ngaphezu koko, abameli beeholide abaqeqeshiweyo balo msebenzi bawuqwalasela ukuba ngumhla wokuzalwa kwentombazana enengqiqo -Disemba 10.

Ukuxoxa ngengongoma ethi "Iingcali zeNkulululwazi zaBasetyhini", umntu akanakunceda ukukhankanya ummeli oqaqambileyo wexesha lakhe, uMaria Curie (1867-1934). Lo ngowona mfazi wokuqala owanikezela umvuzo weNobel, kunye nososayensi kuphela kwihlabathi ukufumana kwiindawo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Yena nomyeni wakhe uParry Curie, ababengenabo kuphela kwintsapho kodwa kunye nobudlelwane bokudala, baqulunqa i-polonium. Ukongezelela, ngaba abo bafumene ukufumanisa i-radioactivity, apho bafumana ibhaso eliphezulu kwibala lemvelo. Izabelo ezalandelayo, sele zisekhomistry, uMarie Curie uzuze yena, emva kokufa komyeni wakhe, ukuqhubeka nokusebenza kanzima kunye nokudlala i-radium ngendlela ecocekileyo.

Kwakuyiyo ingcamango yakhe yokuyisebenzisa kwiyeza ukuphatha izikrakra kunye neentlungu ezahlukeneyo. Xa kuqala iMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala, waqala ukudala imishini ye-X-ray, enokuthi idluliselwe. Ngesidima salo mbhangqwana, i-chemical element ye-curie yabizwa ngoko, kunye neyunithi yokulinganisa i-radioactivity ye-Curie.

Uluhlu lwabafazi abakhulu

U-Hadie Lamarr (1913-2000) - omnye wabafazi abahle kakhulu baseHollywood, ngexesha elifanayo abanengqiqo nengqiqo. Ukutshata naye kuthanda uFritz Mandla, owayebandakanyeka kwizentengiselwano zengalo, wabalekela kuye waya eMelika, apho waqala khona umsebenzi wakhe njengomdlali wokudlala. Ngebudeni bemfazwe, wabonisa umdla kumathambo alawulwa ngomsakazo kwaye wamnika uncedo ekuphuhliseni iBhunga leSizwe lamaVangeli. Ukubonelela ngesimo sengqondo ngesini sesini, amagosa awafuni ukujongana naye. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobutyebi obuphezulu bomdlali, abazange bamkhanye nje. Ngoko ke, wacelwa ukuba ancede ibhodi, athengise inani elikhulu leebhondi. Ubulumko beHadie bamnceda ukuba aqokelele ngaphezu kwezigidi ezili-17. Wachaza ukuba nabani na abathengi amabhondi angabalulekanga ngaphantsi kwamawaka angama-25, baya kumkela ngokumanga. Ngomnyaka we-1942 yena kunye nomqambi uGeorge Anteyl, baqulunqa imfundiso yokuziphakamisa. Lo mnyango awunakuliswa, kodwa kwihlabathi lanamhlanje lisetyenziswe yonke indawo: kwiifowuni, i-Wi-Fi 802.11 ne-GPS.

UBarbara McClintock (1902-1992) - ososayensi omkhulu, waqala ukufumanisa ukuhamba kweentsholongwane. Nguye owaqala ukuchaza ama-chromosomes endandatho, emva kokuphela kweminyaka emininzi ukusetyenziswa ukuchaza izifo ze-genetic. UBarbara wamfumana uMvuzo weNobel owawufanelekile kuphela kwiminyaka engama-30 kamva, eneminyaka eyi-81. Ngelo xesha, ibhinqa eliphakathi-eliyingcali enkulu yenzululwazi-wayethetha ngophando lwakhe kunye neziphumo kwihlabathi lonke.

Oososayensi baseRashiya

Ukuphuhliswa kwezesayensi eRashiya akunakwenzeka ukucinga ngaphandle kwabasetyhini abaye benza igalelo elikhulu kulo.

U-Ermolieva Zinaida Vissarionovna (1898-1974) ngu-microbiologist obalaseleyo kunye ne-epidemiologist. Nguye owadala ama-antibiotiki-amayeza, ngaphandle kokuba akunakwenzeka ukucinga ngamachiza anamhlanje. Okumangalisa kukuba, ukwenzela ukuba enze ukufunyanwa kwezesayensi, intombazana eneminyaka engama-24 ubudala ixhelele ngesifo esibulalayo - ikholera. Ukwazi ukuba ukuba iyeza lingafumaneki, iintsuku zakhe ziya kubalwa, unokuziphilisa. Kamva kamva, kwiminyaka engama-20 kamva, ngexesha lemfazwe, lo mfazi osekhulile, usosayensi omkhulu, walondoloza iSalalingrad eyinqongqileyo ukusuka kwindlala yekholera. Ukunikezelwa kweMyalelo weLenin, kwaye ke iStalin Prize, watyala yonke imali efunyenwe kwinqwelo. Kungekudala isibhakabhaka sasiyibhawule umqhubi owayephethe igama lomfazi omangalisayo.

Igalelo elikhulu ekuphuhliseni i-anatomy lenziwe ngu-Anna Adamovna Krausskaya (1854-1941). Ufumene isihloko sesicatshulwa ngaphandle kokukhusela isicatshulwa sakhe waza waba ngowokuqala waseRashiya ukufumana indawo enjalo ehloniphekileyo yesayensi.

UKovalevskaya uSofya Vasilyevna (1850-1891), isazi sezembali saseRashiya kunye nomatshini, naye wenza inxaxheba ebalulekileyo kwisayensi.

Uyenze okuninzi kula masebe enzululwazi, kodwa ukufumanisa okuphambili uphando malunga nokujikeleza kwesigxina esingaphezulu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba uSofya Vasilievna waba yindoda kuphela kweso sihlandlo ukufumana isihloko soprofesa weemathematika aphezulu eNtshona Yurophu. Ngokomzekelo, umfazi waseRussia oyingqondi ufundisa ukuba impumelelo nolwazi aluxhomekeke kwisondo.

Inzululwazi igama elidumileyo emhlabeni

Phantse elo lonke ilizwe lingaziqhayisa ngamabhinqa aphezulu, ngenxa yokuba kukho utshintsho olukhulu kwisayensi.

Phakathi kwezesondo ezifanelekileyo ihlabathi lonke eliyaziyo, igama elithi Rachel Louise Carson (1907-1964), isazi sezinto eziphilayo ngokubhekiselele kwimicimbi yendalo, izandi. Ngowe-1962, lo wesifazane osekhulile, ososayensi omkhulu, wasungula isicatshulwa kwimpembelelo yezilwanyana ezinobuncwane bezilwanyana ezinokutsha, okwakushukumisa umhlaba wezenzululwazi. Incwadi yakhe ethi "Imfazwe Eyodwa" yaholela ekuhlaselweni ngokukrakra ngabenzi bezoshishino zamakhemikhali abachitha imali eninzi ngokugculela uRakeli. Yayiye le ncwadi eyabangela ukudalwa kweminyango eninzi yentlalo ukukhusela imo.

UCharlotte Gilman (1860-1935) - omnye wabasunguli beentshukumo zesifazane kwihlabathi. Ngombulelo kwi talente yakhe ebhaliweyo, wayenako ukubeka ingqwalasela yoluntu kwingcinezelo yabafazi.

Uphando olungabonakali lwabafazi besayensi

Iimbono zoluntu ziqhubeka zihlaziye kwaye zigqithise indima yabasetyhini. Oososayensi abaphando abazange bazimisele ukuyeka, nangona bafumene indlela yabo emininzi imiqobo. Ngokukodwa, ukufumana izihloko zenzululwazi, ngokungafani neentsebenziswano zamadoda, zanikwa ubunzima obukhulu.

Ucwaningo lukaRosalind Franklin (1920-1958) kwintsimi yophando lwe-DNA lwaluyimpumelelo enkulu, kodwa ayengabonakali ebomini.

Kwakhona, bambalwa abantu bayazi ukuba imvelaphi yokudalwa kwezixhobo zenukliya yayimmeli wesifo esasibuthakathaka - uLee Meitner (1878-1968). Ukwahlula i-nucleus ye-uranium kwaye wenza isigqibo malunga nokuphendulwa kwamakhankethi okukwazi ukudala amandla amakhulu.

Ubunokwenzeka bokudala izixhobo ezinamandla kunazo zonke kwihlabathi kubangele ukuhlaselwa okukhulu kuluntu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba yi-pacifist, u-Lisa wamisa izifundo zakhe, wenqaba ukwenza ibhomu. Isiphumo kukuba iimibhalo zakhe zazingabonakali, kwaye u-Otto Gan usebenza naye wamthatha esikhundleni sakhe ngeNobel Prize.

Ukufunyaniswa kwabafazi besayensi

Kunzima ukuphazamisa umnikelo owenziwe ngabafazi besayensi ekuphuhliseni isayensi yehlabathi. Ngengcambu yeengcamango ezininzi zanamhlanje zazingabameli bezesondo ezibuthathaka, abo amagama abo awakuthi ayenziwa luluntu. Ukongezelela kule mpu melelo, abafazi banokufumana okoku:

• I-comet yokuqala - uMaria Mitchell (1847);
• Iingcambu eziqhelekileyo zokuziphendulela komntu kunye nenambuzane - uJane Goodall (1964);
• I-Periscope - uSara Meter (1845);
• Umfeleli wemoto - uEl Dolores Jones (1917);
• I-Dishwasher - uJosephine Garys Cochrane (ngo-1914);
• Umprofeti wesibonakaliso ngenxa yempazamo - uBetty Graham (1956) kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Igalelo kwisayensi yehlabathi

Akunakwenzeka ukucinga isayensi kunye nokuphuhliswa kwayo kwabameli abangenabalulekanga besondo olubuthathaka abayiphakamisayo kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphuhliswa komntu. Iingcali zenzululwazi zehlabathi zenze igalelo kumashishini anjengale:

• IFizikiki;
• Khemistry;
• Mayeza;
• Ifilosofi;
• Iincwadi.

Ngelishwa, asizange sithole amagama abo bonke abafazi abasebenzela inzuzo yoluntu, nangona kunjalo, kunokutsho ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba umsebenzi wabo ufanelwe inhlonipho.

Isimo sengqondo kubafazi besayensi kwihlabathi lanamhlanje

Siyabonga kubameli bezesondo ezibuthathaka, abaye bafakazela ngokuphindaphindiweyo ilungelo labo lokubandakanya inzululwazi, uluntu lwangoku luye lwaqonda ukulingana kwezesondo. Namhlanje, amadoda nabasetyhini basebenza ngecala, baqhubeka nokusebenza ekuphuhlisweni koluntu. Ukufumana idigri okanye umvuzo wabasetyhini kubonakala kungenakwenzeka, kodwa indlela eya kweso simo sengqondo yayide kwaye inzima.

Abafazi abacebileyo kwi-XX leminyaka

Abasetyhini abaziwayo basosayensi basebenza ngexesha lethu.

Stern Lina Solomonovna, isazi sezinto eziphilayo kunye ne-physiologist, waba ngowesifazane wokuqala ovunyelwe kwi-USSR Academy yeSayensi.

Skorokhodova Olga Ivanovna - ibhinqa elineminyaka eliphakathi, ososayensi omkhulu. Umsebenzi kwiimpawu ze-deafblind usacatshulwa kwizandi zenzululwazi. I-defectologist ene talente, isisensi esisisithulu esisisithulu esisisigxina emhlabeni.

UDobihd-Rozhdestvenskaya Olga Antonovna, umbhali nombhali waseRashiya kunye neSoviet, owaba ilungu elifanayo le-USSR Academy yeSayensi.

Ladigina-Kotts Nadezhda Nikolaevna - oyena ososayensi wezoopsychologist eRussia.

UPavlova uMaria Vasilyevna, oososayensi wokuqala we-paleontologist.

UGlagoleva-Arkadieva uAlexandra Andreevna, isayensi-physicist. Le ntombi yaziwa njengehlabathi kwaye yaba ngugqirha wezobugcisa nezemathematika.

ULebedeva u-Olga Sergeevna, umhumushi kunye nolimi, owamisela uMbutho weeMpuma zase-Oriental, owawusihlalo ohloniphekileyo kamva.

ULermontova u-Julia Vsevolodovna, ulungele ngokupheleleyo igama lakhe elidumileyo, nangona kunjalo, kwenye indawo. Wayeyindoda yamachiza yokuqala yokufumana isicatshulwa.

U-Klado Tatyana Nikolaevna - ngowokuqala umfazi we-aerologist eRashiya nakwihlabathi.

Ukuba babe ngabokuqala kwintsimi yabo, baye babonisa umzekelo ofanelekileyo kuninzi. La mabhinqa ayenelungelo lokuziqhayisa ngokubambisana ne-Fatherland kunye nesayensi yehlabathi, ukuxabisa igalelo abayenzile.

Isiphelo

Nangona kukho ubunzima, izazinzulu zenzululwazi zisebenza nzima, zibonisa ilungelo labo lokulingana. Yaye inkqubela eyenziwa yinto enzima ukuyijonga. La mabhinqa aqhoshayo aphefumula amagama abo ngokufumanisa ngokugqibeleleyo, eba ngumzekelo wobungqina nesibindi.