Yintoni electrolysis? Le anode kunye cathode. inkqubo Physico-imichiza

Kangangexesha elide abantu abazange ukuphatha ukufumana ezininzi kwezinto ehlambulukileyo kwifomu free. Ezifana umzekelo:

• ezimbiwa;
• alkalis;
• chloro;
• hydrogen;
• hydrogen peroxide;
• chlorine organic nabanye.

Bafumene nokuba umxholo eliphezulu ubumdaka, ukusuka apho kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba balahle, okanye ukufaka kwaphela. Kodwa uxhulumaniso kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba zisetyenziswe kushishino kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla. Kodwa kokufunyanwa yenkqubo efana electrolysis, umsebenzi siswele omkhulu iye yasonjululwa. Namhlanje lisetyenziswa kuphela ezwi, kodwa ezinye iinkqubo ezininzi.

Yintoni electrolysis? Njengoko kuyenzeka, ezinye manqanaba asuka phezulu, yintoni na inzuzo iphambili yale ndlela, zama ukuqonda indlela yalo nqaku.

Yintoni electrolysis?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, simele siqale sifune ukuqonda isigama kwaye ezinye nezimaphambili ezingundoqo emzimbeni imichiza.

1. DC - emfuleni kwe elektroni ezivela kuwo nawuphi na umthombo wombane.
2. Electrolyte - into, nesisombululo ezinako liqhuba umsinga wombane.
3. Electrode - ipleyiti izinto ezithile, ezihambelanayo, nincokola umbane ngokwabo (anode kunye cathode).
4. Le redox asabela - inkqubo apho kukho utshintsho iqondo igcwala-nxaxheba. Oko kukuthi, ezinye ion oxidize nokunyusa ixabiso iqondo igcwala, ngoxa abanye kuyehla, ezehlisa kuyo.

Kokuba kucaciswe wonke la magama, unako ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba yintoni na electrolysis. Le nkqubo redox, eziquka edlula i ekhoyo ngqo nge isicombululo electrolyte kwaye itshitshiswe ukukhutshwa yeemveliso ezahlukeneyo kwi i electrode.

ufakelo Easy, leyo kuthiwa electrolyzer, ibandakanya amacandelo nje ezimbalwa:

• iiglasi ezimbini nge electrolyte;
• umthombo yangoku;
• electrode ezimbini ezihambelanayo.

Ishishini isebenzisa uyilo kakhulu entsonkothileyo kakhulu nokuhambisa, ukuvumela ukufumana amanani amakhulu iimveliso - maqula electrolysis.

inkqubo electrolysis sinzima ngokufanelekileyo, kuxhomekeke kwimithetho eziliqela sethiyori ingeniso ngokwesiko kunye nemithetho. Ukuze ngokuchanekileyo baqikelele isiphumo, yonke imithetho kunye sicatshulwa kunokwenzeka ukuba bafunda kakuhle.

Iziseko theoretical inkqubo

Izinqumo zibalulekileyo ibalulekileyo apho ukholwayo electrolysis - imithetho Michael Faraday - yamachiza odumileyo, eyaziwa ngokuba umsebenzi wakhe kwinkalo umbane kwaye zonke iinkqubo ezihamba nayo.

Yonke loo imithetho ezimbini, nganye ichaza kakuhle iinkqubo kwi electrolysis.

Lo mthetho lokuqala

Lokuqala umthetho Faraday, formula koko kubhaliweyo njengoko m = Ki * Δt, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.

into Mass alahlwa kwi electrode kuba umlinganiselo ngqo umbane, nto leyo eye balucanda electrolyte.

Ifomula ibonisa ukuba m - ubunzima eziphathekayo, mna - ngamandla ngoku, Δt - ixesha eliya lidlule. Kukwafakwe kwakhona ixabiso k, ekuthiwa elingana electrochemical le ezimbaxa. Eli xabiso ixhomekeke kubunjani compound ngokwayo. K u ngamanani lilingane ubunzima into akhutshwayo kwi electrode ngokusebenzisa electrolyte xa bapase enye iyunithi kwentlawulo zombane.

Umthetho lesibini electrolysis

Umthetho lwesibini Faraday, ifomula apho - m = M * mna Δt / n * F, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Babulingana electrochemical ye-compound (k) kisekiyo ngqo ubunzima bayo izinyo, kunye nobukhulu ngokomlinganiselo Valence ukwimo.

Le ndlela yokubala ngasentla kusisiphumo ekurhoxisweni bonke United. It liphuhlisa eyona umthetho wesibini electrolysis. M - izinyo ubunzima iikhompawundi, mna - umfutho yangoku upasisiwe yonke inkqubo, Δt - ixesha electrolysis lilonke, F - Faraday kaThixo rhoqo, n - electron abandakanyeka kule nkqubo. Inani labo elingana isigxina ion, wathabatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo.

imithetho Faraday ukuze baqonde oko electrolysis, nokuba ubale isivuno enokubakho ngokobunzima, isiphumo efunekayo kukuba ukuqikelela kwaye nefuthe indlela yenkqubo. Baya kwenza isiseko theoretical component zinguquko.

Ingqiqo anode neentlobo zayo

kubaluleke kakhulu kwi electrode electrolysis. yonke inkqubo kuxhomekeke izinto ukusuka apho kwenziwe, ubunjani zabo kunye neepropati. Ngoko ke, siza kuxubusha ngokweenkcukacha ngamnye kubo.

Anode - dibanisa okanye electrode positive. Oko kukuthi, umntu eqhotyoshelwe i "+" pole umthombo wamandla. Ngoko, kuwo ukusuka isicombululo electrolyte iza kuhamba ion ezimbi okanye anions. Baya oxidize apha, ukufumana isidanga ephezulu igcwala.

Ngoko ke, singakwazi uzobe umzobo encinane eya kukunceda ukhumbule iinkqubo anodic: i anode "dibanisa" - anions - igcwala. Ngenxa yoko kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezisisiseko electrode, apho kuxhomekeka kukubuyisa imveliso ethile.

1. Le anode ezingenakunyibilika okanye egalelwe. uhlobo olunjalo iquka electrode leyo isebenza kuphela ukuba ukudlulisela electron kunye neenkqubo igcwala, nangona oko lingapheli kwaye lichithakale. anodes enjalo zenziwa grafayithi, iridium, platinum, icarbon njalo njalo. Ukusebenzisa ezi electrode, le iintsimbi zinokukhuliselwa neegesi ehlambulukileyo (ioksijini, hydrogen, chlorine, njalo njalo).
2. Le anode ayaphela. Xa iinkqubo oxidative ke ichithwe kwaye zichaphazela sisiphumo electrolysis. Izinto ezisisiseko zokwakha olu hlobo electrode: nickel, ikopolo, isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, ilothe, nebhekile, izinc kunye nabanye. Ukusebenzisa ezi anodes kufuneka ukuba electrorefining iinkqubo zesinyithi, electroplating, ukutyabeka zokhuselo nxamnye ngokudleka, njalo-njalo.

Umongo iinkqubo ezikhoyo kwi electrode HIV liye lancitshiswa ukwenza ion ezininzi electronegative ephumelelayo enokubakho. Ivot kutheni anions acid hydrogen kwaye kwaku- hayidroksayidi, kwaye ngoko ke amanzi, ukuba sisisombululo. Ioksijini aqulethe anions kwi isisombululo electrolyte zolwelo, ngokubanzi kwi anode hayi iyakhutshwa, ekubeni amanzi kwenza kube ngokukhawuleza, ikhuphe ioksijini.

Le cathode kunye neempawu zayo

Le cathode - yinto electrode kakubi ebizwayo (ngenxa beqokelela elektroni kuwo xa umsinga wombane). Kungenxa yoko le nto kuye ihamba ion ngokuqinisekileyo ebizwayo - ukuse- ukuba kwaezo kwimeko yesiqhelo, oko kukuthi, ukunciphisa izinga igcwala.

Kukho kwakhona usebenza ukukhumbula iskim cathode "thabatha" - zesiqinisekiso - wobuyiselo. Njengoko izinto ngenxa cathode ziquka:

• steel stainless;
• copper;
• carbon;
• nobhedu;
• yesinyithi;
• aluminiyam kunye nabanye.

Yiyo le electrode uza iintsimbi nokufunyanwa kwezinto ehlambulukileyo, leyo yenye yeendlela ezingundoqo ukuvelisa ngazo namuhla. Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukudluliselwa elektroni ukusuka anode ukuya cathode, kwaye ukuba lokuqala - enyibilikayo, ion zayo uncipha kwi electrode ezimbi. Apha kukho ukubuyiselwa ukuse- ukuba hydrogen igesi H _2. Ngoko ke, lo cathode - yenye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo kule nkqubo iyonke electrolysis kwezinto.

electrolysis of inyibilika

Kweli qela imichiza ethathelwa ingqalelo na equation yayo. Xa kunokwenzeka ukuba amele yonke circuit iphepha ukuqikelela isiphumo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo - ubukho okanye ukungabikho kokusingqongileyo zasemanzini kunye uhlobo anode (enyibilikayo okanye hayi).

Ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuze ufumane imveliso zilandelayo: izinyithi kwealkali ialakalin nomhlaba, alkalis, i-aluminiyamu, beryllium, anions iigesi ioksijini aqulethe ayikwazi ngoko kubakho umbuzo malunga electrolysis yezisombululo electrolyte. zinyibilika nje, kuba uxhulumaniso ngenye efunekayo ngeke isebenze. Kungenxa yoko le nto kushishino badla nokulungelelanisa ezi izinto, esebenzisa kuwo ityuwa eyomileyo anhydrous kunye hydroxides.

Ngokubanzi, anyibilike electrolysis equation ilula nomgangatho. Ngokomzekelo, xa siqwalasela ulirekhode ngenxa potassium iodide, imboniselo iya kuba yile ilandelayo:

KI = K ^{+ +} I ^-

Le cathode (K) "-" K ⁺ K + 1 e = ⁰

Le anode ^{(A) "+": 2I - -} 2e = I ₂ ⁰

Inkqubo Isiphumo: KI = K + I _2.

Ngokufanayo, electrolysis mabarekhode kukhona nokuba amandla ayo electrode.

Electrolysis yezisombululo zolwelo

Xa kuziwa electrolyte izisombululo, isiphumo senkqubo iya kwahluka kakhulu. Ngapha koko, amanzi luya nxaxheba osebenzayo. Kwakhona uyakwazi dissociating zibe ion lilahle ukusuka i electrode. Ngoko ke, kwiimeko ezinjalo ebalulekileyo electrode enokubakho ion. Kwexabiso layo ezimbi ngezantsi, kokukhona ukuba nokwenzeka igcwala ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi okanye unciphiso.

Electrolysis yesisombululo zolwelo kuxhomekeke imithetho eziliqela ekufuneka khumbulisisi kakuhle.

1. Iinkqubo Anodic: abakhutshwa kuphela anions ye asidi hydrogen (ngaphandle hydrogen fluoride). Ukuba ion ioksijini okanye ion fluoride, ngoko amanzi aya oxidized ukumkhulula ioksijini.
2. Iinkqubo cathodic: iintsimbi electrowinning kolu thotho electrochemical (ukuya kutsho yaye kubandakanywa aluminiyamu) kwi cathode Awunakugcinwa kwakhona ngenxa umsebenzi omkhulu imichiza. Oku kwenza amanzi ukumkhulula hydrogen. Isinyithi kwi-aluminiyam ukuya hydrogen kwakhona ngaxeshanye kunye namanzi izinto ezilula. Abo besimo hydrogen kolu thotho electrochemical (umsebenzi osezantsi), ngokulula baye ukuncitshiswa ukuya izinto ezilula.

Ukuba landela le migaqo, siya ubonise naziphi electrolysis nokubala isivuno. Kwimeko isekethi anode enyibilikayo yahluka kwaye lube nzima kakhulu.

iityuwa electrolysis

Ezi nkqubo zisetyenziswa ukuze bafumane izinyithi nyulu kunye neegesi, ekubeni yobuchwepheshe ilula kwaye kuluncedo ngokwezoqoqosho. Ukongeza, iimveliso kuza ngezinga eliphezulu ngobunyulu, nto leyo ebalulekileyo.

Umzekelo, electrowinning sobhedu unako ngokukhawuleza ukufumana ngokupheleleyo ngendlela ecocekileyo kumxube nawuphi na ityuwa. Le yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo sulfate ubhedu okanye ubhedu sulfate (II) - CuSO _4.

Njengoko kunyibilika okanye isisombululo le amtyuba idayi metal ecocekileyo, apho kuyimfuneko ukuze phantse onke amacandelo KwezoMbane nobuNjineli metal.

Intsingiselo kunye nesicelo inkqubo

Electrolysis - yinkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu. Xa noseko lwalo zisekelwe na imisebenzi eyimfuneko zobugcisa, ezifana:

1. liphucula metal.
2. Electroextraction.
3. Electroplating.
4. Electrosynthesis.
5. Ukusetyenziswa Ipeyinti anti-ngokudleka nabanye.