UPeter Mstislavets: indlela yokuphila yomqambi omkhulu

U-Ivan Fedorov ubhekwa ngokufanelekileyo njengomseli we-Russian book printing. Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi bayazi ukuba unomncedisi onyanisekileyo uPeter Mstislavets. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yemigudu yakhe ukuba inkosi enkulu yayinako ukugqiba umsebenzi wayo kwindlu entsha yokushicilela.

Ngoko kuya kuba kuhle ukuthetha malunga noPetros Mstislavets? Yiyiphi impumelelo awayeyenzayo? Yaye yintoni imbali yembali egcinwe ngaye?

Ukuzalwa komntu omkhulu

Kunzima ukusho kwiindawo eziphathekayo uPeter Mstislavets. I-biografi yalo mntu ngenxa yeemeko ezininzi zigcinwe kakuhle. Kuyaziwa ukuba wazalwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 kwiindawo zaseMstislav. Namhlanje lo mzi uhlala kwintsimi yaseBelarus, kwaye kwixesha langaphambili kwakuyi- Grand Duchy yaseLithuania.

Ukuba ukholelwa kule mibhalo, utitshala womncinci uPetros ngokwakhe waba nguFrancis Skaryna. Wayeyinzululwazi owaziwayo kunye nefilosofi, owaba ngumlobi wemisebenzi eminingi yesayensi. Kwaye namhlanje, abaninzi baseBelarusiya bamkhumbula njengengqondo enkulu, ngaphambi kwexesha lakhe. Yayinkosi eyayifundisa umfundi wakhe ubugcisa bokushicilela, okwenzeka ngonaphakade.

Intlanganiso engalindelekanga

Izazi-mlando zisayivuma ukuba kungani uPetros Mstislavets eya eMoscow. Kodwa kwakukho apho wadibana no-Ivan Fedorov, umdikoni owaziwayo waseMoscow kunye nomlobi wencwadi. Ngaloo xesha uFedorov wayenayo indlu yakhe yokunyathelisa, kodwa wayedinga ukuphucula ngokukhawuleza.

UPetros wavuma ukunceda umntu omtsha, kuba lo msebenzi wawuwukuthanda kwakhe. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kuka-1563, baqala ukuphuhlisa indlela entsha yokushicilela. Le nkqubo yaphela unyaka wonke, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo lihlawulela ngokupheleleyo zonke iinzame ezenzileyo.

Indlu yokuqala yokushicilela yaseMoscow

Umsebenzi wabo wokuqala kwakuyi-Orthodox ethi "Umpostile", eyapapashwa ngo-Matshi 1, 1564. Kwakuyikopi yenkqubo eyaziwayo yokomoya, eyayisetyenziswa ngaloo mihla yokufundisa abafundisi. Ukukhethwa okunjalo kwakusobala, njengoko uPetros Mstislavets noIvan Fedorov babekholelwa ngokwenene.

Ngomnyaka we-1565, abaphathi babakhulula enye incwadi yama-Orthodox ebizwa ngokuba yiChapel. Ukupapashwa kwabo kwangoko kwasasazeka kwiinqununu, ezivutha kakhulu ababhali beencwadi. Indlu entsha yokushicilela yayisongela "ishishini" layo, kwaye zagqiba ekubeni zilahle abo babhaliweyo.

Ukusuka eMoscow kunye nesiseko somsebenzi wokunyathelisa

Amagunya atyhutyhileyo amangalela uFedorov kunye noMstislavec wobuqhetseba kunye nobuxoki, ngenxa yento ababefanele bahambe kuyo. Ixabiso elihle labaqulunqi bamkelwa yiLithuania hetman G.A. Hadkevich. Apha, oomatshini bakhela indlu entsha yokushicilela baze baprinta incwadi edibeneyo ethi "I-Gospel Teaching" (unyaka wokupapashwa - 1569).

Hayi, ibali lithe cwaka, kutheni iindlela zabahlobo bamandulo zahlula iindlela. Nangona kunjalo, kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uPetros Mstislavets ngokwakhe washiya indlu yokunyathelisa eZabludovo waza wathuthela eVilna. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uPetros akazange achithe ixesha kwaye ngokukhawuleza wavula i-workshop yakhe. Abazalwana baka-Ivan noZinovia Zaretski bamnceda kulo, njengoko kwenzayo abarhwebi uVukma noLuka Mamonichi.

Bonke bavelisa iincwadi ezintathu: IVangeli (1575), i-Psalter (1576) kunye neChapel (malunga ne-1576). Ezi ncwadi zabhalwa kwipoleni entsha eyenziwa nguPeter Mstislavets ngokwakhe. Ngendlela, kwixesha elizayo, indalo yakhe iya kuba ngumzekelo kwiimpawu ezininzi zevangeli kunye nokumzukisa phakathi kwabafundisi.

Ukuphela kwebali

Ngokudabukisayo, ubuhlobo bombutho omtsha abuzange buhlale ixesha elide. Ngo-Matshi 1576, inkundla yenzeka, eyayihlola ilungelo lokuba nomnini wokunyathelisa. Ngesigqibo sejaji, abazalwana uMamichi bawathabatha zonke iincwadi ababeziprintele, kwaye uPetros Mstislavets washiya ixhobo kunye nelungelo kwiifom. Emva kwesi siganeko, umkhondo wenkosi enkulu ilahlekile kwimbali.

Nangona kunjalo nanamhlanje kukho abo bakhumbula ukuba ngubani uPetros Mstislavets. Iifoto zeencwadi zakhe zivame ukubonakala kwizihloko zendawo yeThala leNcwadi yeSizwe yaseBelarus, njengoko iqulethe iikopi ezininzi zemisebenzi yakhe. Kwaye kubonga kubo ubuqaqawuli bencwadi yencwadi bukhanya ngokukhawuleza njengokuba bekuninzi kwiintsuku ezidala, banika ugqozi kubalimi abaselula.