Irula eSoviet "Energy" iklasi superheavy

"Amandla" - eSoviet isithuthi sungula super-enzima. Yena wayengomnye enomjukujelwa kwakhiwa ezintathu onamandla kwiklasi enye - "uSaturn V», kwakunye rocket kakubi-lombutho H-1, yena kwafuneka ukuba itshintshwe. Esinye Eyona njongo yokususwa komzila kwisiphekepheke yiSoviet, leyo ozahlulele yena ndamenza ukusuka US, ukuba awasuse kunye iinjini zabo sisebenzisa itanki yezibaso lwangaphandle enkulu. Ngoxa 1987-1988, i "Energy" waya kabini kwisithuba, ngoko iqala ayisa kuthwalelwa phandle, nangona eSoviet Union kwaba ibe yindlela ephambili lokuhanjiswa imithwalo ukuya komzila kwenkulungwane xxi.

kwamnika kwenyanga

Emva Valentin buynov wakhokela TSKBEM (owayesakuba OKB-1), ngokubuyisela i lihlazo Vasily Mishin, wachitha iinyanga 20 usebenza ekudalweni isiseko inyanga, ngokusekelwe ukuguqulwa i "Proton" uyilo irula Vladimir Chelomeya eyayisebenzisa iinjini hypergolic buynov.

Noko ke, ekuqaleni 1976, iinkokheli eSoviet isigqibo ukumisa inkqubo kwenyanga kwaye kugxininisa kwisiphekepheke yiSoviet ukususela kwisiphekepheke US lajongwa njengesoyikiso wamajoni eUnited States. Nangona ekugqibeleni "Buran" ifana kakhulu ukuya okhuphisana, buynov wenza utshintsho enye ebalulekileyo eye wavumela ukuba ukugcina inkqubo wayo oyinyanga.

esabangela Soviet

I American esabangela "Space Shuttle" ezimbini kwizomelezi irula eqinileyo imizuzu emibini ukuze lisasazwe inqanawa eya ezinobude km 46. Emva kokuba umkhumbi wabo yokuzahlula kusetyenziswa iinjini ibekwe kwinxalenye aft. Ngamanye amazwi, le kwisiphekepheke, ubuncinane ngokuyinxenye, lalo nokudlulisa rocket, kunye itanki yezibaso lwangaphandle ezinkulu, apho eyaqhotyoshelwa, khange a umjukujelwa. Wayefuna kuphela ukuthutha yokubasela iinjini eziphambili kwisiphekepheke.

Buynov wagqiba ukwakha "Buran" ngokubanzi ngaphandle injini. Yaba engenayo, eyenzelwe ukuba abuyele Earth, nto leyo ibonakala iinjini orbit elijongeka kwitanki kukudla kwisiphekepheke American. Enyanisweni ke rocket "Energy". Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba umyili oyintloko eSoviet Union wabeka inkqubo kula mahlelo lokomeleza kwisiphekepheke "uSaturn V» mnqongo wokulinganisela, nto leyo ngokumandla kusebenza njengesiseko kwisiseko ayithandayo kwenyanga.

isizukulwana sesithathu

Yintoni rocket carrier 'Energy "? uphuhliso yayo xa buynov wakhokela CDBMB (enyanisweni igama "Energy" lalisetyenziswa egameni esanda ngokutsha NGO isebe elide phambi kokuba imijukujelwa) wazisa ngayo uyilo olutsha moya irula (RLA). Ekuqaleni-1970 eSoviet Union imijukujelwa ubuncinane ezithathu - ". Proton" ukulungisa H-1 ukuya P-7, 'esikhulu' yaye Bonke bephela ezahlukeneyo ngokokwakheka enye kwenye, ngoko iindleko zazo nokugcinwa baba eliphezulu. It kwakufuneka ukudala isibane, eliphakathi, izithuthi sungula enzima super-enzima, ebandakanya iseti enye efanayo components besizukulwana sesithathu iziphekepheke Soviet, kunye RLA buynov oluhambelana kule ndima.

RLA Series uyekelwe "Zenith" OKB Yangelya, kodwa le bureau izithuthi sungula enzima ibhungane, eyenza kube lula ukukhuthaza i "Energy". Buynov wathabatha RLA-135 uyilo lwakhe, olu sapho lwaluquka imodyuli lokomeleza ephambili ezinkulu accelerators detachable, kwaye kwakhona wanikela ngayo kunye seemodyuli "Zenith" version accelerators kunye enomjukujelwa enkulu entsha, eyenziwe kwi-ofisi yakhe. Isindululo samkelwa - ngokuba "Energia" rocket wazalwa.

Korolev tye

Kodwa buynov kwafuneka ukuba athathe omnye ngesibetho ego yakhe. Iminyaka emininzi, inkqubo isithuba yiSoviet kwachatshazelwa ngenxa yokuba akazange vumelana Sergei Korolev, ababekholelwa ukuba ioksijini rocket ulwelo enkulu yehayidrojini zezona zokubasa kakhulu. Ngoko, kwi iinjini H-1 kwakhiwa umyili kakhulu abanamava ngaphantsi UNikolai likaKuznetsov VPGlushko swi i-nitric acid kunye dimethylhydrazine.

Nangona le amafutha kunye ilifa eziluncedo ezifana ezinoxinano kunye nokufaneleka yokugcina, kodwa ngaphantsi amandla makuqhutyekwe ityhefu ngakumbi, nto leyo yingxaki enkulu kwimeko yengozi. Ukongeza, inkokheli eSoviet unomdla ukuleqa kunye eUnited States - USSR waba iinjini enkulu ioksijini elulwelo yehayidrojini, ngoxa kwi zigaba yesibini neyesithathu ka "uSaturn V» zisetyenziswa injini omkhulu "Space esabangela. " Okunye ngokuzithandela, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa kolu xinzelelo kwezopolitiko, kodwa buynov oko kwakufuneka ukuze libanike imbambano yawo kunye Queen, eminyaka isibhozo njengoko bekungekho akasaphili.

eyi 10 kuphuhliso

Kule minyaka ilishumi izayo (oku elide, kodwa hayi kakhulu: ukuphuhlisa "uSaturn V» wathabatha iminyaka esixhenxe) NPO "Energia" liqulunqe omkhulu Isigaba esikhulu. Le zikwenze lateral baba lula kakhulu, incinci kunye wasebenzisa iinjini xa ioksijini ulwelo nekerosini, ukudalwa apho eSoviet Union waba nolwazi, kangangokuba yonke rocket wayelungele yokubalekela yayo yokuqala ngo-Oktobha 1986.

Ngelishwa, kwakungekho payload kuye. Nangona ukuphuhliswa "Energy" kwaye kukho ezinye iingxaki indawo kwisiphekepheke "Buran" kwakukubi kakhulu - ukuba kwakungekho nkqu seliza kugqitywa kusa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku eli gama "Energy" lalisetyenziswa ukuba irula othwala inqwelo-moya emajukujukwini. Apha kunye trick Ukugunda buynov. Irula akazange kufuneka ukuba silinde esinye isiqingatha uya kuba ukulungele. Kunyaka wokugqibela indalo yayo, kwagqitywa ukwenza ngokubaleka ngaphandle "Buran".

"Polyus" iingalo uhlanga

payload "Polyus" esitsha sadalwa phakathi ekwindla 1985 kunye ekwindla 1986. Yaba enye cargo ibloko ukusebenza Vladimir Chelomeya redeveloped ukusuka mnqongo kwisikhululo isithuba kwaye ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo kwimodyuli ye-ISS "Zarya". "Polyus" ibiya uluhlu olubanzi amalinge, kodwa msebenzi yakhe ephambili ukuvavanya 1-MW carbon dioxide laser - izixhobo, yaphuhliswa eSoviet Union ukususela 1983. Enyanisweni, yonke into alizange esichazela njengoko izandi, ekubeni i-USSR ugxeke eUnited States ukuze woKhuselo Initiative qhinga, kunye uMikhail Gorbachev wayengafuni emngciphekweni oko baseMerika sinokukufunda malunga longquzulwano emkhosini. Summit e Reykjavik yaphela ngo-Oktobha 1986, kwaye ilizwe Kwathi, akusondela ukuba unciphiso olukhulu izixhobo zenyukliya, yaye ngoDisemba 1987 babesele ukugqiba isivumelwano ukucuthwa imijukujelwa eliphakathi-uluhlu. components laser Various ngabom ayisetyenziswa, kuphela nako ukulandelela ekujoliswe, kwaye nkqu Gorbachev amava ngokuqamba ngokutyelela Baikonur iintsuku ezimbalwa phambi kokuqalisa. Noko ke, utyelelo Gorbachev wakhokelela ukuvela imijukujelwa igama olusesikweni (ngokuchasiweyo kwisiphekepheke ekujongwe): la magama "Energy" wabonakala phezu umzimba wakhe ngaphambi kokufika uNobhala Jikelele.

imposiso software

Ukuphehlelelwa yokuqala rocket yenethiwekhi "Energy" kwaqhutywa May 15, 1987 Kuba imizuzwana embalwa yokuqala moya, phambi kokuba inqanawa washiya pad lomphehlelelo, oko aluve kruthu, kodwa ke apha naphaya isikhundla sakhe emva kokuba ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo enomjukujelwa yolawulo sengqondo. Emva koko, "Energy" moya kakuhle, sikhatshwe yi ezidanyazayo enye, yaye ngokukhawuleza engena namafu. Okunika bahlukana ngokuchanekileyo (nangona oku kwaye indiza elandelayo ke abazange exhotyiswe iparashute, esizokwenza zabo kwakhona ukusetyenziswa-), kwaye ke kwinqanaba engundoqo bayishiya izowuni ukubonakala. Emva evuthayo irula ababezahlule ukusuka 'kwipali "yaye, njengoko izicwangciso, zawela Pacific Ocean.

"Polyus" emalunga neetoni 80, yaye ukuba ukufikelela orbit, kwakufuneka ahlasele eyakhe injini yayo irula. Ukuze oku kube yimfuneko ukwenza ithuba degrees 180, kodwa ngenxa Impazamo emva kokuqalisa imodyuli iya kuqhubeka uksebenza, kwaye endaweni yoko uye orbit ephakamileyo, yawa ngezantsi. module impahla laza laya kwi-Pacific Ocean.

Impumelelo?

Nangona ekuqaleni-up yaye yasilela, umjukujelwa ngokwayo yaba yimpumelelo iyonke. Umsebenzi kwi "Buran" waqhubeka kwaye ubukhulu becala kugqitywa kwisiphekepheke (ukulungele ukubhabha, kodwa iyakwazi ukwenza amandla ngokwaneleyo imini enye kuphela orbit) idityaniswe rocket yesibini ukuze asungule mission yaqonda November 15, 1988. Kwaye ke irula "Energy" kwakhona isebenza kakuhle (kunye notshintsho-software eyayiza kuthintela kumathambeka eyingozi ekuqaleni), kwaye kananjalo payload balo alidanisi eli xesha, "Buran" ngokuzenzekelayo safika Baikonur, ephethe amathuba amabini ijikeleza uMhlaba iiyure ezintathu imizuzu engamashumi amabini anesihlanu emva koko.

Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kuka-1989 eSoviet Union waba rocket zinamandla, kusekho i nanto. Yena uphelelwa i payload isiphekepheke, umthwalo efanayo orbiters yaseMelika, yaye ngokwalo kungakhokelela ezisezantsi-Earth orbit iitoni 88 of umthwalo okanye ukunikezela iitoni 32 ukuya enyangeni (xa kuthelekiswa kwiitoni ezingama-118 kunye neetoni 45 "uSaturn V» no 92, 7 m no 23.5 m ukusuka H-1). Kwacetywa ukwandisa le isalathisi ngakumbi ukuya iitoni ezili-100, kwaye umsebenzi lwenziwa ukumisela cargo igumbi ekhethekileyo apha naphaya endaweni "pole". Inguqulo encinci umjukujelwa, ebizwa ngokuba "Energy-M ', kunye injini enye sihlole izinto ezimbini kwakhona ngaphakathi isigaba sokugqibela nophuhliso, yaye wakwazi ukufumana ubunzima payload ukuya kwiitoni 34.

ezibizayo

Ukuwa eSoviet Union iye ibe imbangela enkulu ukusilela projekthi. Nje yena xa uqala ukufumana ngeenyawo zakhe, kodwa imfuneko yokukhusela ukulungelwa kwamagunya amakhulu iye yaphela njengoko imali ezinkulu-scale namagqiza zenzululwazi. Enye ingxaki yayikukuba kwizomelezi "Zenith" enziwa ziinkampani ebekwe kwi Ukraine ezizimeleyo.

Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba ngexabiso "Energy" liye uthandwa ngokwaneleyo - ukuba akukho mfuneko aphaphazele aye eNyangeni, eqhineni ukujikeleza iitoni ezili-100 umthwalo waba ezingeyomfuneko. Thina shuttles apho oko yaphuhliswa kwindawo yokuqala aba neengxaki ezifanayo njengoko US kwisiphekepheke, kodwa rocket zange babe eziluncedo yobume abadla bodwa, njengoko kwakunjalo kwi US phambi kokuba dubulo le "Challenger" ngo-1986.

ukukhala ithemba

NGOs Lithemba "Energy" kwasuka imisebenzi yakhe ecetywayo:

• Orbit yokufaka laser ezinkulu ukuze ukubuyisela-ozone amashumi eminyaka.
• Ukwakha phezu isiseko nenyanga ekuveliseni helium-3 asetyenziswe zamandla Fusion, ibhalwe yamaqumrhu yamazwe ngamazwe, nto leyo eza kuba ukulungele ngo-2050.
• Launch ka izibaso zenyukliya kwi "iindonga" kwi okuwo heliocentric.

Ekugqibeleni kwathi phantsi umbuzo into enomjukujelwa ekwaziyo, ezo ezingenako ngokwesazela ezincinane, iziphekepheke axabisa - ngamnye ukuqala "Energy" yeendleko million 240 $, nkqu ngereyithi overvalued le engange ngokuchasene idola kwi 80s ekupheleni '. Ukuba uqala zenziwa kuphela xa kuyimfuneko, umxholo kwisityalo ekuveliseni imijukujelwa bekuya kuba zodidi ukuba akukho eSoviet Union okanye Russia wayengenayo imali.

uloyiso Pyrrhic

Ukuba uyavumelana nale ngcamango yokuba yiSoviet Union yahlukana kwindawo yokuqala ngenxa yeenzima zemali, kwakhona ngqiqweni athi "Amandla-Buran" ngomnye unobangela wale yokuwa. Le projekthi ibe ngumzekelo lokuwola owatshabalalisa eSoviet Union, kunye nemeko ubukho kwayo ukuba bangadli ekuphunyezweni kweeprojekthi ezinjalo.

Kwelinye icala, kusenokwenzeka ukuba wayesithi ukuba umonakalo obangelwe emikhulu reaction omkhulu uMikhail Gorbachev kwi imeko yezimali zeli lizwe, yaye eSoviet Union wayeza ukubambelela namhlanje, nangona Politburo emva uKonstantin Chernenko okhokelwa ngomnye umntu.

yokubona izinto kunokwenzeka

Ukushiya iingcamango kwamnandi okhankanywe ngentla, "Energy" ingasetyenziselwa ngokukuhlasela komzila elinye okanye iminqongo ezimbalwa kwisikhululo isithuba esikhulu, nto leyo ke ukugqiba iimodyuli zokwakha imveliso ngokusebenzisa intlanganisela "Energia-Buran": ekupheleni kuka-1991, Station " Mir-2 "salungiswa ukusebenzisa iimodyuli ngetoni-30.

Kwakhona zokwakha kunokwenzeka abe umlobothi encinane, nto leyo ayikho ukuba yokuxazulula, ngoxa kwinxalenye ngaphambili rocket.

Izinga buynov ukuba inkqubo indawo yiSoviet, njengokuba kuye kwenzeka ngaphambili, uya kuhamba ngokusebenzisa xesha lokutshintsha, ilungile. Ngoxa ekuphuhliseni kwisiphekepheke izithuthi kunye yokuvula kwimisebenzi ethile ngempumelelo ngakumbi, imbali ibonisa ukuba emva kokwakhiwa kwayo kuvela kunye neendlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa kuzo. Buynov wafa ngoJanuwari 10, 1989, ngaphantsi kweenyanga ezimbini emva "amandla" sesibini kunye ukubhabha yokugqibela.

"Zenith" uzuko

Nanamhla oku, "Energy" akukho abamlandelayo. "Zenith", kusetyenziswa namafutha zawo - kwizomelezi zibiza zehlabathi (2500-3600 $ ikilogram). Ngo-2010, i-NGO "Energy" bathenga nesabelo yamaqumrhu "Elwandle Launch" kwaye ngoku inoxanduva uqala evela amaqonga ocean, kwakunye Baikonur Cosmodrome e Kazakhstan.

RD-170, eyenzelwe "Zenith" yaye "Energy" Kwakhona enye ngeyona rocket iinjini. iinguqulelo akhe ndiqhayise South Korean "Naro-1", ophethe irula Russian "Angara" kwaye American "Atlas of the V", nto leyo esetyenziselwa kuphela iinjongo lwezenzululwazi, ezifana ekuhambiseni njengesibhadubhadu "Kyuriositi" kwaye kwasungulwa phenyo "zexa New" iPluto kodwa ke US emkhosini. Yiloo nto ke umahluko phakathi 1988 kunye namhlanje.