Absolute zero ubushushu - molecule intshukumo Mayekiso indawo

kuye kwabonakala Igama elithi "lobushushu" ngexesha yemvelo babecinga ukuba imizimba efudumeleyo iqanjwa kweziyobisi ngakumbi ngqo - caloric - zikwamzimba mnye nathi, kodwa kuyabanda. Kunye nezinga lobushushu uye waphathwa njenge nenani isixa caloric emzimbeni. Ekubeni iqondo lobushushu naziphi imizimba ulinganiswa ngokwamazinga. Kodwa enyanisweni ke umlinganiselo wamandla agciniweyo yokuhambisa molecule, phezu kwesi sisekelo, kufuneka lijongwe ziijowule, ngokutsho neeyunithi SI.

Igama elithi "ingundoqo zero lobushushu" livela umthetho wesibini obizwa. Ngokutsho kukho utshintsho ubushushu ukusuka abandayo umzimba ashushu akunakwenzeka. Le nto iye yaziswa yamachiza yaseBritani uWilliam Thomson. Yena seempumelelo physics, iKumkanikazi of England wanikwa liqhawe "Nkosi" kunye nesihloko "Baron Kelvin." Ngowe-1848 g. Thomson (iNkosi Kelvin) kucetywa ukuba usebenzise isikali ubushushu, apho kwindawo yokuqala xa ifunyenwe ingundoqo zero ubushushu ehambelana ukwahlukana umda nesikali abandayo wathabatha izidanga Celsius. Iyunithi lobushushu Kelvin yi 1/27316 iqhekeza ngongoma kathathu amanzi (malunga 0 amaqo. C), ngamanye amazwi lobushushu apho amanzi acocekileyo igcinwa kanye ngeendlela ezintathu: umkhenkce, amanzi elulwelo kunye umphunga. Absolute zero ubushushu - ke kunokwenzeka iphantsi kwamaqondo obushushu apho motion molekyuli iyakuvingca kunye ubuncwane elide bazakukwazi ukuyikhupha amandla thermal. Ukususela ngoko, izinga lobushushu ingundoqo yathiywa ngegama lakhe.

Ubushushu ilinganiswa izikali ezahlukeneyo

Isikali lobushushu ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo ngokuqhelekileyo ubizwa ngokuba "Isikali Celsius le." Yakhelwe phezu amanqaku ezimbini kwi lobushushu lenqanam lenguqu amanzi elulwelo zomphunga amanzi ngumkhenkce. A. Celsius ngo-1742, ecetywayo umgama phakathi amanqaku reference sahlulwe kwizithuba-100, yaye iqondo amanzi lithathwa zero, kwaye qhwa degrees 100. Kodwa Swede Linnaeus ecetywayo ukwenza into eyahlukileyo. Ekubeni amanzi ngumkhenkce kwi Zero degrees Celsius AA. Nangona Celsius ngqo kufuneka ubilise. Absolute zero Celsius ingqamana thabatha 273,16 Degrees Celsius.

Kukho isikali ubushushu ezininzi: qhwa, Reaumur, Rankine, Newton, Roemer. Baye amanqaku esalathisi ezahlukeneyo kunye nexabiso sisahlula. Umzekelo ukucaca izakhelo Reaumur nayo yakhelwe phezu okubila qhwa kwamanzi, kodwa amaqela 80. isikali qhwa, esavela 1724, ezisetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla kuphela kwezinye iindawo ehlabathini, libandakanya i-USA ..; amanqaku esalathisi: omnye - umxube lobushushu ice amanzi - ammonia kunye nezinye - umzimba womntu. Isikali wohlulwe nekhulu iziqu. Zero ingqamana 32 Celsius qhwa. degrees Translation Fahrenheit kunokwenziwa ngokomgaqo wokubala: F = 1,8 C + 32 inguqulelo Reverse: C = (F - 32) / 1.8, apho: F - qhwa, C - ° C. Ukuba lazy kakhulu ukubala, yiya inkonzo online ukuguqulela Celsius to Fahrenheit. Xa isakhelo, tayipha inani izidanga Celsius, cinezela "Bala" iqhosha le, khetha i "Fahrenheit" kwaye ucofe "Qala". Umphumo uya kubonakala kwangoko.

isikali Rankine abizwa imbeko IsiNgesi (okanye mandithi Scottish) yamachiza William J .. Rankin, owayephila ngexesha of Calvin, yaye omnye wabaseki Technical obizwa. Xa amanqaku ayo isikali ezintathu ezibalulekileyo: ekuqaleni - elililo zero qhwa amanzi degrees 491,67 Rankine kunye namanzi abilayo 671,67 degrees. Inani iyantlukwano phakathi amanzi ngqele nokubilisa yayo kunye Rankin, yaye 180 Fahrenheit.

Uninzi lwezi nesikali kuphela physics. Ne-40% yabaphenduleyo kule mihla abafundi American iiklasi isidanga abaye bathi abazi ukuba kukuzibophelela zero lobushushu.