Formula kwincindi. iipropati Chemical emzimbeni. Ukulungiselela, isicelo

Yibani izinto eziqhelekileyo zemihla ngemihla kuthi, nto leyo zikuyo yonke kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, bekuya kuba nzima ukuba nomfanekiso ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imveliso yemichiza organic. Kudala phambi kokuba amalinge imichiza Anselm Paya, ngenxa awathi wakwazi ukufumana uchaze ngo-1838 i polysaccharide ethe wafumana igama lakhe "neselulosi" (livela neselulosi French kunye cellula Latin, elithetha "iseli isegumbini"), oku impahla into belizwe zisetyenziswa kwimveliso izinto abaluleke kakhulu.

ulwazi Ukwanda le ido- kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto, senziwe ngenxa yayo. Iphepha of amabakala ahlukeneyo, paperboard, iinxalenye zeplastiki kunye Imisonto zokwenziwa (acetate, rayon viscose, ubhedu-ammonia), iifilim Polymer, enamels kunye ivanishi, izicoci, additive ukutya (E460) kunye nomgubo msi ayimveliso zemveliso kunye processing of yintlama.

kwincindi Pure kumhlophe esiqinileyo kunye iipropati ezithile nomtsalane, enokumelana elihle kwiimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo imichiza ngokwasemzimbeni.

Nature bakhetha neselulosi (neselulosi) njengoba impahla ephambili yokwakha zabo. Kwihlabathi isityalo sisiseko iindonga iseli yemithi kunye nezinye izityalo ngaphezulu. Xa uhlobo ioyile neselulosi yendalo i yomqhaphu imbewu iinwele.

Iimpawu ezizodwa zezi zixhobo zokufunda zigqitywa isakhiwo yayo yoqobo. kwincindi ifomula ngokwerekhodi iyonke (C6 H10 O5) n ukusuka apho sibona isakhiwo ngokukhawuleza polymeric. Abaphinda inani elikhulu izihlandlo β-glucose eseleyo ukuba imboniselo enenkcukacha ngakumbi indlela - [C6 H7 O2 (OH) 3] -, udityaniswe kwi zinemoletyhule elide yomgama.

ifomula neselulosi Ezinto ichaza iimpawu zayo unique imichiza ukuxhathisa bume entsimbini. Kwakhona ido- siyakwazi ukumelana eliphezulu bubushushu, nokuba ngama 200 impahla Celsius ugcina ubume bawo kwaye bobungayi konakaliswa. Autoignition kusenzeka lobushushu 420 ° C.

Akukho neselulosi kangako zokuhlola emzimbeni. Le ndlela yokubala noshowo neselulosi ngohlobo imisonto elide eziqulathe ukusuka 300 ukuya 10,000 iiyunithi glucose ukuba akukho amasebe ecaleni, ubukhulu becala kugqiba uzinzo omkhulu weli. Formula glucose ubonisa indlela nobuninzi iibhondi hydrogen kundingcatsha imicu neselulosi kungekuphela nje amandla ngoomatshini phezulu, kodwa kwakhona okubuyela kwimo ephezulu. Iziphumo kohlaziyo ezininzi kuThixo imifuniselo imichiza kunye nophando yaba kukudala lomzekelo macromolecules kwincindi. It is a uwele ngqongqo ngamanyathelo 2-3 kwinqanaba samabanga aphantsi, nto leyo yazinza ngenxa kwiintambo intramolecular hydrogen.

Hayi indlela neselulosi kunye izinga polymerization luphawu esisiseko izinto ezininzi. Ngoko ke i-cotton ekrwada ufikelela inani iintsalela glucosidic 2500-3000, i-cotton nyulu - ukusuka 900 ukuya ku-1000, nyulu emthini na isibonisi 800-1000, nokuphola le zecellulose inani lazo liye lancitshiswa 200-400, neselulosi acetate ngendlela mveliso ngayo isusela ku 150 ku 270 'amakhonkco' kwi molecule.

A imveliso ngokwenza neselulosi na nezityalo, ikakhulu ziinkuni. Inkqubo esisiseko ibandakanya ukuveliswa chips iinkuni kunye iikhemikhali pulping ezahlukeneyo, kulandele zokwenza nyulu, ngetshaneli ukusika imveliso ogqityiweyo.

unyango elandelayo of neselulosi yenza kube lula ukufumana izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ngempahla ezinqwenelekayo emzimbeni yemichiza ukuvumela ukuba bavelise iintlobo ngeentlobo iimveliso, ngaphandle apho ubomi bomntu mihla Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso ngqondweni. Le ndlela yokubala ezizodwa kwincindi, chemical zilungiswe kunye nonyango ngokwasemzimbeni, yaba isiseko imveliso ngezinto ezikhethekileyo ngokwendalo, ubavumele ngokubanzi ukuba esetyenziswa kwishishini amachiza, amayeza kunye nezinye iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.