Umthetho wokulahlwa yinto yokungathandabuzeki: ubunzulu, ingqiqo kunye nemizekelo

Ukungabi nantoni kwimilo kuthiwa isenzo sokuphikisa nayiphi na isitatimenti esingahambelani nenyani. Ngexesha elifanayo lo msebenzi uthatha inselelo entsha. Umthetho wokwenqaba ukulahlwa ngokukhawuleza umele ukuvela kwento entsha, ukuphelisa, kwaye ubeke endaweni yokudala. Usebenzise nini eli lungiselelo? Nguwuphi umyalelo wokunganyaniseki? Imizekelo kunye neenkcazelo ziya kunikwa kamva kwinqaku.

Ulwazi jikelele

Xa kwenzeka into entsha, elidala liyakhanselwa. Ngaloo ndlela, inyaniso yento yangaphambili iphikisiwe yinto yokuba kukho entsha. Ngubani owokuqala ukusebenzisa eli gama? Lo mthetho waqala ukusetyenziswa nguHegel. Ngoncedo lwakhe, umcangcili wachaza uhlobo lobomi bokuphuhliswa kweqiniso. Ekubeni inyaniso ngokwayo ngumsebenzi weNgcamango ye- Absolute ngokwayo, kwaye ngenxa yoko Isizathu esingenasizathu:

• Okokuqala, ukuba i-Idea yenza into ethile, oko kuyacaca. Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzi wayo ubhekisela kumthombo wayo kwiSizathu.
• Ingcamango, okwesibini, ayikho into ebonakalayo. Oku kulandela ukuba nayiphi na inyathelo ibhekisela kwingqondo ingengomthombo kuphela, kodwa ngohlobo lwalo lonke.

Ubume bomsebenzi weyiphi ingqondo

Ukuzaliseka kwananto nayiphi na ingqondo, i-Absolute, kubandakanywa, iqulethe ngokupheleleyo ukukhanyela (ukupheliswa kokusisigxina) kwimeko nganye ekhoyo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo lulandelayo. Intsha izalwe ngendlela yokuchasana kwangaphakathi. Umthetho wokunyanzelwa kobugwenxa ubonakala njani? Ingundoqo yokukhusana kwangaphakathi kwimiqondo kunye nokuphelisa imeko yangoku kukuba le nto ibonisa ukupheliswa kweenkcazo, ingcamango okanye ingcamango ephakanyisiwe kwaye ivunyiwe. Ngoku kufuneka alahle le nto ngenxa yokuhamba kwakhe ngaphakathi. Eli rhulumente-ukuvela kokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kweSizathu sokuzimela - okokuqala kokunyanzelwa kwayo. Ngaloo ndlela, ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kwento entsha kwenzeka. Ukungqubuzana okuvela kwiSizathu asikho nto ngaphandle kokuchasana kwangaphakathi kwimixholo yamandulo. Ngelo xesha, kukho isidingo esithile somsebenzi wokucinga. Lo msebenzi kufuneka ujoliswe ekuqondeni nasekuxazululeni imeko eye yavela.

Umsebenzi oqhubekayo weSizathu

Ngaphezulu kwakukho umzekelo wobonakaliso bokuqala ukungabikho. Le nkqubo iqhubela phambili ivuselela kwaye igxotha ukulungisa yonke into ebonisa ngayo. Umsebenzi wokucinga uqhutywe ngokukhawuleza ukususa ukuphikisana okuvela. Ukulungisa imeko, kufuneka enze umxholo omtsha weNgqiqo, oya kutshabalalisa elidala-apho ukuphikisana kwakuye kwanda. Emva kokuba i-state isombululwe kungekudala okanye kamva kwaye iza kupheliswa, umxholo omtsha kunye nesimo seSizathu siya kuvela. Ngaloo ndlela, umthetho wokungahoxiswa kabini uza kusebenza-ukukhanselwa kokula kweyokuqala. Ngenxa yoko, kukho ukunyuka kokungqubana kwangaphakathi. Kule ndlela kulandela isiphetho sokuthi ukungathobeli kokuqala kukufumanisa ukuphikisana. Okwesibini imvume yakhe. Emva kokuba ichaze umgaqo wokungabikho komthetho, umthetho wokugatya ukunganyaniseki kuya kuba yinkqubo yokwakhiwa kwelizwe elitsha kwisizathu. Kuya kubonakaliswa ngokunyanzeliswa kweengxabano zangaphakathi, isisombululo sabo kunye nokwakhiwa komxholo omtsha kwisizathu.

Ingundoqo yeenkqubo ezivela kwiSizathu

Umthetho we-dialectical wokukhanyela ukunganyaniseki kubonisa ukunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe kwengqondo yenkxalabo yombuso kunye nokuzaliseka kokuhamba kwawo phambili. Isinyathelo ngeyinyathelo, ukucinga kuya kusuka kwilula kuye kube nzima. Umthetho wokungathobeli ukunyanzelwa kukaHegel kukuphuhliswa kwe-Ideal Idea. Ngenxa yoko, ukuqhubela phambili kwenyaniso yehlabathi ngumntu, ukuzithobela kwangaphakathi, ukuphucula ngokwayo Isizathu esingenasiphelo. Ukuhamba kwelo nkqubo kuhamba ngebhayisiki, oko kukuthi, kwenzeka kwisigaba esifanayo.

Amanyathelo okuphuhliswa kwenyaniso

1. Thesis. Eli nqanaba liyilungu, inkolelo yento ekhoyo ekhona, ukutsho kwayo njengento yokuqala.
2. I-Antithsis. Esi sigaba yinkqubo yokuchasana neyokuqala eyinikwe yona ngokwayo. Ukuzikhanyela kwayo kubonakalisa ngendlela yokukhula ngaphakathi kwayo, okufuna ukupheliswa kwimeko yangoku kunye nokunyuka kwimeko entsha-kwisigqibo sayo.
3. Synthesis. Eli nqanaba liquka ekususeni, ukuphelisa ukuphikisana kwangaphakathi kwento yokuqala. Okokuthi, kukho ukukhanyela ukuphika kokuqala kokunikezelwa ngenxa yokubunjwa kwelo elitsha.

Umbuso ohambelana

Ukuqwalasela umgaqo wokungagxeki, umntu unokubona ukuba urhulumente omtsha owanikeziwe uvela kwixesha elidala. Kuphawulwe ukuba ukunqoba ukuphazamiseka kwanoma yikuphi ukuphikiswa kwangaphakathi. Kule nkalo, urhulumente omtsha uhlala uhambelana ngokuthe tye. Ukuba sithetha ngesizathu, ngokuvisisana kulo mzekelo kuya kubonakaliswa ngakumbi ekufuphi kwinyani, kwaye xa sithetha ngeenkqubo zezinto eziphathekayo, ngoko ngokusondela kwinjongo yokuba i-Absolute Idea ifake ukugqitywa kokuphuhliswa kwehlabathi.

Phuhliso

Ngokutsho komthetho kaHegel, uphuhliso alukwazi ukuchazwa ngokulandelelana ngokulandelelanayo kwezinto zinyaniso, okwandisa ngokukhawuleza phezulu. Le nkqubo ayiyiyeka ngenxa yokusekwa okuqhubekayo kokuphikisana. Ngoko ke, isigaba sokuqala se-dialectically sidlula kwisigaba sokuqala se-thesis. Ngoko konke kuqala ukususela ekuqaleni. Ngaloo ndlela, umthetho wokugatya ukunganyaniseki ukubuyiswa kwenyaniso kwimeko yaso yangaphambili, nangona kusemgangathweni omtsha nangaphezulu. Kule nxu lumano, ukuphuhliswa kwenzeka kwi-spiral. Ukubuyela rhoqo kwilizwe lokuqala emva kokunyanzelwa kabini. Kule meko, ilizwe lokuqala liza kuba sele liphakamileyo kwinqanaba lophuhliso. Indlela yokuqhubela phambili-ulawulo oluphezulu ukuya kwinqanaba eliphantsi-linikwe ubunzima obukhulu, ukuvisisana komxholo kwinqanaba ngalinye elitsha. Oku kwenzeka kwimeko yokuba ukuphika (ngokweHegel) inomntu wayo, kungekhona ukuxhomekeka kwemvelo. Uphi umehluko? Okokuqala, kwi-metaphysics, ukukhanyela yinkqubo yokwenqatshwa kunye nokupheliswa kokugqibela kwexesha langaphambili. Ukungqubuzana kubonakaliswa kwindlela yokubonakala kwendawo entsha endaweni yokudala ngokufaka indawo yokugqibela kunye neyokuqala. Ukuxeka, ukukhanyela kukutshintshwa kwexesha langaphambili elitsha, ngokulondolozwa konke okusemgangathweni okwakusenyakatho.

Umthetho wokukhanyela ukunganyaniseki kwifilosofi kukudluliselwa kwezona zinto zilungileyo

Kwinkqubo, ukunyuka okuqhubekayo kwenyuka, kunye naluphi uqobo oluqhubekayo, lubonisa rhoqo ukungqubuzana phakathi kwalo. Ngale ndlela, iphika ngokwayo, kwaye iphika le nto yonyani ngokusombulula ukuchasana okubonakalayo. Kwinqanaba ngalinye, inyaniso ifumana umxholo oqhubekayo kwaye unzima kakhulu. Kulo lonke, ukuqonda kuvela kwinqanaba lokuba loo nto yangaphambili ayichithwanga ngokupheleleyo, kodwa, ngelixa ligcina zonke izinto ezilungileyo zifumanekayo, ziyiqwalasela, ziphakamisa kwizinga eliphezulu, elitsha. Ngamanye amazwi, umthetho wokungafuni ukungabikho mfuneko uhlala ufuna iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezihamba phambili rhoqo. Oku kubonisa ukuba iimeko eziqhubekayo zenkqubela phambili.

Iziphumo

Intsingiselo ebalulekileyo yomthetho wokungafuni ukungabikho nto ingabonakaliswa ngamanani amaninzi:

1. Ukuphikisana kuqala kufunyanwe nokunyanzelwa kokuqala, kwaye isisombululo sesibini.
2. Isiphumo senkqubo kukutshatyalaliswa kwangaphambili kunye nokuvunywa komntu omtsha.
3. Ngokuza kuphuhliso olutsha alupheli, kuba nayiphi na into ekhulayo ihlala ingqele. Ivelisa ukuphikisana okutsha, ukutshutshiswa okutsha kwenzeka.
4. Uphuhliso lubonakalisa njengenani elingenakubalwa lenkqubela elandelayo emva komnye, njengokungapheli okuqhubekayo okutshintshiselwayo, ukunqoba kwezantsi ngaphaya kwexesha elide, elidala ngelo elitsha.
5. Ngokubhekiselele kwinto yokuba, ngelixa likhanyela elidala, elitsha ligcinwa kuphela, kodwa liphinde lenze izici zalo ezintle, uphuhliso luphela luyaqhubeka.
6. Inkqubo iqhutyelwa ngomoya, kucinga ukuphindaphinda kweempawu ezithile kunye namacandelo amazinga aphantsi kwizigaba zazo eziphezulu.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wokukhanyela ukunganyaniseki, okubhekiselele kumbono wokwenza uphuhliso lwehlabathi, ukusetyenziswa kwemigudu yefilosofi ukudala umxholo wezinto eziphathekayo. Ngokombono we-Engels no-Marx, ukuphikisana kuyinto engenakunceda ukuqhubeka kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngokwayo. Ngoko, umzk Ixesha ngalinye elilandelayo laqala ngokusekelwe kwixesha elidlulileyo. Oko kukuthi, kulo mzekelo, entsha inqatshelwe ngaphambili. Ulunye uhlobo olutsha lwesilwanyana okanye isityalo kwilizwe lezinto eziphilayo luvela kwisiseko sonyaka odlulileyo kwaye ngexesha elifanayo ukuphikisana (ukukhanselwa). Kwimbali yoluntu, unokufumana imizekelo yokusebenza komthetho. Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo yokubakhoboka ngamatyala ithatha indawo yenkqubo yokuqala, ngoko ke, i-feudal yaxhaswa, ngokusekelwe ekubanjweni kwe-capitalism njalo njalo. Ukunganakwa kunceda ekuphuhliseni ulwazi, inzululwazi, kuba inyelelo entsha inokupheliswa kwexesha elidala. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nalokhu, uqhagamshelwano phakathi kokutsha kunye nolwedlule lugcinwa, ukugcinwa kweyona nto iphuma phambili kwi-entsha. Ngoko, umzekelo, izilwanyana eziphezulu ziphikisana nabasezantsi, ngesiseko esasuka kuzo, kodwa zigcinwe ngokusemthethweni kwisakhiwo esisezantsi. Ngokubanzi, kunokuthiwa umyalelo wokukhanyela ukunganyaniseki kwizinto eziphathekayo ngokwezinto eziphathekayo kuthathwa njengomthetho apho ukucinga, uluntu, uhlobo olumiselweyo, lugqitywe yimpawu zangaphakathi zengxaki.