Ubukhosi bamaKoloni: indalo kunye nesixhobo

Ukuqala kolawulo lwama-colonial kwavela kwikhondo ye-16, xa iYurophu ingena kwi-Age of Great Geographical Discoveries. Ngaphambi kokuba zonke ukwanda kwimihlaba engaziwayo yaqalisa amaSpanish namaPutukezi. Amazwe abo akha izinto zobukhosi bekoloni.

ESpain

Ngo-1492, uChristopher Columbus wafumanisa iziqithi eziliqela eLwandle lwaseCaribbean. Kungekudala kwacaca ukuba entshonalanga yeYurophu ayilinde ii-patches ezimbalwa zomhlaba, kodwa ihlabathi lonke elingenasiphelo. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqala ukudala ubukhosi bama-colonial.

UColumbus wazama ukuvula, kungekhona iMelika, kodwa iIndiya, apho waya khona ukuphonononga indlela eya kuyenzeka ngayo ukulungisa urhwebo kwizinto ezivumba kunye nezinye izinto ezizodwa zempuma. Umqhubi wasetyenziselwa uKumkani waseAragon kunye no-Queen of Castile. Umtshato womanyano wala mabini umbusi uvumelekile ukudibanisa amazwe aseJapan. Ngaloo nyaka, xa uColumbus efumene iMelika, ubukumkani obutsha babuyisa iphondo lasezantsi laseGranada ukusuka kumaSulumane. Ngaloo ndlela iphelile i-Reconquista - inkqubo eneminyaka eminyaka yokuhlambulula i-peninsula yase-Iberia ukusuka emandleni amaSulumane.

Ezi mfuneko zazifuneka ukuvela kolawulo lwama-colonial yaseSpain. Iindawo zokuqala zaseYurophu zavela kwiziqithi zaseCaribbean: iSpanola (Haiti), ePuerto Rico naseCuba. Ubukhosi be-colonial yaseSpeyin babuye bamisela ikoloni yokuqala kwilizwe laseMerika. Ngo-1510, waba yinqaba yasePanaman kunye negama elibi leSanta Maria la Antigua del Darien. Inqaba yafakwa ngumcwaningi Vasco Nunez de Balboa. Wayengowokuqala wabantu baseYurophu abawela ngaphaya kwesi siqithi sasePanama baza bafumana emanxweme oLwandle lwasePacific.

Isixhobo sangaphakathi

Isixhobo solawulo lwama-colonial lungcono ukuqwalasela umzekelo waseSpeyin njengoko eli lizwe lifikile kuqala kulezo myalelo eziye zandisiwe nakwezinye izikumkani. Yonke yaqala ngokumisela umyalelo we-1520, ngokubhekiselele kuwo onke amazwe avulekileyo ngaphandle kokungaqatshelwa njengempahla yesithsaba.

Ulwakhiwo lwezenhlalakahle nolwasemthethweni lwakhiwe ngokwezithethe zaseYurophu zolawulo lwama-feudal. Isiko solawulo lwama-colonial lanika abahlali baseSpain iziqwenga zomhlaba ezaba yipropati yomhlaba. Umthonyama wendabuko wayexhomekeke kubamelwane abatsha. Ngelo xesha, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba abahlali babengabonakali njengezigqila. Le ngongoma ebalulekileyo ekunceda ukuqonda ukuba yintoni eyahlukanisa ubukhosi be-colonial yaseSpeyin ukusuka kwisiPutukezi.

Kwiindawo zaseMelika eziseLisbon, ubukhoboka beburhulumente. KwakungumPhuthukezi owadala inkqubo yokuthutha abasebenzi abancinci ukusuka eMzantsi Afrika ukuya eMzantsi Melika. Kwimeko yaseSpeyin, ukuxhomekeka kwamaNdiya kwakusekelwe kwimibandela yokuxoxisana-matyala.

Iimpawu ze-Viceroyalty

Iimpahla zombuso waseMelika zahlukana zibe zikumkani. Eyokuqala ngo-1534 yayiyiNew Spain. Kwaquka i-West Indies, iMexico kunye ne-Central America. Ngomnyaka we-1544 iPeru yasungulwa, eyayiquka kuphela i-Peru kuphela, kodwa neChile yanamhlanje. Kwiminyaka yeXVIII kwakukho iNew Granada (Ecuador, Venezuela naseColombia), kwakunye neLa Plata (i-Uruguay, i-Argentina, iBolivia, eParaguay). Ngoxa ubukhosi bamaPortugal bobukhosi babusa iBrazil kuphela eMelika, iimpahla zaseSpeyin kwihlabathi elitsha zazikhulu kakhulu.

Ulawulo lwama-coloni lwaluphethwe yikosi. Ngo-1503, i-Chamber of Commerce yasungulwa, eyayiqondisa imiyalelo yamagosa, amagosa kunye noorhulumente ensimini. Kungekudala watshintsha igama lakhe waza waba yiNtloko yeGreat Royal Council kwimicimbi yabantwana bobabini. Lo mzimba ubekho ngowe-1834. IBhunga lalela icawa, ilawulwa ngokubaluleka kwamagosa amagosa kunye nabaphathi, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho.

Oothixo-ookumkani babeyi-vice-governors of monarch. Kule thuba lonyulwe ixesha elide leminyaka emi-4 ukuya kweyesi-6. Kwakhona kwakukho isikhundla somphathi-jikelele. Bakhokelela amazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla ekhethekileyo. I-Viceroyalty ngayinye yahlula ngamaphondo aphethwe ngabalawuli. Zonke iikhosi zobukhosi zehlabathi zadalwa ngenxa yengeniso. Yingakho ixhala eliphambili labarhulumente lalingexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye lizalise imali epheleleyo kwingxowa-mali.

I-niche ehlukeneyo yayihlala yecawa. Ayenzanga nje kuphela inkolo kodwa nemisebenzi yamgwebo. Kwiminyaka ye-XVI yabonakala inkundla ye-Inquisition Engcwele. Ngamanye amaxesha izenzo zakhe zabangela ukwenkqisa ngokwenene kubantu baseNdiya. Ubukhosi obukhulu bamakholoni babenenye insika ebalulekileyo-isixeko. Kule ndawo yokuhlala, kwimeko yaseSpanish, kwakukho inkqubo ekhethekileyo yokuzimela. Abemi beeNgingqi babumba i-cabildo - amabhunga. Kwakhona banelungelo lokukhetha amanye amagosa. E-Amerika kwakukho amabhunga angaba ngu-250.

Uluhlu olusebenzayo lwentlalo yekoloniyali yabanini bezindlu kunye nabathengi. Kwangexesha elide babesimo esonakele xa kuthelekiswa nobukhosi be-Spain. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yalezi klasi, iikholoni zakhula, kwaye uqoqosho lwabo lwenza inzuzo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela enye into. Nangona ulwimi lwamaSpanish lwaluyinto ebonakalayo, ngekhulu le-18 inqubo yokutshatyalaliswa koluntu kwiintlanga ngabanye zaqala, ebudeni benkulungwane eyalandela yakha amazwe abo aseMzantsi nase-Central America.

EPortugal

IPortugal yavela njengombuso omncinci, ujikelezwe ngamacala onke ngamaSpanish. Indawo enjalo yendawo yalahla ilizwe elincinci ithuba lokunyuka eYurophu. Endaweni yeLizwe Elidala, eli lizwe liphendukele amehlo alo kwiNew.

Ekupheleni kweMinyaka Ephakathi, abahamba ngeePortugal bahamba phakathi kweyona nto efanelekileyo eYurophu. NjengabaseSpeyin, bazama ukufikelela eIndiya. Kodwa ukuba uColumbus ofanayo waya kukhangela ilizwe elinjalo elifanelekileyo kwinqanaba elisentshonalanga, amaPutukezi yonke imikhosi yawo yazikhupha kuloo nto ijikeleze iAfrika. U-Bartolomeu Dias wavula iCape of Good Hope - indawo engasentla yeNtshona Afrika. Kwaye uhambo lukaVasco da Gamma lwe-1497-1499. Ekugqibeleni waya eIndiya.

Ngomnyaka we-1500, umqhubi wasePutukezi uPedro Cabral waphambukela kwikhosi ukuya empuma waza wabona iBrazil ngengozi. E-Lisbon, ngokukhawuleza babhengeze abantu babo abangaziwayo phambi komhlaba. Kungekudala iindawo zokuqala zasePutukezi zaqala ukuvela eMzantsi Melika, kwaye ekugqibeleni iBrazil yaba yilizwe eliphela kuphela elikhuluma isiPutukezi eMelika.

Ukufunyanwa kweMpuma

Nangona impumelelo entshona, injongo ephambili yabanxweme bahlala empuma. Ubukhosi bobupolitika basePortugal buyenze inkqubela phambili kule ndawo. Abaphandi bakhe bafumanisa iMadagascar baze bafika eLwandle lwase-Arabia. Ngo-1506, isiqithi saseSocotra sabanjwa . Ngelo xesha, isiPutukezi saqala ukutyelela eCeylon. Kwakukho i-vice-kingdom yaseIndiya. Ngaphansi kokulawula kwakhe kwakukho onke amacoloni asempumalanga yelizwe. Ookuqala ukuba ngu-vice-king wayengumlawuli wamanquba uFrancisco de Almeida.

Isakhiwo sobukhosi bamaPortugal nesiSpanish sasinobuchule bokuphatha. Kuzo zombini zibukumkani-mbuso kwaye zombini zabonakala ngexesha elide lizahlula phakathi kwabaseYurophu. Ukuchasana kwabahlali basekuhlaleni kwintshona kunye nentshonalanga kwacinywa lula. Abantu baseYurophu baxhamla ngokuphakamileyo kwezobugcisa ngaphezu kwezinye iindawo.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, amaPutukezi athatha iipropati eziphambili kunye neengingqi: iCalicutu, iGoa, iMalacca. Ngo-1517, ubudlelwane bezorhwebo neChina elikude lwaqala. Wonke ubukhosi bokoloni bephupha kwiimarike zoBukumkani boBukumkani. Imbali (iBakala lesi-7) kwisikolo idibanisa umxholo weNgcaciso eNkulu kunye nokwanda kweYurophu emhlabeni jikelele. Kwaye akumangalisi, kuba ngaphandle kokuqonda ezi nkqubo kunzima ukuqonda indlela ihlabathi lanamhlanje liye laphuhliswa ngayo. Ngokomzekelo, namhlanje iBrazil ayisoze yafana nento esiyayaziyo ukuba yayingeyona inkcubeko yesiPutukezi kunye nolwimi. Kwakhona, abaLwandle baseLisbon baqala ukuba baseYurophu ukuvula indlela eya eJapan. Kwiminyaka ye-1570, baqala ukulungiswa kololoni lwaseAngola. Ngethuba lalo xesha, iPortugal yayineenkampu ezininzi eMzantsi Melika, e-Afrika, e-Indiya kunye ne-Southeast Asia.

Ulawulo lolawulo

Kutheni kukho nawuphi na umbuso wekoloni owadalwa? Abantu baseYurophu bamisela ukulawula phezu kwamanye amazwe kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi ngenxa yokuxhaphazwa kwabantu. Babenomdla ngokukhethekileyo kwimveliso yabo ekhethekileyo okanye engaqhelekanga: iziqholo, izitye ezixabisekileyo, iintlobo ezinqabileyo zomthi kunye nezinye izinto ezintle. Ngokomzekelo, ukusuka eMelika, ikofi, iswekile, iteksi, i-cocoa kunye ne-indigo yayithunyelwa ngaphandle.

Urhwebo kwezolawulo lwase-Asia luneempawu zalo. Nantsi inkokheli ehamba phambili yaba yi-United Kingdom. IBritani yakha inkqubo elandelayo yokuthengisa: bathengisa indwangu e-Indiya, nabo bathengisa i-opium, abayithumela kuyo eChina. Yonke le misebenzi yokurhweba yanikezela ngemali eninzi ngexesha labo. Ngelo xesha, itiye yayithunyelwa kumazwe aseAsia ukuya eYurophu. Ngalinye iziko lolawulo lwama-colonial lalifuna ukuseka ukuthengwa kweemarike kwihlabathi. Ngenxa yoko, kwavela iimfazwe rhoqo. Amazwe amaninzi aqhutywe kwaye iinqanawa ezininzi zithengisa iinqwandle, ngokugqithiseleyo kukho ukuxabana okunjalo.

Iikholoni zazingama "mafemu" ekuveliseni abasebenzi abancinci. Njengoko isetyenziselwa abahlali basekuhlaleni (amaninzi abahlali beAfrika). Ubukhoboka beli shishini elinempembelelo, kwaye urhwebo lwezentengiselwano lwentlabathi lwaluyisiseko soqoqosho lolawulo lwama-colonial. Izigidi zabantu baseCongo nabaseNtshona Afrika babethunjelwa eBrazil, ukuya eMzantsi we-US wamanje kunye neeCaribbean.

Ukwandiswa kwempucuko yaseYurophu

Naliphina ubukhosi bokoloni lwakhiwe ngokusekelwe kwiinjongo ze-geostrategic inxaxheba kumazwe aseYurophu. Iziseko zezo zifundo zazingamagxininisa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Izithuba ezingaphezulu zonxweme zavela kwi-empire, ininzi yeselula yaba yimikhosi yayo. Injini yokwandiswa kweYurophu kwihlabathi jikelele yayikulwa. Amazwe alwa kunye ekulawuleni iindlela zokurhweba, ukufuduka kwabantu, ukuhamba kweempahla kunye nemikhosi.

Wonke umbuso wekoloniyali usebenza ngokubhekiselele kwiingqwalasela. Naluphi na ukunikezelwa kwintshaba kwelinye inxalenye yehlabathi kubonwa njengombonakaliso wokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwe-geopolitical. Ngezihlandlo zanamhlanje, amandla olawulo lwama-monarchical adibene neengcamango zonqulo zabemi. Ngenxa yoko, zonke iimbuso zobukhosi zaseSpanish nasePutukezi zibone ukunyuka kwabo njengobuthixo bokuba zixhomekeke kunye nobuKristu bukaMesiya.

Ukukhushulwa kweelwimi kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezentlalo kwakusasazeke. Ukusasazeka kwenkcubeko, nawaphi na ubukhosi baqinisa ubugunyazi bawo kunye negunya kwibala lehlabathi. Into ebalulekileyo yale nto yayiyimisebenzi yabavangeli basemazweni. AmaSpain kunye nesiPutukezi basasaza ubuKatolika kwiMelika yonke. Inkolo yahlala yinto ebalulekileyo yezopolitiko. Ngokwenza inkcubeko yabo yonke indawo, iikholoni zaphule amalungelo abantu basekuhlaleni, zabanqabela ukholo lwabo nolwimi. Ukususela kulo mkhuba, kamva iziganeko ezifana nokuhlukana, ubandlululo kunye nokubulawa kwabantu kwazalwa.

EUnited Kingdom

Ngokomlando, iSpeyin nePortugal, ubukhosi bokuqala bobukhosi (i-bakala lesi-7 esikolweni bawaqhelanisa ngokucacileyo), abanakukwazi ukubamba isundu kumzabalazo onamandla kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. INgilani yayisethetha ngokumalunga nolwandle lwayo ngaphambili. Ukuba amaSpeyin asebenza ngokukhawuleza eMzantsi Afrika naseMntla eMerika, iBritish yathatha uMntla. Ingxabano phakathi kwamazwe amabini yaqhambuka esinye isizathu. ISpeyin yayibhekwa njengesithethe esikhulu seKatolika, ngelixa le-16 leminyaka, iNguqulelo yenzeke eNgilani kunye necawa elizimeleyo elaseRoma lavela.

Phantse ngexesha elifanayo, iimfazwe zasolwandle zaqala phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Amagunya awazange asebenze ngezandla zawo, kodwa ngoncedo lwabaqaphi nabangasese. Abaphangi bamaNgesi bamaxesha amanamhlanje baba ngumqondiso wexesha labo. Bawaphanga amaSpeyin aphethe igolide yaseMelika, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha athabatha ama-colonies. Imfazwe evulekileyo yanyakazela iWorld World ngo-1588, xa iinqanawa zesiNgesi zatshatyalalisa i-Invincible Armada. ISpeyin ukususela ngeli xesha langena kwixesha elide leengxaki. Kancinci, ekugqibeleni wayelahlekelwa yiBrithani, kwaye kamva ubukhokeli boBukumkani baseBrithani kwiintlanga zobukhosi.

BaseNetherlands

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-XVII leminyaka, kwakukho omnye umbuso omkhulu wobukhosi owakhiwa yiNetherlands. Kwakuquka imimandla yase-Indonesia, iGuyana, eIndiya. AmaDatshi ayeneenkampu e-Formosa (eTaiwan) naseCeylon. Umchasi oyintloko waseNetherlands yi-Great Britain. Ngama-1770. AmaDatshi alahlekelwa yiBrithani amakholoni eMntla Melika. Omnye wabo kwakuyi-metropolis ye-New York. Ngo-1802, iKeyylon kunye neCape Colony eMzantsi Afrika nazo zahanjiswa.

Kancinci, iindawo eziphambili zaseNetherlands kwezinye iindawo zase-Indonesia. Inkampani yaseDutch East India isebenza kwintsimi yayo. Wayethengisa izinto ezibalulekileyo ezisempumalanga: isilivere, itiye, ubhedu, ikotoni, iingubo, i-ceramics, i-silk, i-opium kunye neziqholo. Ngomhla wokubusa kobukhosi baseNetherlands, ukuzimela kwiimarike zasePacific nase-Indian Ocean kwakukho. Kwimveliso efanayo ne-Amerika, i-Dutch West India Inkampani yasungulwa. Zombini iinkampani zapheliswa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. Ngokuphathelele lonke ubukhosi be-colonial yaseNetherlands, laphela kwixesha elidlulileyo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinamibini, kunye nemibuso yama-European competitors.

EFransi

Ukuqala kolawulo lwaseburhulumenteni baseFransi lwabekwa ngo-1535, xa uJacques Cartier ahlola uMlambo waseSt. Lawrence namhlanje. Ngekhulu le-16 leminyaka, ubukumkani beBourbon babenomnotho obuninzi kwaye osebenzayo ngelo xesha eYurophu. Kuphuhliso, bekusePortugal naseSpain phambili. AmaFrentshi aqala ukulungisa umhlaba omtsha iminyaka engama-70 phambi kweBrithani. I-Paris inokuxhomekeka kwimeko ye-metropolis ephezulu emhlabeni jikelele.

Nangona kunjalo, iFransi yayingeke ikwazi ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo amandla ayo. Uthintelwe ukunganyaniseki kwangaphakathi, izibonelelo zorhwebo ezibuthathaka, kunye neziphene kumgaqo- nkqubo wokufuduka. Ngenxa yoko, kwikota ye-XVIII yayiza kuqala eBrithani, kwaye iFransi yayisezikhundla zesekondari kwintlalo yekoloniyali. Nangona kunjalo, yaqhubeka inemihlaba ebalulekileyo emhlabeni jikelele.

Emva kweMfazwe Yeminyaka Ye sixhenxe ngo-1763, iFransi yalahlekelwa iKhanada. KwiNyakatho yeMerika, ilizwe lishiye eLouana. Yathengiswa ngo-1803 ukuya eUnited States. Ngekhulu le-XIX, iFransi yabuyiselwa kwilizwe eliMnyama. Yathatha iindawo ezininzi zokusasaza kweNtshona Afrika, kunye neAlgeria, iMorocco kunye neTunisia. Kamva iFransi yazimisela eSouth-East Asia. Zonke ezi mazwe zanikwa ukuzimela kwikhulu lama-20.