Amafutha: isakhiwo, imisebenzi, iimpawu, imithombo ukuze umzimba

Eyona engundoqo amacandelo zonke iiseli - iiprothini, amafutha kunye carbohydrate. Isakhiwo, umsebenzi neempawu ezi zihlanganisi zinika umsebenzi ebalulekileyo eziphilayo emhlabeni wethu.

Amafutha zendalo iikhompawundi organic , esters ezipheleleyo legliserina uyadinga asidi kunye kwisiseko. Baya kuba iqela lipids. Ezi zinto kufuneka inani imisebenzi ebalulekileyo lomzimba kwaye i candelo sele ekutyeni yabantu.

ngezigaba

Amafutha, isakhiwo neempawu ezivumela ukuba usebenzise kwabo ukutya, yahlulwe izilwanyana kunye nemifuno kwindalo. Laba kuthiwa-oyile. Ngenxa isiqulatho aphezulu unsaturated okunamafutha zikwimeko engamanzi. Ngaphandle - ioli yesundu.

Bubukho asidi ezithile, lipids ezahlulwe phezu ifumile (stearic acid, palmitic acid) okanye unsaturated (oleic acid, CD, linoleic, palmitoleic, linoleic).

isakhiwo

Ubume amanqatha a triglycerides ezintsonkothileyo izinto lipoid. Laba iikhompawundi phospholipid, kunye sterols. Triglyceride - Ester ambaxa glycerin uyadinga acid isakhiwo neempawu ezo zigqitywa ngeempawu ngamanqatha.

Ubume kweemolekyuli elityetyisiweyo ngohlobo jikelele okuboniswa ifomula:

CH2-OˉCO-R '

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Cho-CO-R ''

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CH2-OˉCO-R '' ',

Apho R - okunamafutha acid olukhulu.

Yenziwe ngoobani kunye nolwakhiwo amanqatha kubume bayo ezintathu unbranched olukhulu ngesifundo inani athom carbon. fatty ifumile basoloko thaca stearic kunye palmitic, unsaturated - linoleic, linolenic kunye oleic.

izakhiwo

Amafutha, isakhiwo neempawu ekuye kwagqitywa bubukho fatty ifumile eyaneleyo, babe neempawu zomzimba kunye imichiza. Abayi abasabela ngamanzi, kodwa ibolile ngokupheleleyo organic izinyibilikisi. Saponified (hydrolyzed) xa iyabiliswa, esidi izimbiwa okanye kwealkali. Ngexesha ukusabela uvelisa fatty okanye neetyuwa zabo glycerol. Le emulsion wenziwe emva kokugxojwagxojwa ngamandla ngamanzi, umzekelo oku ubisi.

Amafutha malunga elingana nexabiso amandla ka 9.1 kcal / g okanye 38 J / g. Ukuba kukucacisa la amanani nezikhombisi elibonakalayo, amandla akhululwe kumyinge we-1 g amanqatha, bekuya kuba ngokwaneleyo ukuphakamisa 1 imitha impahla wokuweyisha 3900 kg.

Amafutha kunye nesakhiwo yazo molecule imisela iimpawu zabo ezisisiseko, abe ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ophezulu, xa kuthelekiswa ne-iicarbohydrate okanye weeproteni. Zalisa igcwala 1 g woyekelelo namanqatha amanzi carbon dioxide elandelwa kabini amandla yemveliso iswekile yokutsha. Kuba lipolysis efunekayo isixa esithile iicarbohydrate neoksijini.

Xa abantu kunye namanye amafutha izilwanyana ezanyisayo - enye abathengisi ezibaluleke kakhulu amandla. Ukuze ukuba bangene emathunjini, kuyimfuneko emulsification esebenzisa iityuwa inyongo acid.

imisebenzi

Xa ezanyisayo amafutha zidlala indima ebalulekileyo, isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi ezi zihlanganisi kwi amalungu kunye neenkqubo ineentsingiselo ezahlukileyo:

1. isibonelelo samandla. Lo msebenzi - kundoqo amanqatha. Ngenxa isiqulatho womelele, ukuba umthengisi ilungileyo "amafutha". Stocks ngenxa yokulahlwa kwe ngohlobo yesibambiso.
2. Protection. Adipose inyama imizimba imvulophu kwaye oku kungenza ingakwaizi musa ukuvumela ukwenzakala zabo mala, kwehla aze ukufunxa iimpembelelo bangaphandle.
3. ukwahlukanisa emhlabeni. Amafutha kufuneka conductivity thermal ephantsi yaye, ke ngoko, ugcine ukufudumala lomzimba ukumkhusela emzimbeni.

Ukongeza kwezi nkalo zintathu ezisisiseko, amafutha benza ngasese eziliqela. Ezi zihlanganisi ukugcina imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwiiseli, umzekelo, ukunika luthambe nolusu esempilweni, ukuphucula ukusebenza kwengqondo. iiseli Membranous kunye organelles subcellular kugcina yesakhiwo ukusebenza Bulelani inxaxheba kwamafutha. Vitamins A, D, E no K bunokufunyanwa kuphela emehlweni abo. Ukukhula, uphuhliso kunye umsebenzi sokuzala kwakhona luxhomekeke kwi phambi ngamanqatha.

Imfuno emzimbeni

Phantse isinye kwisithathu iindleko zamandla omzimba enza amafutha, ogama isakhiwo ivumela ukusombulula le ngxaki xa sihlela yokudla. Ukubalwa imfuneko ngemihla ithatha ingqalelo uhlobo lomsebenzi kunye nobudala mntu. Ngoko ke, inkoliso amanqatha kuyimfuneko kubantu abatsha phila ubomi esebenzayo, ezifana iimbaleki okanye abantu abenza yezandla enzima. Xa umzimba okanye utyekelo bokuzala inani yabo kufuneka incitshiswe ukuthintela nokutyeba kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene.

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ubume kwamafutha. Enye into ebaluleke kakhulu lulwahlulo asidi ezihluthiyo igcwaliswe. Imeko yokugqibela kukutya kakhulu ukutya okunamafutha ukuphazamisa ukusebenza iphecana zesisu, kwandisa ithuba ukwenzeka ngenxa yamafutha. asidi ezihluthiyo kube nomphumela: buyisela ukutya eqhelekileyo, ukususwa cholesterol. Kodwa gadalala kukhokelela ukungacoleki kokutya, imbonakalo yamatye esinyini inyongo kunye phecana excretory.

imithombo

Phantse zonke kutya ziqulathe amafutha, ukwakha kule nkqubo inokuba nomahluko. Ezi nketho imifino, iziqhamo, iziselo ezinxilisayo, ubusi kunye nabanye. Products zihlukaniswe:

• Bold (grams-40 okanye ngaphezulu 100 grams lwemveliso ngamnye). Eli qela libandakanya ibhotolo, imajarini, lard, inyama okunamafutha, iintlobo ezithile ayi, amandongomane kunye nabanye.
• mafutha Umyinge (20 ukuya kuma-40 g ngalinye 100 imveliso g). Le Group limelwe cream, cream ezityebileyo ezimuncu, cottage itshizi, iintlobo eziliqela samasi, ayi, inyama, irhanisi, itshokolethi, nemiqhathane, halvah kunye nezinye iilekese.
• Low-amafutha (20 grams okanye ngaphantsi ngalinye 100 imveliso g). Ziquka: irayisi, buckwheat, iimbotyi, iimbotyi, isonka, inkuku, amaqanda, intlanzi, amakhowa, inkoliso iimveliso zobisi kunye nabanye.

Enye into ebalulekileyo isakhiwo eekhemikhali amafutha, ebonisa ukuba umntu othile acid. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukuze ifumile, unsaturated kunye polyunsaturated. Okokuqala ezifumaneka kwiimveliso inyama, lard, itshokolethi, amafutha bunyibilike, oli yomthi wesundu, ioli nemozulu kunye namasi. Le asidi ezihluthiyo ezisegumbini inyama yenkukhu, umnquma, eenqoba, peanut, namafutha omnquma. Polyunsaturated - walnuts, neentyantyambo zeamangile, nati, iimbewu, intlanzi, ngokunjalo zikajongilanga, flaxseed, rape, umbona, yomqhaphu neoli zesoya.

nutritionist

Iimpawu ngesakhiwo kwamafutha kufuneka athobele iseti imithetho xa zisenza yokudla. Zokudla bacebisa ukuba balandele ngqo le ubudlelwane ilandelayo:

• Monounsaturated - up isiqingatha ubuninzi obupheleleyo kwamafutha;
• Polyunsaturated - ikota;
• Kugcwale - ngekota.

Kulo mzekelo, amafutha yemifuno kufuneka enze malunga ne-40% yabo ekutyeni, isilwanyana - 60-70%. abantu abadala kufuneka ukwandisa inani lokuqala ukuya 60%.

Ukunciphisa okanye bucala ukusuka ukutya kumele transfats. ngokubanzi ezithi zisetyenziswe ekwenziweni sauce, eyemayonnaise, iimveliso confectionery. amafutha Iyingozi phantsi ubushushu kakhulu kunye namachibi. Ukuba inokufumaneka chips, chips zamazambane, namafetshu anesiraphu, ophaya ezinjengezo. D. Ukusuka konke oku uluhlu imveliso eyingozi kakhulu, ukulungiswa apho kwenzeka ngamaxesha rancid okanye amaninzi i-oyile esetyenzisiweyo.

quality eluncedo

Amafutha, ubume ethi ibonelele malunga nesiqingatha eneji iyonke lomzimba, kufuneka iqela lemisebenzi esemqoka luncedo:

• Cholesterol negalelo ngcono carbohydrate ukutya kwaye inika Yindibanisela iikhompawundi kubalulekile - phantsi kwempembelelo zakhe bavelisa iihomoni adrenal steroid;
• malunga ne-30% ye ubushushu eziveliswa emzimbeni womntu amanqatha omdaka isicwili ibekwe entanyeni kunye umva eliphezulu;
• imbila nenja namanqatha elinjubaqa, nokuphilisa izifo zemiphunga, kuquka isifo le izilonda kwemiphunga;
• phospholipid kunye glyukolipidnye khompawundi zifakiwe zonke izicwili, ukuba kuhlelwe kwi izitho zokugaya nokumelana ukuyilwa umonakalo cholesterol ukugcina umsebenzi isibindi;
• Bulelani phosphatides kunye sterols ixhaswa rhoqo ezisisiseko ukwakheka cytoplasmic iiseli ze-luvo, kwaye kuhlelwe novithamini D.

Ngenxa yoko, amafutha njengesakhi esibalulekileyo yomxhesho yabantu.

Abangaphezu kwemfuneko kunye nezinga

Amafutha, isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi ezi zihlanganisi enenzuzo kuphela ngokulinganisela. intsalela yabo negalelo ekutyebeni - yingxaki efanelekileyo kuwo onke amazwe kuphuhliswa. Esi sifo kukhokelela ekwandeni ubunzima bomzimba, ukuncipha ukushukumiseka kunye Ukonakala impilo. Oku kwandisa amathuba ngenxa yamafutha, ischemia kwentliziyo, lwegazi. Ukutyeba kunye neziphumo zayo kaninzi ngaphezu kwezinye izifo ezibulalayo.

Ukuswela elityetyisiweyo ekutyeni negalelo kukwehla eluswini, ukucola phantsi ukukhula kunye nophuhliso omzimba womntwana, kuphazamisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo zokuzala, ophazamisa cholesterol ukutya yesiqhelo, ibangela yegazi, asifanele ingqondo kunye nenkqubo luvo ngokubanzi.

ekudleni plan eyiyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno eziphilayo ngamafutha lunokunceda ukuthintela izifo ezininzi nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi. Kubalulekile ngcathu ukutyiwa zabo, ngaphandle kwemfuneko ukuswela.