Ama Mongol. Golden Horde. Ukuhlasela kweMongol eRashiya

Ngeli-XIII leminyaka, amaMongol akhela umbuso kunye nensimu enkulu esondeleyo kwimbali yoluntu. Yandula ukusuka eRashiya ukuya kwi-mpuma ye-Asia kunye naseKorea ukuya eMiddle East. AmaHordes of nomads abhubhisa amakhulu amabini, atshabalalisa amaninzi amazwe. Igama loo msunguli wenkosi yaseMongolia yaseGenghis Khan yaba ngumqondiso wexesha eliphakathi.

Jin

Iimbamba zokuqala zamaMongol zathintela iChina. UBukhosi baseKesimeni abuzange bangenise ngokukhawuleza kumadada. Kwiimfazwe zaseMongol-zesiTshayina, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa izigaba ezintathu. Iyokuqala yayiyi-Jin (1211-1234). Eli phulo likhokelwa nguGenghis Khan ngokwakhe. Umkhosi wakhe wabala abantu abayikhulu lamawaka. Izizwe ezizungezile zase-Uighur neKarluks zajoyina amaMongol.

Owokuqala ukubamba isixeko saseFuzhou ngasentla kweJin. Kungekude kwintwasahlobo ka-1211 kwakukho imfazwe enkulu e-Ehulin. Kule mpi, umkhosi omkhulu wobuchwepheshe waseJin wabhujiswa. Emva kokuphumelela ukunqoba kokuqala okukhulu, umkhosi waseMongol wanqoba uMdonga Omkhulu-isithintelo sasendulo, esakhiwe ngokumelene namaHuns. Ngesinye saseChina, yaqala ukuphanga imizi yaseTshayina. Ngobusika, abatyunde bahlala ematyaleni abo, kodwa sele bebuyele emva kwentwasahlobo yokuhlaselwa ngokutsha.

Ngaphantsi kweentlungu zabantu, i-Jin yaqala ukuhlukana. Ngokuchasene neJurchen, owawubusa eli lizwe, uhlanga lwesiTshayina kunye noKhitan lwaqala ukuvukela. Abaninzi babo basekela amaMongol, benethemba lwabo ngoncedo lokufumana ukuzimela. Ezi zibalo zazingenangqiqo. Ukutshabalalisa iimeko zezinye iintlanga, uGenghis Khan omkhulu akazange akwazi ukudala amanye amazwe. Ngokomzekelo, ukuphulwa kwe-Jin eMpuma Liao kwaphela iminyaka engamashumi amabini kuphela. AmaMongol ngobuchule aqalisa ukusebenzisana kwexeshana. Ukusebenzisana nabo nabachasene nabo, balahla "abahlobo."

Ngo-1215, amaMongol athatyathwa aze atshise iBeijing (ekuthiwa yiZhundu). Kwiminyaka embalwa embalwa abantu basebenzayo benza ngokwemiqathango yokuhlaselwa. Emva kokufa kukaGenghis Khan, uKhagan (wakhe omkhulu khan) waba ngunyana wakhe u-Ogadei. Waya kwiindlela zokunqoba. Ngaphantsi kwama-Ugadei, ama-Mongol ekugqibeleni ahlenga i-Jin ebukumkanini bawo. Ngo-1234, umbusi wokugqibela waloo mhlaba u-Ai-zuong wazibulala. Ukuhlasela kwamaMongol kwonakalisa iNyakatho yeChina, kodwa ukutshabalaliswa kweJin kwakungokuqala kokuhamba koyiso lwabahlali base-Eurasia.

Xi Xia

Umbuso weTangut we-Xi Xia (i-Western Xia) waba lizwe elilandelayo ukuba amaMongol anqoba. UGenghis Khan wabunqoba lo bukumkani ngo-1227. UXia Xia wayenommandla osentshonalanga yeJin. Kwalawula inxalenye yeNdlela eNkulu yeSilk, eyathembisa i-nomads isityebi esisityebi. I-Stepniaks yazingqinga kwaye yachitha inkunzi yeTanguts Zhongxing. UGenghis Khan wafa, ebuyela ezweni lakubo ukusuka kulo phulo. Ngoku, iindlalifa zakhe kwakufuneka zigqibe umsebenzi womseki-mbuso.

South Soong

Ama-Mongol yokuqala anqobayo achaphazelekayo achazwe ngabantu abangengabantu baseTshayina kwintsimi yaseChina. Bobabini uJin noXian Xia babengenabo ubukhosi baseZulwini ngokupheleleyo kwegama. Isizwe saseTshayina kwiXIII leminyaka lalilawula kuphela isiqingatha saseChina esisezantsi, apho uMbuso woBukumkani baseMzantsi. Imfazwe naye yaqala ngo-1235.

Kwiminyaka emininzi amaMongol ahlasela iChina, ayiphuthuma ilizwe ngokuhlaselwa ngokungapheliyo. Ngo-1238, Ingoma ithembise ukuhlawula umvuzo, emva koko ukuhlaselwa kwezigwebo kwaphela. I-truce ephosakeleyo yasungulwa iminyaka engama-13. Imbali yama Mongol iyakwazi ngaphezu kweyodwa imeko. U-Nomads "waxolelanisa" kunye nelizwe elinye ukuze agxininise ekunqobeni abanye abamelwane.

Ngo-1251, entsha entsha khan yaba nguMunke. Waqala imfazwe yesibili ngeSanga. Ngentloko yale phulo kwakunomzalwana kaKhanya Khubilai. Imfazwe yahlala iminyaka emininzi. I-Sun Inkundla yanikezela ngo-1276, nangona umzabalazo wamaqela ahlukeneyo aseTshayina ukuzimela ngokwawo waqhubeka kude kube ngu-1279. Kuphela emva koko, ijoka laseMongol lasekwa phezu kolawulo loBukumkani baseKesimini. Ngethuba le-1271, uKhulalai wasungula ubukhosi be Yuan. Yayibusa iChina kwaze kwaba phakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesine, xa yachithwa ngenxa yokuvukela kweempawu ezibomvu.

EKorea naseBurma

Kwiimida zayo ezisempuma, urhulumente, owadalwa ngexesha lolawulo lweMongol, waqala ukuhlala kunye neKorea. Umkhankaso wamkhosi wokulwa nawo waqala ngo-1231. Ewonke, ukulandelwa kwezilandathu kuye kwalandelwa. Ngenxa yeengxabano ezibhubhisa, iKorea yaqala ukuhlawula ummandla we Yuan. Ijoka laseMongol kwi-peninsula laphela ngo-1350.

Ngaphesheya ekupheleni kwe-Asiya, abatyunjwa bafikelela kwimida yobukumkani bamaPagani eBurma. Imikhankaso yokuqala yaseMongolia kweli lizwe ibuyele kuma-1270. U-Khubilai uhlehlise umkhankaso onqabileyo wokulwa nePagan ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngenxa yokusilela kwakhe kwiVietnam engummelwane. Emazantsi-mpuma yeAsia, amaMongol ayenze ahlangane nabantu basekuhlaleni, kodwa kunye nesimo sezulu esingavamile. Imikhosi yafumana i-malaria, ngenxa yokuba yayihlala ibuyela kumazwe abo. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1287 ukunqotshwa kweBurma kwakusenokwenzeka.

Ukuhlasela kweJapan ne-Indiya

Ayikho yonke imfazwe yokulwa, eyayiqala ngayo inzala kaGenghis Khan, iphelile ngempumelelo. Ngomibini (inzame yokuqala yayiyi-1274, okwesibini - ngo-1281), uKhayilai wazama ukuqala ukuhlasela kweJapan. Ngenxa yale nto, i-China yakha i-flotillas ezinkulu, ezazingenalo imizekelo kwi-Middle Ages. AmaMongol awazange abe namava ekuhambeni. Iinqonga zabo zahlulwa kwiinqanawa zaseJapan. Kwindwendwe yesibini, abantu abayi-100,000 bathatha inxaxheba kwisiqithi saseKyushu, kodwa bahluleka ukunqoba.

Elinye ilizwe alizange lithathwe yiMongol laba yiIndiya. Inzala kaGenghis Khan yakuva malunga nobutyebi beli lizwe elimangalisayo kwaye laphupha lokuliyisa. Ngasenyakatho yeIndiya ngelo xesha kwakuyi-Delhi Sultanate. Ngesihlandlo sokuqala amaMongol ahlasela insimu yawo ngo-1221. Amadaka aseMasta achitha amanye amaphondo (Lahore, Multan, ePeshawar), kodwa ngaphambi kokuba anqobe. Ngo-1235, badibanisa amandla abo eKashmir. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, amaMongolia ahlasela iPunjab aze afike eDelhi. Naphezu kokuphazamiseka kweephulo, aba-nomads abazange bakwazi ukufumana indawo eNdiya.

ICaracathian Khanate

Ngo-1218, amaqela aseMongol, awalwa kuphela eChina, aqala ukuguqula amahashe abo entshona. Endleleni yabo yayiseMpuma Asia. Lapha, kwintsimi yaseKazakhstan yanamhlanje, kwakukho iKarakitaian Khanate, eyasungulwa nguKarakitais (ngokusondeleyo ngokobuMongol kunye neKhanitan).

Imithetho yeli lizwe yalawulwa ngumdlali omdala waseGenghis Khan Kuchluk. Ukulungiselela umzabalazo wokulwa nawo, amaMongol atyelela abanye abantu baseTurkic be-Semirechie. Abantu abatyunjwa bafumana inkxaso evela kuKarluk khan Arslan kunye nomlawuli we-Almalyk Buzar. Ukongezelela, bancedwa ngamaSulumane ahlala phantsi, abo amaMongol avumela ukuqhuba iinkonzo zonqulo zoluntu (apho uKuchluk akazange avumele ukuba benze).

Iphulo ngokumelene neKaritean Khanate lakhokelwa enye yomsindo ophezulu weGenghis Khan Jaba. Wanqoba yonke i-East Turkestan neSemirechye. Ukuchithwa, iKuchluk yabaleka ezintabeni zasePamir. Kulapho wabanjwa waza wabulawa.

Khorezm

Olulandelayo ulawulo lwaseMongolia, ngokufutshane, lwalusisigaba sokuqala sokunqoba yonke i- Asia Ephakathi. Omnye umbuso omkhulu, ngaphandle kweKarakitay Khanate, wawubukumkani bamaSulumane baseKhorezmshahs, abemi ngama-Irani naseTurks. Kule meko, ukwazi ukuba yiPolovtsian (Kypchak). Ngamanye amazwi, iKorezm yayiyintlukwano yeentlanga. Ukuwunqoba, amaMongol asebenzisa ngobuchule ukuphikisana kwangaphakathi kwalo mandla amakhulu.

Nangona uGenghis Khan wasungula ubudlelwane obuhle kunye noKhorezm. Ngo-1215 wathumela abathengisi bakhe kweli lizwe. Ihlabathi neKhorezm lalifuneka ngamaMongol ukuba anqwenele ukunqoba iKarakite Khanate engummelwane. Xa eli lizwe lithatyathwe phantsi, kwaba ngumjikelo wommelwane wakhe.

Ama-Mongol ayesele eyaziwa kwihlabathi lonke, kwaye eKhurezm babesaba ngobudlelwane babo obucingelayo kunye nabantu abathandwayo. Iingcamango zokupheliswa kolwalamano oludibeneyo phakathi kwabantu be-steppe zafunyanwa ngethuba. Igosa lombutho wase-Otrar lisikrokra abathengisi baseMongolia bobugqwetha bawabulala. Emva kokubulawa okungazicingeli, imfazwe yaba yinto engenakukhunjulwa.

UGenghis Khan wamkhankashela iKorezm ngo-1219. Ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kwendwendwe, wathabatha kunye naye bonke oonyana bakhe. UOgadei noChagatai bajikeleza u-Otrar. I-Juchi iholele umkhosi wesibini, uhamba ngokuya kuJend no-Sygnak. Umkhosi wesithathu ujolise kwiKhojent. UGenghis Khan yena kunye nendodana yakhe uToluy landela i-megalopolis ecebileyo yama-Middle Ages ukuya eSamarkand. Zonke ezi zixeko zathathwa kwaye ziphangwa.

E-Samarkand, apho kwakuhlala khona abantu abangamawaka angama-400, omnye kuphela kwabasibhozo bahlala bephila. U-Otrar, uJend, uSygnak kunye nezinye izixeko ezininzi zase-Central Asia zatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo (namhlanje kuphela izibhubhiso zezinto zakudala ezigcinwe endaweni yazo). Ngo-1223 iKorezm yahlulwa. Ukunqoba kweMongol kwagqithisa intsimi enkulu ukusuka kwiCaspian Sea ukuya kwi-Indus.

Emva kokuwunqoba iKhorezm, abatyunjwa bafumanisa indlela eya entshonalanga - ngakwesinye icala ukuya eRashiya, nakwezinye - ukuya eMiddle East. Xa umbuso waseMongolia udibene, i-Hulaguids yavela e-Central Asia, apho inzala yomzukulu kaGenghis Khan Khulagu yagweba. Olu bukumkani lwada kwada kwada ngo-1335.

Anatolia

Emva kokunqoba kweKhorezm, abamelwane abasentshonalanga bamaMongol baba yiTeljuk Turks. Umbuso wabo, i-Koni Sultanate, yayisemimandla yeTurkey yanamhlanje kwi-peninsula yase- Asia Minor. Lo mmandla wawunegama lomlando -Anatolia. Ukongeza kwimeko yaseSeljuk, kwakukho izikumkani zaseGrike apho - iziqwenga ezavela emva kokubanjelwa kweConstantinople ngamaKreseli kunye nokuwa kweBukhosi baseByzantium ngo-1204.

U-Anatolia wanqotshwa yiNkongoma yaseBangladesh uBhaigiu, owayengurhuluneli e-Iran. Wabiza u-Seljuk Sultan uKay-Khosrov II ukuba azibonele njengomntu onqabileyo. Isipho sokuhlazisa sichithwa. Ngo-1241, ekuphenduleni i-demarche Bayzhu yahlasela u-Anatolia kunye nomkhosi waya e-Erzurum. Emva kokungqingwa kweenyanga ezimbini, loo mzi wawa. Iindonga zayo zatshatyalaliswa ngokutshayela kwi-catapult, kwaye abaninzi abahlali babulawa okanye baphangwa.

U-Kay-Khosrov II, nangona kunjalo, akayi kuzinikela. Wabhala inkxaso yamazwe aseGrisi (iTrusbizond kunye neNicaean), kunye neenkosana zaseGeorgia neArmenia. Ngo-1243, umkhosi we-anti-Mongolian coalition wadibana nabongeneleli kwintaba yaseKese-dag. Iimodyulo zasebenzisa amacebo abo abathandayo. AmaMongol, azenza ngathi abuyele, enza uhambo olungamanga kwaye ngokukhawuleza waphikisana nabachasi. Umkhosi waseSeljuks kunye namaqela abo ahlangene nawo. Emva kokusinqoba, amaMongol anqoba uAnatolia. Ngokwesivumelwano soxolo, isiqingatha se-Koni Sultanate sasihlanganiswe kunye nobukhosi babo, esinye saqala ukuhlawula umvuzo.

EMbindi Mpuma

Ngama-1256, umzukulu kaGenghis Khan Khulagu wayekhokelela ekuMbindi Mpuma. Eli phulo ludlulileyo iminyaka emine. Lo ngowomnye wamaphulo amakhulu omkhosi waseMongol. Eyokuqala phantsi kokubetha kwe-steppe kwakukho ilizwe lamaNazire e-Iran. UHulagu wadlula i-Amu Darya waza wathabatha imizi yaseMuslim eKukhistan.

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa amaKhizar, uMonglish Khan wabukela eBaghdad, apho i-Caliph Al-Mustatim yaphela. Inkosi yokugqibela yendlu ka-Abbasid yayingenamandla okwanele ukulwa nomkhosi, kodwa ngokuzithemba wayenqaba ukuzithoba kwabafokazi ngokuthula. Ngama-1258, amaMongol ayigubha iBaghdad. Abahlaseli basebenzisa izixhobo zokungqinga, baza baqala ukuhlaselwa. Isixeko sasizungezwe kwaye sichithwa inkxaso yangaphandle. Kwiiveki ezimbini kamva, iBaghdad yawa.

Indlunkulu ye-albadiyali, iparele yehlabathi lamaSilamsi, yabhujiswa emhlabeni. AmaMongolia awazange avumele izikhumbuzo ezizimeleyo zezokwakha, zonakalise i-academy, zalahla iincwadi ezixabisekileyo kwiTigris. Iphangiwe iBaghdad yaba yinqaba yokutshaya. Ukuwa kwalo kwakufuzisela ukuphela kwe-Golden Age yobuSulumane.

Emva kweemeko zeBaghdad, umkhankaso waseMongolia waqala ePalestine. Ngo-1260, i-Ain Jalut yayibanjwe. AmaMamluk aseYiputa awanqoba abantu abangabaziyo. Isizathu sokutshatyalaliswa kwamaMongol kwakukusekupheleni kweHulagu, efunde ngokufa kwe-khangun Mongke, yabuyela eCaucasus. EPalestina, washiya umlawuli weKitbugu ngomkhosi omncinci, owawunqotshwa ngama-Arabhu ngokwemvelo. Ngaphantsi kwe-Muslim Middle East, amaMongol awakwazi ukuqhubeka. Umda wolawulo lwawo wawuseMesopotamia yeTigris neYufrate.

Imfazwe yeKalka

Umzila wokuqala wamaMongol ukuya eYurophu waqala xa abantu abatyunjwa, befuna umlawuli obalekileyo waseKhorezm, bafika kwii-Polovtsian steppes. Ngexesha elifanayo uGenghis Khan ngokwakhe uthetha ngesidingo sokunqoba i-Kipchaks. Ngomnyaka we-1220 umkhosi wabantu abatyunjwa beza eTranscaucasia, ukusuka apho wafudukela kwiLizwe Elidala. Babhubhisa amazwe aseLezghian kwintsimi yeDagestan yanamhlanje. Emva koko amaMongol aqala ukuhlangabezana nePolvvtsi kunye neAlans.

I-Kipchaki, eqonda ingozi yeendwendwe ezingahambelwanga, yathumela i-embassy kumazwe aseRussia, icela ukuba i-Armerican Slavonic iwancede. UMstislav Omdala (Omkhulu uDuke waseKiev), uMstislav Udatny (iNkosana yaseGalich), uDaniil Romanovich (iNkosana yaseVolynsky), uMstislav Svyatoslavich (isikhulu saseChernigov) kunye namanye amakhosikazi ase-feudal aphendule kule fowuni.

Kwakuyiminyaka eyi-1223. Iinkosana zavuma ukuma amaMongol ePolovtsian ngaphambi kokuba ahlasele iRashiya. Ngexesha lokuhlanganisana kweqela elihlangeneyo ukuya eRurikovich i-ambassy yaseMongolia yafika. Amatyala awanikezela amaRussia ukuba angenelele kumaPolvania. Iinkosana zalela ukuba zibulale amanxusa kwaye zafudukela kwi-steppe.

Kungekudala kwintsimi yesithili saseDonetsk yanamhlanje kwakukho imfazwe embi eKalka. I-1223 yayiyiminyaka yosizi kulo lonke ilizwe laseRashiya. Ukubambisana kweenkosana kunye namaPolvvista kwaxhatshazwa. Imikhosi ephakamileyo yamaMongolia yanqoba i-squad ebumbene. I-Polovtsy, ukuthuthumela phantsi kwehlaselo, babaleka, beshiya ibutho laseRashiya lingenalo inkxaso.

Ekulweni, ubuncinane abatsha aba-8 babulawa, kuquka uMstislav waseKiev noMstislav waseChernigov. Bonke kunye namakhwenkwe amaninzi alahlekelwa ubomi bawo. Imfazwe emnyama yaba imfazwe yeKalka. I-1223 ingaba yi-Mongols ngokutsha ngokutsha, kodwa emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwegazi, bacinga ukuba kulungile ukubuyela kwizilonda zabo. Kwiminyaka emininzi kwinqununu yaseRussia ye-horde entsha embi ayizange ive enye into.

IVolga yaseBulgaria

Kungekudala ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, uGenghis Khan wahlula ubukumkani bakhe kwiindawo ezinoxanduva, elowo lilawulwa ngunyana owonqobileyo. Ulus kwii-Polovtsian steppes waya kwiJuchi. Wafa ngaphambi kwangoko, kwaye ngo-1235, kwisigqibo se-kurultai, unyana wakhe uBaty waqalisa ukulungiselela i-Europe. Umzukulu kaGenghis Khan waqokelela umkhosi omkhulu waza waya kunqoba amazwe akude kumaMongol.

Ixhoba lokuqala lokuhlasela okutsha kwe-nomads yi-Volga Bulgaria. Lo mmandla kwintsimi yeTatarstan yanamhlanje kwiminyaka emininzi yayingene kwimfazwe emida kunye namaMongol. Nangona kunjalo, kude kube ngoku, i-steppe ivalelwe kwiindawo ezincinane. Ngoku uBatu wayenomkhosi wabantu abangaba ngu-120 lamawaka. Lo mkhosi omkhulu kakhulu uthatha imizi ehamba phambili yaseBulgaria: i-Bulgar, i-Bilyar, i-Dzhuketau neSuvar.

Ukuhlasela kweRashiya

Emva kokuwunqoba iVolga yaseBulgaria waza wawaxabisa ama-alliance ePolvvyy, abahlaseli bafudukela kwintshona. Ngaloo ndlela yaqala ukulwa kweMongol yaseRashiya. Ngomhla kaDisemba ngo-1237 aba-nomads bafumaneka kwintsimi ye-Ryazan. Inkulu yakhe yathathwa kwaye yabhujiswa ngonya. I-Ryazan yamanje yakhiwa ngamakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka e-Old Ryazan, apho kuhlala khona kuphela indawo yokuhlala.

umkhosi Advanced of Vladimir-Suzdal ubulawuli xa Mongols kweli dabi Kolomna. Ekulweni wabulala omnye woonyana Genghis Khan - Kyulhan. Kungekudala, ibutho uhlaselwe lamabutho i Ryazan hero Evpatii Kolovrat, eyaba iqhawe lesizwe wokwenene. Nangona besenza banenkani, i Mongols ukroboze yonke umkhosi waza wathabatha yonke imizi ezintsha.

Ekuqaleni kuka-1238 yawa Moscow, Vladimir, yaseTver, Pereslavl-Zaleski, Torzhok. Idolophu encinane Kozelsk wathethelela elide kangangokuba Baty, yidilizeni emhlabeni, kwainqaba igama elithi "isixeko abangendawo". I- Battle of uMlambo City engabandakanyi eyahlukileyo, wayalela temnik Burunday watshabalalisa squad united Russian eyayikhokelwa Vladimir Prince uYuri Vsevolodovich, ngubani kunqunyulwa intloko yakhe.

Ngaphezu naziphi na ezinye izixeko Russian Novgorod lucky. Ukuthatha Torzhok hlokondiba akazange nabuganga ukuya kude kakhulu emantla abandayo nangasezantsi intloko. Ngoko ke, i Mongol ukuhlaselwa Russia ngovuyo wasindisa iziko ezingundoqo zorhwebo kunye nezenkcubeko eli lizwe. Bafudukela emaqeleni esemazantsi, Batu wenza ikhefu encinane. Wabanika fatten amahashe kunye bahlangana umkhosi. Lo mkhosi yahlulwe ziiyunithi ezininzi, ukusombulula ingxaki athile ekulweni Polovtsy kunye Alans.

Sele 1239 i Mongols wahlasela zantsi eRashiya. Ngo-Oktobha wawa Chernigov. Intshabalalo bayo Glukhov, Putivl, Rylsk. Ngowe-1240, le abasemathanga wayingqinga wathatha Kiev. Kungekudala, lo okufanayo nakuwo galich. Ibekwe isixeko iqhosha Russian, Baty wenza Rurik nemingenela yawo. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa ixesha iGolden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, olwaqhubeka kwaze ngenkulungwane XV. lizenzele Senior azaziwa Vladimir ukubusa. abalawuli balo wamkela Mongols avumele ezimfutshane. Le nkqubo behlazekile yaphazamiseka kuphela ngokuvela eMoscow.

waseYurophu

Elibi ukuhlasela Mongolian eRashiya iye ingabi lowo yokugqibela waseYurophu. Ukuqhubeka ngasentshonalanga, kwafika abasemathanga kwimida of Hungary kunye Poland. Ezinye iinkosana Russian (njengoko Mihail Chernigovsky) ubalekele ubukumkani, ecela uncedo yamaKatolika asingookumkani.

Ngo-1241 i-Mongols wamthabatha, baphanga izixeko Polish Zawichost, Lublin, Sandomierz. Krakow ukuwa yokugqibela. neenkosi Polish bakwazi ukuba acele uncedo amaJamani nemiyalelo yamaKatolika emkhosini. amabutho Coalition le mibutho boyiswa kwi-Battle of Legnica. Ekulweni wabulala Krakow Prince Henry II.

Ilizwe yokugqibela ukuba ubunzima ukusuka Mongols, waba iHungary. Ukuba Carpathians kunye yayo, i abasemathanga yahlasela Oradea Temeşvar Eyalet kunye Bistrita. Enye umkhosi Mongolian ngokwesantya ngomlilo ngekrele Wallachia. Umkhosi yesithathu zafikelela iDanube River kunye wayithimba inqaba waseAradi.

Lonke eli xesha le Hungarian ukumkani Bela IV waba e Pest, apho waqokelela umkhosi. Ndiya kumkhawulela ukuba athumele imikhosi eyayikhokelwa Batu. Ngo-Epreli 1241 imikhosi ezimbini babesilwa kwi Battle komlambo Schein. Bela IV wahlulwa. King abalekela kumazwe angabamelwane Austria kunye Mongols baqhubeka kuphanga kumazwe isiHungary. Batu wada wazama ukuwela iDanube ndiwahlasele na oyiNgcwele uBukhosi baseRoma, kodwa ekugqibeleni bashiya esi sicwangciso.

Ukuqhubeka Mongolian ngasentshonalanga ahlasela Croatia (kwakhona ngoweqela Hungary) wayitshabalalisa Zagreb. iiyunithi zabo kwangaphambili ifikelele kunxweme kuLwandle lweAdriatic. Nguwo lowo umda we Mongol ukwanda. Mbuya akazange ukudibanisa Central Yurophu, ukuba amandla akhe, wanelisa a ukuphanga elide. Imida Golden mkhosi waqalisa Kwathi i Dniester.