Amanyathelo kunye namanqanaba okuphuhliswa kweqela: indlela

Bonke abantu abahlala kwiplanethi yethu badibeneyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezizinzileyo kwaye ezingekho ngokuqhelekileyo. Zibizwa ngokuba ngamaqela. Izizwe ezifanayo zihlukeneyo, zithi: ezentlalo, ezincinci kunye ezinkulu, ezisemthethweni nezingenasesikweni, ezinemiqathango kunye neyinyani, abasebenzi kunye nemfundo, njl. Ukongeza, amaqela amanqanaba aphantsi kwaye aphezulu okuphuhliswayo athatyathwa.

Kuba ngowokuqala kubo, kukho ukungabikho komanyano, ukwahlula ngokucacileyo iinkokheli kunye nolwalamano lwabo. Iqela lephuhliso eliphakamileyo libizwa ngokuba lihlanganiswe. Olu luntu lunezo zakhiwo ezingekho kwindawo yokwakhiwa kwinqanaba eliphantsi lophuhliso lwayo.

Ingcamango yokuqokelela

Umendo apho iqela elisezantsi liye lafikelela kwiphakamileyo yophuhliso lwayo ngabanye. Kodwa ekugqibeleni olo luntu lunempembelelo enkulu kumntu ngamnye.

Iimpawu zeqela

Iqela labantu lifikelela kwizinga eliphezulu lokuphuhlisa, ukuba kukho:
- injongo efanayo;
Imisebenzi edibeneyo;
Ubudlelwane obunxulumene noluntu;
Ubuholi bentloko, enokuba ngumnye wamalungu ahloniphekileyo, okanye amabhunga olawulo.

Kwinqanaba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobudlelwane:
- umntu, ngokusekelwe kwintembelelo, ukuchasana kunye nesinamathiselo;
- ishishini, kuyimfuneko kwisisombululo esisodwa sokwabiwa kwemisebenzi.

Abasebenzi besikolo

Iqela lezemfundo lidlala indima ekhethekileyo ekwakheni ubuntu . Yadalwa esikolweni kwaye yenziwe yabafundi ngesiseko seenjongo ezifanayo kwimpumelelo, nangenxa yesiseko sobudlelwane boluntu. Kwimeko enjalo kukho intlangano ephakamileyo yolwalamano kunye noburhulumente. Ukwakhiwa koluntu olunjalo luvuselela abafundi ekunyuseni ukugxilwa, ukufakela inkcubeko yabo yokuziphatha kunye nobudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwabantu.

Ikomiti yesikolo liquka izinto ezilandelayo:
Eziprayimari (iiklasi);
- okwethutyana (izangqa, amacandelo ezemidlalo);
- esisesikweni (isikolo sikarhulumente, ikomiti yabafundi);
- Ukungavumelekanga.

Iindlela zeMfundo

Ukuqulunqwa kobuntu bomfundi kwisikolo esikolweni kwenzeka ngoku:
Msebenzi wezemfundo;
- imisebenzi engaphezulu kwekharityhulam;
Msebenzi wezabasebenzi;
- Inkcubeko kunye nemfundo kunye nentlalo kunye nentlalo yoluntu.

Ukuze kulungiselelwe iqela lezempilo elifanelekileyo, kuyimfuneko:
- ukufundisa i-asethi yomfundi, encedisa utitshala kunye nefuthe ngokufanelekileyo kubo bonke afunda nabo;
- ngokufanelekileyo uququzelele imidlalo kunye nokuzonwabisa, imfundo, imisebenzi yabasebenzi kunye noqeqesho;
- kubeka ngokucacileyo iimfuno zokufundisa.

Amanyathelo okubunjwa kweqela

Uthisha omkhulu A. S. Makarenko waqulunqa umthetho oyisiseko ngokubhekiselele kulokuba uluntu lwabafundi lufanele luphile. Umgaqo wayo oyintloko uhamba. Yindlela yokudibanisa ubomi. Ukuyeka rhoqo kuthetha ukufa kwakhe.

Imigaqo ephambili yeqela, ngokwembono kotitshala omkhulu, kuxhomekeke kuyo kunye nolwazi, kunye nombono. Inendima ebalulekileyo kule nto idlalwa ngamanyathelo afana nawo onke amalungu ayo.

Kwakhona, iMakarenko ibonakalise izigaba zokuphuhliswa kweqela. Zinezigaba ezine, owokuqala apho. Kwenzeka ngexesha lokwakhiwa kweklasti, isangqa okanye iqela libe yintlangano yoluntu okanye yoluntu-lwengqondo, apho ubudlelwane phakathi kwabafundi bunqunywe ziinjongo zabo, imisebenzi kunye nobume bemisebenzi yabo ehlangeneyo. Ngelo xesha, umququzeleli oyintloko ngumfundisi obeka phambili iimfuno ezithile kubantwana.

Kwinqanaba lesibini lokuphuhliswa kokuhlanganiswa, impembelelo ye-asethi iqiniswa. Aba ngabafundi abangagcwalisi kuphela iimfuno zothisha, kodwa bazinikele kwabanye abafundi. Kule nqanaba lophuhliso, izenzo zendibano njengendlela ebalulekileyo apho iindlela zokuzilawula kunye nokuzimelela kwazo ziseziqalile kwaye ziqala ukusebenza. Ngexesha elifanayo, lo mphakathi luyisisitye semfundo enenjongo yeempawu zobuntu ezilungileyo.

Isigaba sesithathu sokuphuhliswa kweqela leMakarenko liyachuma. Uluntu luya kwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwalo, xa iimfuno zamalungu ayo ziba ziphakamileyo kuneendawo ezikuzo. Konke oku kukufakazela ukufezekiswa kwinqanaba eliphakamileyo lokukhuliswa, kwakunye nokuzinza kwezahlulelo kunye neembono zabafundi.

Ukuba ngumntu onjalo, umntu unemfuneko ebalulekileyo ekubunzeni kwakhe ukuziphatha nokuthembeka. Uphawu oluphambili lwaloo ndawo kuluntu kwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa kukuba namava aqhelekileyo kunye nokuvavanywa okufanayo kweziganeko ezithile.

Isigaba sesine sokuphuhliswa kweqela lihamba. Kule nqanaba, abafundi, bathembela kumava ahlangeneyo asele bafumana, bazinikezela iimfuno ezithile. Ngelo xesha, isidingo esisisiseko sabantwana kukugcina imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Kule nqanaba, inkqubo yemfundo iya kuba yimfundo.

Zonke izigaba zokuphuhliswa kweqela leMakarenko azikho imida ecacileyo. Ngamanye amanyathelo alandelayo afakwe kwixesha elidlulileyo, kwaye aliyi kuthatha indawo yalo.

Ukuchaza imbono yakhe yamanyathelo okuphuhliswa kobutyebi, utitshala omkhulu wanyamekela iingqalelo ezenziwe ngamalungu akhe. Ezi zihlobo ezizinzileyo zobomi bommandla, ezikunceda ukuphuhlisa umgca wokuziphatha, kunye nokuhlobisa nokuphucula ubomi besikolo.

NgokukaMakarenko, ukudibanisa kunye nokukhupha iqela likwazi ukwenza injongo engasondeza, ephakathi kunye nekude. Iyokuqala kwezi zixhaswa ngumdla. Injongo engqinelanayo iboniswe ubunzima kunye nexesha, kwaye elikude liyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kuluntu. Enjalo inkqubo yokulindela kufuneka iphumelele iqela lonke. Kule meko kuphela ukuphuhliswa kwayo kuqhubeka ngendlela yendalo.

Ukuqwalasela izigaba zokuphuhliswa kwezemfundo zabantwana, uMakrenko uphinde wakhankanya umgaqo wezenzo ezifanayo. Kuthetha ntoni? Kwinqanaba elinye lokuphuhliswa kweqela, ngalinye lamalungu alo liphantsi kwefuthe elifanayo lootitshala kunye nabahlobo bakhe. Ngamanye amaxesha isigwebo sentyala singaba nzima. Yingakho le migaqo yamabhunga kaMakarenko kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokuqaphela.

Ngokomgaqo-titshala owaziwayo, ezi zinto zilandelayo ziqhelekileyo ukuba ziqokelele ngokupheleleyo:
- ukuhlala ujabule;
Ukudibanisa ubudlelwane babo bonke amalungu;
- ukuhlonipha;
- ukukhuthazwa kwezenzo ezifanelekileyo;
- umxholo wokhuseleko;
- uxinzelelo lwengqondo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwengcamango yeMakrenko

Iimpawu zenkqubo yokuphuhliswa kwazo ziye zaqwalaselwa kwimisebenzi kaSukhomlinsky. Lo titshala, esebenza iminyaka emininzi njengotitshala kunye nomlawuli wesikolo, ngesiseko samava akhe, yenze imigaqo yemigaqo apho iqela labafundi elihlelwe ngokubanzi lenziwe. Phakathi kwazo:
- ubumbano lwabafundi;
- Uqaliso;
Ukusebenza komtsalane;
- ubutyebi bobudlelwane phakathi kwabafundi kunye notitshala;
Ukuvumelana kweminqweno;
- indima ehamba phambili yotitshala, njl.

Amanyathelo okuphuhliswa kokuhlanganiswa acingelwa kwimisebenzi yawo yi-AT Kurakin, uLi Novikov, nabanye. Aba bhali bakholelwa ukuba kwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwabafundi, abantwana banokubumbana kungekufuneka kuphela. Uncedo kule ndlela nakwezinye iindlela.

Kungekudala, kukho umkhwa obalaseleyo wokuqonda phantsi kweqela elidibeneyo amalungu ayo anqanaba eliphezulu lokuphuhliswa. Ngexesha elifanayo, uluntu kufuneka luchazwe ngumsebenzi wokudibanisa, ukuhambelana kunye nokujoliswa kwelinye. Umgangatho obalulekileyo kakhulu weqela, ngokubhaliweyo kwabalobi banamhlanje, lizinga lokukhula koluntu nangokwengqondo. Yilo mbandela eyona mfuneko ephambili ekudaleni iqela elihlangeneyo. Ziziphi izigaba ezisemgangathweni zayo?

Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokuphuhliswa kweqela elihlangeneyo kukho i-conglomerate. Olu luntu luqulethwe ngabantwana abangaqhelekanga, abaqokelelwa ngexesha elinye kwindawo. Ubudlelwane bobudlelwane babantwana kweli nqanaba, njengommiselo, bubume kwaye bunzulu. Ukuba iqela elinjalo linikezwa igama, ngoko liya kutyunjwa. Xa kwenzeka ukuba amalungu anjalo awamkelekanga iimeko kunye neenjongo ezibekwa phambi kwazo, ngoko uguquko oluvela kwi-conglomerate aluyi kwenzeka. Iimeko ezinjalo aziqhelekanga esikolweni.

Ukuba iqumrhu lokuqala lenzeke, idibaniselwano samkela isimo seprayimari. Kule meko, iqela liya kumbutho, apho injongo nganye yamalungu ayo ifakwe ngumsebenzi. Kule nqanaba, izitena zokuqala zibekwe ekubunjweni kokuhlanganiswa. Xa siphila kunye, iqela liya kwizinga eliphakamileyo lombutho, ukutshintsha ubudlelwane obundlelana nabo.

Ngaphambi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, isigaba sokuphuhliswa sabantwana sitshintsha. Kwinqanaba elilandelayo iqela lokusebenzisana lenziwa. Uluntu olunjalo luyaziwa ngempumelelo kunye nesakhiwo esisebenza kakuhle senhlangano. Kule meko kukho izinga eliphezulu lokusebenzisana kunye nokulungelelanisa. Bonke ubudlelwane phakathi kwamalungu ebandla lokubambisana luhlobo lweshishini kwaye lujoliswe ekuphumezeni injongo ekhankanywe.

Ingcamango yeLutoshkin

Ngokwale mbhali, kukho izigaba ezilandelayo zokuphuhliswa kwabafundi:
1. Isigaba sokuqala liqela elikhethiweyo. Olu luntu lukhona ngokusemthethweni kwaye luququzelele umsebenzi kunye nexesha. Ukuba oku kubonwa esikolweni, oko kudibeneyo kuthiwa yiqela elingathandekiyo.
2. Ibakala lesibini liqela lombutho. Kuvela phambi kweenjongo ezifanayo kuwo wonke amalungu ayo.
3. Kwinqanaba lesithathu lokuphuhliswa kweqoqo ngokutsho kweLutoshkin, iqela elibambiseneyo liyavela. Ubonakaliswe ngobunye beenjongo, ukudibanisa okuphezulu kunye neendlela ezihlangeneyo kwisisombululo semisebenzi.
4. Isigaba sesine kukudalwa iqela lokuzimela. Olu luntu luyabonakala ngokubambisana kwangaphakathi, ukuzithiba nokuzilungelelanisa ukulungisa ingxaki.
5. Isigaba sesihlanu sibonakala ngokuvela kweqela elihlangeneyo. Leli nqanaba eliphezulu ekuphuhliseni uluntu, onke amalungu alo adibeneyo kunye nenjongo efanayo, kunye nemisebenzi ekwindlela yokufikelela kuyo. Ukongezelela, kwinqanaba elinjalo, umntu unokugcina ubunye bezobungqina nezengqondo, ukulungelelanisa okuphezulu kunye nesakhiwo esilungileyo.

Masiqwalasele iimpawu zazo zonke izigaba ezichazwe yi-Lutoshkin.

Iqela la magama

Kule nqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwezemfundo ziqokelelwe ngokuthi "ukuhlakazeka kwehlabathi". Ukuthelekiswa akukhawulezi. Ekuboneni kokuqala, iinqolowa zentlabathi ziqokelelwa ndawonye. Nangona kunjalo, elowo kubo lusekho. Naluphina umoya onokutshatyalalisa iintlobo zesanti kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko baya kuhlala kuze kubekho umntu obafaka emkhombeni omnye. Kuye kwenzeka into efanayo kuluntu, xa amaqela athile ehlelwe ngokukhethekileyo okanye aphakame ngokuhambelana nokuthanda kweemeko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bonke ndawonye. Kodwa kwenye - ngalinye lamalungu aloo qela lilodwa. Injalo "i-play sander" ayizuzi ukwaneliseka novuyo.

Umbutho weqela

Eli nqanaba lokuphuhliswa kweqela libizwa ngokuba ngu "Soft Clay". Eli gama linikezelwa kweli nqanaba alikho ngengozi. Ubumba obunzulu bubunokuthi buchaphazeleka kalula. Ukuyithatha ezandleni zakho, unokwenza uthotywe. Inkosi elungileyo inokwenza umkhumbi omhle ngaphandle kotywala okanye nayiphina imveliso emihle. Kodwa ngaphandle komgudu, izinto eziza kuhlala zihlala ziyingcambu yomhlaba.

Ngoko ke kubambisene nabantwana. Nayi indima yenkosi ingadlaliswa yinkokheli esemthethweni, utitshala weklasi okanye umfana wesikolo ogunyazisiweyo. Ewe, akuyiyo yonke into ehamba kakuhle. Iqela alikwazi ukufumana inkxaso kunye nentsebenziswano. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli nqanaba, iinzame ezijolise ekuhlanganiseni uluntu sele zibonakala.

Iqela lokusebenzisana

Eli nqanaba lokuphuhliswa kweqoqo libizwa ngokuba yi "bacon flickering beacon". Kule nqanaba iqela lithelekiswa nolwandle oluqhwithiyo. Ifumane phakathi kwamaza aqhaqhaqhaqha womkhumbi onamava, ukukhanya okukhenkcezayo kwendawo yokukhanya kukuvumela ukuba ukhethe indlela efanelekileyo kwaye uzisa ukuzithemba. Apha, omnye ufuna kuphela ukuba alumke kwaye angalahlekelwa yimitha yokugcina evela kwimbono.

Iqela elenza iqela libonelela ngalinye lamalungu alo iimpawu zokukhetha indlela efanelekileyo kwaye ihlale ilungele ukuboleka isandla. Kulo luntu kukho umnqweno wokusebenza kunye nokuncedana. Indima yendawo yokukhanya idlalwa yi-asethi.

Iqela lokuzimela

Isigaba esilandelayo sokuphuhliswa kweqela libizwa ngokuba "ngumkhono obomvu". Eli nqanaba lokufuna phambili, ukunyaniseka kunye nokungazinzi. Kwisenzo esinjalo kunye kunye nokuphila kumgaqo wabakwaMusketeers "omnye kubo bonke kunye nabo bonke." Kule nqanaba lokuphuhliswa kweqela, inxaxheba kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokubambisana kuhamba ngokuhambisana nezidingo kunye nemigomo. Ukusebenza kweqela elinjalo linokuthenjwa kunye nabaququzeleli abanolwazi, kunye nabahlobo abaqinileyo. Bahlala bebanceda, kokubili ngezenzo kunye neengcebiso.

Ukuqokelela iqela

Ngoko ke, zonke izigaba eziphambili zokuphuhliswa kokuhlanganiswa kudlule, kwaye ziphakama ukuya kwisigaba sesihlanu, ebizwa ngokuba "ityhuni evuthayo". Akumangalisi ukuba eli nqanaba lidibaniswa nomlilo ophilayo. Ithetha intando enye, ubuhlobo obusondeleyo, intsebenziswano yentsebenziswano kunye nokuqonda ngokubanzi. Kule nqanaba, ukuhlanganiswa okwenene kuyakheka, engayi kuze ivalwe kwimida emincinci yomanyano ohambelanayo kunye noxolo. Abantu abangena kuyo abayi kuhlala bengenamdla kwiingxaki zamanye amaqela, bekhanyisa umendo wabo, njengoDanko oyingqungquthela, nentliziyo yabo evuthayo.