Iimpawu kunye nesakhiwo carbohydrate. carbohydrate umsebenzi

Kaloku umzimba womntu, kwakunye nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo kufuneka amandla. Ngaphandle kwalo, akukho lokuhamba ukuba iinkqubo. Ngapha koko, yonke indlela kwemichiza, nayiphi na inkqubo enzymatic okanye ibakala ukutya kufuneka umthombo wamandla.

Ngoko ke, ixabiso izinto, ukunika amandla omzimba ebomini, inkulu kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu. Yintoni na le nto? Carbohydrate, iiprotheni, amafutha. Ubume nganye kuzo yahlukile, ziyingxenye ngokupheleleyo kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo anemichiza, kodwa omnye imisebenzi yawo ifana - ukubonelela umzimba kunye amandla eziyimfuneko ebomini. Cinga iqela ezi izinto zilandelayo - carbohydrate.

ngezigaba carbohydrate

Yenziwe ngoobani kunye nokwakhiwa carbohydrate ukususela nokuvulwa kuchaziwe ngamagama abo. Ngapha koko, le mithombo kwakusasa bekucingelwa ukuba iqela enjalo iikhompawundi aba bakhoyo apha isakhiwo athom carbon yesondo iimolekyuli zamanzi.

Uhlalutyo olunzulu ngakumbi, kwakunye ingcaciso emalunga kwiyantlukwano ezi zinto ukuba ukungqina ukuba asingabo bonke abameli kuphela isahlulo. Noko ke, lo msebenzi enye abo kugqiba ubume carbohydrate.

Ukuhlelwa Modern yeli qela zithako ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Monosaccharides (ribose, fructose, glucose njalo njalo).
2. Oligosaccharides (BIOS, triose).
3. Polysaccharides (starch, neselulosi).

Kwakhona, bonke iikhabhohayidrethi lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini alandelayo:

• abuyisele;
• non-ekunciphiseni.

Ubume bale molecule carbohydrate iqela ngalinye sihlolisise.

Monosaccharides: uphawu

Olu didi lubandakanya zonke carbohydrate eziqulathe i aldehyde (aldose) okanye ketone (ketose) iqela kwaye hayi ngaphezulu kwe-10 athom kwekhabhoni isakhiwo chain. Ukuba ujonga inani athom ezikwi engundoqo, i monosaccharides lungohlulwa lube:

• triose (glyceraldehyde);
• tetroses (erythrulose, erythrose);
• pentose (ribose kunye deoxyribose);
• hexoses (iswekile, fructose).

Zonke ezinye abameli awabalulekanga kangaka umzimba njengoko idweliswe.

Iimpawu ubume be-iimolekyuli

Kubume monosaccharides angamelwa inxitywe, kwaye ngokohlobo ekudleni elibujikele. Yenzeka njani le nto? Eyona nto kukuba le carbon atom ephakathi ezimbaxa neziko yezi macala apho molecule isisombululo uyakwazi uphendule. Ekubeni ngokwakha isomers ezamehlo monosaccharides L- kunye D-iifom. Kule glucose formula ibhalwe ngohlobo kwitsheyini ngqo, unako engqondweni siqonde iqela aldehyde i (okanye ketone) ndikuqengqe wava ibhola. Ukuze ufumane ehambelana ifomula elibujikele.

Ubume eekhemikhali eziliqela carbohydrate monosaccharides kakhulu ilula: inani athom carbon oyinxalenye chain okanye isazinge, nganye ezahlukileyo okanye zilungiswe kwelinye icala amaqela hydroxyl kunye atom hydrogen. Ukuba yonke igama elifanayo kwelinye icala isakhiwo, ngoko ke D-isomer ibunjiwe, ukuba for ezahlukeneyo eneSandi abanye - ngoko L-isomer. Ukuba ubhala ummeli indlela jikelele ixhaphakileyo monosaccharides glucose ngendlela eziphilayo, oko kuya kuba luhlobo: C ₆ H ₁₂ O _6. Ngaphezu koko, ingxelo ibonisa isakhiwo kunye fructose, kakhulu. Ngapha koko, le monosaccharides ezimbini iikhemikhali - isomers zezakhiwo. Iswekile - aldegidospirt, fructose - Cetoalcohol.

Isakhiwo neempawu eziliqela carbohydrate monosaccharides zihlobene. Ngapha koko, ngenxa yokuba ubukho aldehyde kunye ketone namaqela ekwakhiweni ngesakhiwo basonta aldehyde kunye ketonospirtam egqiba indalo yemizimba yethu kunye indlela apho bakwazi ukujoyina.

Ngenxa yoko, glucose ebonisa iimpawu zilandelayo:

1. Indlela ezibangelwa bubukho amaqela carbonyl:

• Igcwala - yokusabela "isipili yesilivere";
• nge esandula sivete hayidroksayidi, ubhedu (II) - aldonic acid;
• iioksidenti obomeleleyo bayakwazi ukwenza diacids (aldarovye), ezitshintsha nje kuphela aldehyde kodwa iqela elinye hydroxyl;
• YoBuyiselo - iguqulelwa polyols.

2. Le molecule iqulathe amaqela hydroxyl kwaye ibonakalisa isakhiwo. Iimpawu carbohydrate, leyo ziphenjelelwa ngokwamaqela i data:

• uyakwazi alkylation - ukubunjwa glycol;
• acylation - ukwakha esters ;
• indlela esemgangathweni ukuze hayidroksayidi ubhedu (II).

3. Iipropati esithile glucose:

• butyric acid;
• kotywala ngendlela engeyiyo;
• Ukubila lactic.

Imisebenzi emzimbeni

Ubume kunye nomsebenzi inani wekhabohayidreyiti monosaccharides zihlobene. Idluleyo, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngayo kwemichiza eziphilayo eziphilayo. Yiyiphi indima edlalwa kule monosaccharides?

1. Isiseko ekuveliseni oligo-kunye polysaccharides.
2. Pentose (ribose kunye deoxyribose) - le molecule ibalulekileyo ababandakanyekayo ekubunjweni ATP, RNA, DNA. Yaye, bona, ngabanikezeli eziphambili umbandela ilifa, amandla kunye ziiprotein.
3. Amanqanaba yoxinaniso glucose egazini - umlinganiselo yokwenene yengcinezelo osmotic kunye notshintsho yayo.

Oligosaccharides: isakhiwo

Ubume qela ekudleni eli liye lancitshiswa ukuba iimolekyuli ezimbini (Diozu) okanye ezintathu (triose) monosaccharide kwi ekwakhiweni. Kukho abo apho ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo 4, 5 okanye ngaphezulu (ukuya kwi-10), kodwa inkoliso zixhaphakileyo disaccharides. Oko kukuthi, ukuba haydrolisis ezi zihlanganisi ukubola ukwenza iswekile, fructose, pentoses, njalo-njalo. Zeziphi zehlela kolu didi? Umzekelo woko - it sucrose (common yeziqholo iswekile), lactose (icandelo eziphambili ubisi), maltose, lactulose, isomalt.

Ubume eekhemikhali olu ngcelele carbohydrate na ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

1. Le ndlela yokubala jikelele zohlobo beemolekyuli: C ₁₂ H ₂₂ O _11.
2. Ezimbini okanye ezahlukeneyo monosaccharide kwintsalela kubume disaccharide ziye amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ngokusebenzisa bridge glycoside. Ngomhla uhlobo umchiza iya kuxhomekeka ngamandla kuncitshiswa iswekile.
3. Ukunciphisa disaccharide. Isakhiwo ekudleni yale hlobo ukuyilwa kwebhulorho phakathi aldehyde kunye hydroxyl amaqela glycosidic hydroxyl neemolekyuli ezahlukeneyo monosaccharides. Ezi ziquka maltose, lactose, njalo njalo.
4. Nonreducing - esiveza umzekelo sucrose - xa friend abunjwe phakathi kwamaqela hydroxyl kuphela ezo ngaphandle kwisakhiwo nxaxheba aldehyde.

Ngenxa yoko, ubume ekudleni ingashwankathelwa ngokohlobo olungumgubo eziphilayo. Ukuba isakhiwo kuyimfuneko eneenkcukacha eziku, ngoko lingakumela usebenzisa ifomula oluntanganye okanye Heuorsa Fischer kwingqikelelo. Ngokukhethekileyo, monomers elibujikele ezimbini (monosaccharides) okanye ezahlukeneyo okanye okufanayo (kuxhomekeke oligosaccharide) amaqhina oqhagamshelwano yi kwebhulorho glycosidic. Xa usakha kufuneka cinga ukubuyisela ubuchule ukubonisa kakuhle uqhagamshelwano.

Imizekelo disaccharides iimolekyuli

Ukuba umsebenzi ixabisa ngohlobo: "Phawula iimpawu noshowo carbohydrate," ngoko ke disaccharide kuhle ukucacisa kuqala koko okuseleyo monosaccharides na. Eyona eziqhelekileyo iindidi zezi:

• sucrose - ezakhiwe alpha-beta-glucose, kunye fructose;
• iintsalela glucose - maltose;
• cellobiose - iqulathe iintsalela ezimbini glucose ibeta-D-iintlobo;
• lactose - glucose galactose +;
• lactulose - galactose + fructose njalo njalo.

Emva koko, ngokuvumelana iintsalela ezikhoyo kufuneka icace ukusuka amayeza formula noshowo uhlobo glycoside kwebhulorho.

Ukubaluleka for eziphilayo

enkulu kakhulu kwaye indima disaccharide, kubalulekile nje kuphela isakhiwo. Imisebenzi carbohydrate kunye namafutha ziyafana ngokubanzi. Oku kusekelwe kwicandelo lukagesi. Nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka ibonise ukubaluleka kwabo ethile kwabanye disaccharides ngabanye.

1. Sucrose - umthombo iphambili glucose emzimbeni womntu.
2. Obumele ifumaneka ngobisi lwebele of ezanyisayo, kuquka ababhinqileyo kunye-8%.
3. Lactulose ifunyenwe elabhoratri ukuba isetyenziselwe iinjongo zonyango, kwakunye elongeze ukuveliswa kwemveliso yobisi.

Nawuphi disaccharide, trisaccharide njalo ebantwini kunye nezinye izidalwa ivavanywa leso hydrolyzed ukuya monosaccharides. Olu phawu sisiseko ukusetyenziswa kwale iklasi wekhabohayidreyiti umntu kwi ekrwada, kutshintsha (beet okanye kumasimi eswekile).

Polysaccharides: Izinto eziphilayo

Imisebenzi, ukwakhiwa kunye nesakhiwo esiphambili inani carbohydrate zibalulekile eziphilayo abantu, ngokunjalo nemisebenzi yabantu. Okokuqala, ufanele uqonde ukuba uhlobo wekhabohayidreyiti polysaccharides.

Zininzi:

• starch;
• glycogen;
• murein;
• glucomannan;
• kwincindi;
• dextrin;
• galactomannan;
• muromin;
• pectin;
• amylose;
• ngechitin.

Le asinto uluhlu alupheli, kodwa kuphela iintlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo ebonakalayo. Ukuba ukufeza lo msebenzi "Khangela iimpawu ngesakhiwo eziliqela carbohydrate polysaccharides", into yokuqala kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo ubume babo lomhlaba. Kuyinto voluminous kakhulu, imolekyuli isigebenga, eliquka amakhulu leeyunithi monomer edityaniswe cross-bonds glycosidic chemical. Amaxesha amaninzi isakhiwo molecule ye polysaccharides ye carbohydrate yi sisincoko sekhombuya.

Kukho kudidi ezithile molecule anjalo.

1. Gomopolisaharidy - kuquka iiyunithi ezifanayo ophindaphindayo monosaccharides. Kuxhomekeka monosaccharide unokuba hexoses, pentoses, njalo njalo (glucans, mannans, galactans).
2. Heteropolysaccharides - lisekwa iiyunithi monomer ezahlukeneyo.

Zithako nge isakhiwo lwesithuba yomgama kufuneka kwaziwe, umzekelo, kwincindi. isakhiwo Branched has uninzi polysaccharides - starch glycogen, ngechitin njalo njalo.

Indima kumzimba eziphilileyo

Ubume kunye umsebenzi carbohydrate kweli qela linxibelelene kakhulu ubomi kubo bonke abantu. Umzekelo, utyala kwindawo engumbeko zizondlo accumulated kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ihlumelo okanye ingcambu istatshi. Lo mthombo uphambili wamandla izilwanyana - ngaphandle polysaccharides, leyo akhiwa cleavage amaninzi amandla.

Carbohydrate kwisakhiwo yeseli ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kakhulu. Oku yakhiwa inshorensi ngechitin izinambuzane ezininzi ezineqokobhe, murein - amacandelo cell udonga iintsholongwane, yintlama - isityalo basis.

Nobu bala izinto okunezondlo zezilwanyana - molecule glycogen, okanye njengoko kubhaliwe sathiwa ngokuqhelekileyo, namanqatha yezilwanyana. Yena zigcinwe amalungu omzimba yaye uthwala amandla nje kuphela, kodwa kananjalo zikhusela nxamnye iimpembelelo mechanical.

Kuba eziphilayo kakhulu isakhiwo ebaluleke kakhulu carbohydrate. Biology yesilwanyana ngasinye kwaye isityalo kangangokuba kufuna umthombo wamandla rhoqo, pholisa. Kwaye oko nje kubo, kwaye uninzi konke oko ngohlobo polysaccharides. Ngoko ke, lo ukugaywa ngokupheleleyo 1 g carbohydrate ngenxa yeenkqubo pathways kukhokelela kukhululwe 4.1 kcal amandla! Nguwo lo eliphezulu, akusekho nayiphi na uqhagamshelo enye. Kungenxa yoko le nto iikhabhohayidrethi kufuneka abekho ezityiwa nawuphi na umntu okanye isilwanyana. Izityalo nazo ukuzinakekela; kwi inkqubo yefotosinthesis zakha ngaphakathi ngestatshi eqweba.

Iipropati jikelele carbohydrate

Ubume bale amafutha, iiprothini kunye carbohydrate ofanayo jikelele. Ngapha koko, bonke bephela macromolecules. Nkqu eminye imisebenzi yabo eyodwa. Kufuneka zihlaziye indima nokubaluleka carbohydrate kubomi ngolunya-langa.

1. Yenziwe ngoobani kunye nolwakhiwo carbohydrate eziquka ukusetyenziswa kwabo yesakhiwo eziphathekayo ukuba iqokobhe plant cells, izilwanyana kunye imifinya iintsholongwane kwakunye ukuyilwa organelles intracellular.
2. Zikhusela. Uphawu eziphilayo zezityalo kwaye wabonakaliswa ukuyilwa ameva zabo, sameva njalo njalo.
3. indima plastiki - imfundo ibaluleke molekyuli ebalulekileyo (DNA, RNA, ATP kunye nabanye).
4. umsebenzi receptor. Polysaccharides kunye oligosaccharides - nxaxheba esebenzayo udluliselo ezothutho iseli inwebu, "abalindi" Akubabona igalelo.
5. Energy indima ebonakalayo. Inika igunya likhulu zonke iinkqubo intracellular, kwakunye umsebenzi yonke eziphilayo.
6. Ummiselo xi osmotic - glucose yenza ulawulo olunjalo.
7. Ezinye polysaccharides ke ukudla, umthombo wamandla kwizidalwa zezilwanyana.

Ngoko ke, kuyacaca ukuba isakhiwo amafutha, iiprothini kunye carbohydrate, umsebenzi wabo indima imizimba lweenkqubo zokuphila ezibaluleke kakhulu kwaye isigqibo. Ezi molekyuli - yiko yobomi, ahlala nabo nokulondoloza ngayo.

Carbohydrate nabanye iikhompawundi macromolecular

Kwakhona eyaziwayo indima carbohydrate alukho uhlobo yayo enyulu, kwaye zidityaniswe namanye iimolekyuli. Ezi ziquka loo ixhaphakileyo, ezifana:

• glycosaminoglycans okanye mucopolysaccharides;
• glycoproteins.

Ubume kunye neempawu carbohydrate yolu hlobo kunokuba nzima ngenxa zakhiwo oxhulumene kwi ezahlukeneyo kumaqela ezisebenzayo. Eyona Indima olu hlobo iimolekyuli - inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zobomi ezininzi eziphilayo. Abamele: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, heparan, sulfate keratan, kunye nabanye.

Kukho kwakhona polysaccharides izakhiwo kunye nezinye iimolekyuli eziphilayo esebenzayo. Umzekelo, lipopolysaccharides okanye glycoproteins. khona yabo ebalulekileyo lokusekwa abasabela ngumzimba umzimba, njengoko bayinxalenye ziiseli yenkqubo emithanjeni.