Le mbono livela kwi civis igama Latin, leyo iguqulelwe ngokuthi "yoluntu" okanye "karhulumente". In ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ingqiqo yale mihla ngaye okokuqala ngutitshala French Viktorom Mirabo. Ngokutsho ngokuqonda kwakhe, impucuko - Ingaba iseti izithethe ezithile zentlalo ezohlula abantu ukusuka khona isilwanyana: ulwazi, ngoncedo, ukuthamba ngembeko, yobuntu, njalo-njalo. Eli gama libhekisela umsebenzi omnye sobulumko sobuhandiba ixesha - i Scot Adam Ferguson. Ngokuba kuye, impucuko - liqonga ethile yophuhliso sikweni phakathi kwabantu. Ferguson wabona imbali njenge kancane lwempucuko yabantu (uncwadi, izixeko, uluntu) - ukusuka ubuqaba ekuziqheliseni ephuhliswe kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda isifundo kwi kamva izifundo bulumko, ababhali-mbali neengcali. Kubo, yonke impucuko - yinto gama, enye indlela okanye omnye ezinxulumene ibutho labantu kwaye isethi iifitsha eziziimpawu zoluntu. Noko ke, inguquko isondela. Kuba Marxists, umzekelo, impucuko - linqanam yophuhliso yomkhosi ohlonelwayo ekuhlaleni.
Indlela zembali Arnolda Toynbi
Kwaphuhliswa umfuziselo umdla yenkqubo zembali wanikela le mbali waseBritani uArnold Toynbee. Kwincwadi yakhe edumileyo "Study of History", equka imiqulu emininzi, ubona yonke imbali ebantwini njengoko iseti imvelaphi nonlinear, uphuhliso kunye ukuhla lempucuko ezivela ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo yaye kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba. Iimpawu ngalinye uluntu civilizational wachaza iimeko ezahlukeneyo yokusingqongileyo zabo: zasemaphandleni kwemozulu, abamelwane yimbali njalo njalo.
Le nkqubo Arnold Toynbee ebizwa umthetho mngeni kunye nempendulo. Ngokutsho imfundiso yakhe, kuvela naziphi eyaziwa kwaye imfihlelo impucuko kuluntu pratsivilizatsionnyh ukuphendula ngenxa umnxeba lwangaphandle. Kwaye abazange bafe okanye ukudala impucuko ngethuba impendulo yakhe. Ngokomzekelo, kwakukho baseBhabhiloni yamandulo kunye nempucuko zaseYiputa. Ukusabela kumazwe Endilimisele inkqantosi ukuba ibe nokusinda zezizwe elobulali kuyimfuneko ukuba ukudala inkqubo yonke lamajelo zokunkcenkceshela bethutyana, kufuneka emva ukulungiswa ngononophelo. Oku, kwakhokelela ekuzalweni izixhobo yesinyanzelo ye abalimi, ukuvela ubutyebi, yaye ngenxa yoko i-State, abawabelwayo uhlobo impucuko lilawulwe ziimeko zemozulu zangaphandle.
christian ephakathi impucuko yaseRashiya iye yavela ngokuba kubangelwa kuphangwa rhoqo nezizwe amadlelo ukuze lulwe saa izizwe Eastern Slavic. Xa umqulu wokuqala 'Study of History "wakhe Toynbee ibonisa ezingamashumi amabini ananye ngempucuko yonke imbali yoluntu. Phakathi kwabo, ngaphandle kwezo zikhankanywe, i-Chinese yamandulo, Hellenic, Arabic, Hindu, sehlathi, Minoan, yamaMaya, yaseSamariya, India, entshona, umHeti, Far East, ababini abangamaKristu - eRashiya KwiiBalkans, Iran, kunye waseMexico Yucatán. Xa imiqulu kamva izimvo zakhe benza utshintsho, kwaye inani impucuko lancipha. Ukongeza, le mbali waphawula abanye abahlali ukuba babe nethuba lokuba impucuko, kodwa abazange bakwazi ukulwa ngempumelelo mngeni yayo. Ezi, umzekelo, yiSparta, i Scandinavians kumaxesha, le abasemathanga impahlana Great.