Amathambo e-Skull: i-human anatomy

Ingqayi, iLat. I-Crane, i-skeleton yentloko. Uyenza imisebenzi emibini ebalulekileyo. Nguye owamkelekileyo kunye nomkhuseli wengqondo kunye neengqondo ezifana nokubona, ukuva, ukuvumba, ukunambitha kunye nokulinganisela. Kukho iziqhagamshelo zokuqala zendlela yokuphefumula kunye neendlela zokutya. Njengomthetho, amathambo enkayi ye-anatomy ngesiLatini ichaza ukuqonda okufanelekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele.

Ulwakhiwo lwekrele

Ukhuseleko lwekhanda luyinkimbinkimbi. Kwimivumba yebony ayikho nje ingqondo, kodwa kunye nenani lezitho zengqondo eziphambili, ngokusebenzisa kuyo izithuba ezikhethekileyo kunye nezivulo ezidlulayo kunye neenqwelo ezahlukeneyo. Iqukethe amathambo angama-23, a-8 awo adibeneyo kwaye ama-7 ayinakunceda. Phakathi kwazo kukho i-crane, i-spongy kunye namathambo axubekileyo enkayi, i-anatomy iqwalasela ukudibanisa kwabo, njengoko badibanisa ukudala enye.

I-anatomy yomntu wesifo sekrele ihlukaniswe ngamaqela amabini: ingqondo kunye nobubuso. Ngamnye unemisebenzi yakhe kunye neempawu. Ingqungquthela yengqondo (i-Latin crane celebration) inkulu ngobukhulu kwaye ikhona ngaphezu kobuso (i-crane viscerale). Ukuhambisa kwi-gace yonke yile mhlathi osezantsi.

Khawucinge ngamathambo e-crake cerebral. I-anatomy ikwahlukanisa i-occipital, yangaphambili, i-wedge-shaped, latticed, amathambo angaphantsi kunye neeparietal, kunye nokudibanisa kwabo.

Ukubunjwa kwe-skull ebusweni kubonakala ngoku:

- amathambo esicatshulwa se-masticatory - i-lower and upper jaws, inxalenye ephezulu ibhekisela kumathambo ebumbulu;

Amathambo, apho umthambo womlomo kunye nomlomo uhamba khona, oko kukuthi i-single vomer kunye ne-hyoid kunye ne-palatine, i-nasal, i-lacrimal, amathambo e-zygomatic kunye ne-concha ye-nasal ephantsi.

Bonding

Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela amathambo egazi kunye namalungu abo. I-anatomy yabantu ihlolisisa bobabini ngabanye kwaye inzima. Uninzi lwamathambo enkkull ludibanisekile. Okukuphela kwesinye isihlunu esisezantsi saso kunye nethambo elincinane elixhomekeke kwiimisipha kunye nemigqa.

Izibonda ezidibanisa zonke izixhobo kunye zihlukene kakhulu. Kuba ubuso kunye namathambo enqabileyo ye-cranial ibonakala ngokugqithiseleyo ngama-dentate, scaly kunye nama-flat seams. Kwisiseko sekhayi, amanxeba amaninzi ayesigxina okanye asisigxina, esabizwa ngokuba yi-synchondrosis. I-sutures zithiwa ngamathambo adibanisayo (stony-occipital, cuneate-frontal) okanye kwindawo kunye nokuma (lambdoid, sagittal).

Skull Brain

Makhe siqwalasele ngokubhekiselele ngamathambo endlu ye-cerebral: i-squelet and joints of the bones. Le nxalenye inokwahlukana ngamacandelo amabini ebalulekileyo: isiseko (isiLatini siseko) kunye nenqaba (isiLatini calvaria), ebizwa ngezinye iiplanga.

Ubunqwenelekayo bendonga kukuba ngamathambo ayo kunokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamacwecwe angaphakathi nangaphandle kunye ne-spongy substance ye-diplo phakathi kwabo. Idiploma ineziganeko ezininzi zezopolitiko kunye nemigodi yezopolitiko. Isitya esisezantsi sineepati Isitya sangaphakathi sisinxilisekile kwaye sinezintlu, kwaye indima ye-periosteum yenziwe ngegobolondo elukhuni yengqondo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngokulimala, ukuphulwa kweplani yangaphakathi kungenzeka ngaphandle komonakalo kwiplani yangaphandle.

Indawo ephambukayo kuphela kwindawo yokugcoba inexinano oluxineneyo lamathambo, nakwezinye iindawo uxhumano luyaxhamla, ngoko ke ngaphakathi kwethambo kukho indawo ye-subperiosteal. Kule ndawo, ngamanye amaxesha kukho i-hematomas okanye izilonda.

Ukongezelela, amathambo enkayi i-anatomy ihlula kwi-airborne kwaye ayiyi-airborne. Kwisebe leengqondo, amathambo angaphambili adluliselwa kuye njengamathambo angaphambili, amacango, ama-latticed, kunye namathambo. Baye babizwa ngoko ngokobukho bendawo egcwala umoya kwaye ihlanganiswe nekhanda elimnyama.

Kukho nemingxuma ekhreyeni ekujoliswe kuyo ukuhamba kweemvini zithunywa. Badibanisa imifuno yangaphandle kunye ne-diplic kunye nesono esinesibhakabhaka, esidlula kwiqoqo elunzima yengqondo. Inkulu kwi-cranium ye-cerebral yi-mastoid kunye ne-parietal orifice.

Inkcazo yesakhiwo samathambo angundoqo e-crake cerebral

Ithenda ngalinye lekhayi linamalungu amaninzi, aneempawu zalo kunye nesimo, linokuxhaswa kunye nezicwangciso, iinkqubo, iinduli, iinotshi, imingxuma, iifolo, iinthos njalonjalo. Iyona nto ibonisa ngokugcwele onke amathambo e-atlas.

Amathambo eArch

I-bone yangaphambili (isiXhosa sase-Latin) kwisakhiwo sayo iqulethwe yinkalo yomzimba kunye ne-orbit and scal scales. Ayinakunceda. Yenza inxalenye yangaphambili yombutho kwaye ithatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni kwe-cranial fossa yangaphambili kunye neengcingo.

Ithambo le-occipital (i-Latin os occipitale) elingenasiphelo, elisekwindawo engaphantsi kwekhayi. Ikwahlula ibe yingxenye ye-basilar, isilinganiselo se-occipital kunye neengxenye ezibini ze-lateral. Ezi zixhobo zihlanganisa ingxuma enkulu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-occipital (isiLatin foramen magnum).

Ibini elimnyama ithambo (i-latino os parientale) lenza iinqununu ezingaphezulu kwi-craneal arch. Emva kwala mathambo adibeneyo kunye nomda we-sagittal uqhagamshelana nomnye. Amaphethelo asele abizwa ngokuba yi-frontal, i-scaly kunye ne-occipital.

Bone Foundation

I-bone ye-twin bone (lat. Os temporale) ifumaneka eludongeni olusisiseko lwesiseko skull. Emva kwayo yithambo le-occipital, nangaphambili - e-shade. Hlukananisa le thambo kwiipiramidi (ngamatye), i-scaly kunye neengoma. Kulapha apha ukuba izitho zokulinganisela kunye neentetho zikhoyo.

Iinqanawa eziliqela kunye neentsholongwane ze-cranial zidlula ngethambo lexeshana. Inani leemingxube linikezelwa: i-somnolent, ubuso, isigubhu, ukulala, intambo yomdanso, i-mastoid, i-musculo-tubular, i-meatus yokuhlola i-internal, i-canal kunye ne-waterway ye-vestibule.

Ithambo le-sphenoid (i-Latin os sphenoidale) liphakathi kwinqanaba legazi, eliyimfuneko ekubunjweni kwamacandelo ayo, kwaye yenza kwakhona uluhlu lweentonga kunye nemigodi. Ayinakunceda. Iqukethe amaphiko amakhulu kunye namancinci, umzimba kunye neepterygoid.

I-latticed bone (i-Latin os ethmoidale) ithatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni kwe-orbit kunye nesigxina somsi. Ikwahlula kwi-lattice kunye nepelpendicular plate kunye ne-labyrinths ehamba phambili. Iimbumba ze-nerfactory nerve zihamba kwi-trellis plate. Kwi-lallrinth ye-trellis kukho iiseli ezilandelelisiweyo ezizaliswe ngumoya, iindinyana zendoda zidlulayo kunye nezitshimo ezikhoyo.

Amagqabantshintshi enkantsha yomzimba ngokubanzi

Kukho amathambo amaninzi kwi-crake ye-facial in the brain. Apha abo ba-15 abangenakunyamekela ngethambo le-hyoid, umlenze, umhlathi osezantsi. Amathambo asele adibeneyo: i-concha ephantsi , i-nasal, i- zygomatic, i-lacrimal, i-palatine kunye nomhlathi ophezulu. Kule ndawo, kuphela umhlathi ophezulu ubhekisela kumathambo athwala umoya, anesigxina esibomvu kunye nomoya.

Amathambo ngokubanzi enza i-facial part. Ucinga ngesakhiwo se-crane, imisebenzi ye-thambo, kodwa yonke into. Kwi-skull ebusweni, unokwazi ukwahlula imilenze, umlomo kunye neempumlo, apho kukho izitho ezibalulekileyo, umhlathi. Iindonga zamagumbi anezivulo kunye nokuqhekeka kwendlela yokutya kunye neenqwelo, kunye nangokunceda kwabo kukho ukunxibelelana kwezibonda.

I-skull ebusweni: iintonga ezibalulekileyo

Iisalathiso zamehlo ezidibeneyo zenzelwe ukufakwa kwiindawo zazo zamehlo ezinamahlunu, ziqhawula izilwanyana kunye nezinye iifom. Okubalulekileyo zibonakalayo, ezingabonakaliyo, ezinobungozi kunye ne-infraorbital, izikhuni eziphezulu kunye nezantsi ezisezantsi, eziphambili kunye nezithuba ezingezantsi, ezenziwe ngombala kunye nevulo.

Kwisigxina somnxeba, i-pear-shaped shape, i-choana, isalathisi esingenalutho kunye ne-incisal, i-wedge-palatal kunye ne-nasal apertures kunye nezivulo ze-trellis plate. Emgumbini womlomo kukho umnqweno omkhulu we-palatal kunye ne-incisal, ovulekileyo oluncinane noluncinane.

Kwakhona kwisakhiwo skull ebusweni, kuyimfuneko ukuqaphela ubukho beendinyana zamanqanaba (ezantsi, eziphakathi naphezulu), kunye nezono eziphambili kunye nezono zangaphambili.

Inkcazo yesakhiwo samathambo ebuso

Umhlathi ophezulu (lat. Maxilla) ubhekisela kumathambo e-bony. Iqukethe umzimba kunye ne-zygomatic, i-frontal, i-palatine ne- alveolar.

Isithambo samathambo (i-latin os palatinum), ukuba ibini, ithatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni kwe-pterygo-palatine fossa, i-palate eqinile kunye ne-orbit. Idibeneyo ibe ngamacwecwe angenanto kunye namabala amathathu: i-wedge-shaped, ophthalmic ne pyramidal.

I-concha yangaphantsi (i-Latin concha nasalis engaphantsi), eqinisweni, isitya esincinci, ngokukhethekileyo. Ixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo ezintathu kwinqanaba elingaphezulu: i-lacrimal, latticed kunye ne-maxillary. Leli bone ithambo.

Ukuvula (isiqhelo saseLatini) sisitya seethambo esifanelekileyo sokwakhiwa kwe-bony nasal septum. Isithambo asixhasi.

I-bone yolusu (i-Latin os nasale) iyimfuneko yokwakheka kwempumlo yangasemva kunye nokubunjwa kweso. Eli thambo libhekisela kumabini.

Isihlunu sethambo (i-Latin os zygomaticum) kubalulekile ekuqiniseni i-skull ye-facial, ngoncedo lwayo ukudibanisa amathambo, ama-frontal kunye nama-maxillary. I-steamy. Ikwahlula kwiindawo ezixhamlayo, ezise-ophthalmic kunye nesikhashana.

Ithambo elilahlayo (i-Latin os lacrimale) yodonga lwangaphakathi lomjikelezo luyingxenye yangaphambili. Leli bone ithambo. Inomqolo obusemva kunye ne-tardrop groove.

Amathambo ebuso

Emva koko, cinga ngamathambo enkayi, i-anatomy yayo eyahluke kwezinye izinto.

Umhlathi wesihla (iMandibula yesiLatini) ithambo elingenamsebenzi. Nguye yena kuphela oyithambo legazi lekhwele. Inamalungu amathathu: umzimba kunye namasebe amabini.

I-bone hyoid (i-Latin os hyoideum) ayinasiphelo, ekhona kwingxenyeni yangaphambili yentamo, ngapha nangapha itholakala emhlathini osezantsi, nakwezinye - i-larynx. Ikwahlula ibe ngumzimba odibeneyo kunye neenkqubo ezibiniweyo - iipondo ezinkulu kunye neempondo. Kukhokha le thambo linamathele kwiimisipha kunye nemigqa, kwaye idibanisa ne-larynx.

Amanyathelo okuphuhliswa kwekhayi

Nangona iimvavanyo zesifo skull bone ziqwalaselwa kwimeko yokujonga umntu omdala, kuyimfuneko ukwazi malunga nokubunjwa kwekhanga. Ngaphambi kokuba uthathe ifom yokugqibela, i-gawure idlula amaxesha amabini amaxesha. Ekuqaleni, i-membranous, i-cartilaginous, kwaye kuphela emva kokuba ithambo lesigaba liqale. Kule meko, amanyathelo ahamba kancane kancane. Zonke izigaba ezintathu zidlula amathambo e-crane base kunye nenxalenye ebusweni, zonke iimbumba zenzeke ngokukhawuleza. Kulo mzekelo, umzekelo wesifo se-cartilaginous asinalo lonke ithambo, kodwa yodwa inxalenye yalo, kwaye yonke into yenziwa ngokukhawuleza esuka kwiisisombululo ezixhunyiwe ngaphandle kwe-cartilage.

Ekuqaleni kwinqanaba lembumba, ukuphela kweveki ye-2 ye-embryonic ukucetyiswa, kwaye ukususela kwiinyanga ezi-2 kuqala ukuqala. Ukwenziwa kwe-Ossification kwesebe ngalinye lwenzeka ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, i-center ye-ossification ibonakala, ngoko ukusuka kule nkalo inqubo isasazeka kwi-depth and surface. Ngokomzekelo, ngomhla wama-39 wokuphuhliswa kwe-intrauterine iziko libonakala kumhlathi osezantsi, ukususwa kwethambo le-occipital kwingxenye yalo ye-basilar kuqala ngomhla we-65.

Ukwakhiwa kokugqibela

Kule meko, amaziko ossification adibanisa emva kokuzalwa, kwaye nanko amathambo enkayi e-anatomy achaza kakade ngokuchaneka kangangoko, kuba le nto ingaba yedwa. Kweminye imimandla, le nto ivela ebuntwaneni buntwaneni: i-temporal one-up to year, umlenze wecilital and lower-from-year to four. Amanye amathambo, umzekelo zygomatic, uzalise inkqubo ukususela kwiminyaka eyi-6 ukuya kwe-16, kunye neengqungquthela-ukusuka kwiminyaka eyi-25 kuya kwe-30. Ngokumalunga nokuphuhliswa kwekhayi, kungatsholwa ukuba intsha ihamba nenani elikhulu lamathambo e -kull, kuba iziganeko ezinjalo zigqitywa zihlangene kwisinye sokugqibela.

Ezinye iinkqubo zokuhlala zihlala zihlala ngonaphakade. Ezi ziquka i-cartilage ye-septum kunye namaphiko empumlo kunye neengqayi ezincinane ezisezantsi kwendayi.