Battle komlambo Shelon. Battle of shelon 1471

Ngesizathu esithile kulindeleke ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi abalawuli Russia zizakubalulwa ukuhlonelana ifudumale. Kodwa le yinto into ukulahlwa izinto ukhohlakele zembali: iimfazwe zamakhaya baphatheka eqhelekileyo, kwaye nokunqwenela ukuzimela ezinye iinkosana oku kwabanceda kuphela. Kuyinto isiqinisekiso ogqwesileyo Idabi komlambo Shelon.

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Idabi senzeka 1471, ngoJulayi 14. Nanjengoko igama layo lixela, idabi yabanjwa ngomhla lomlanjana Shelon (malunga nama-30 km kwintshona Lake Ilmen). Amaqela alwayo njengondwendwe le ubulawuli eMoscow Novgorod Republic.

Isiganeko umbuzo lisukela emva nemikhankaso Ivan III, ngubani wagqiba ekubeni kanye nabo bonke aphelise inkululeko Novgorod kaThixo. Noko ke, esona sizathu ukuba nkqu. Isibakala sokuba abantu Novgorod ngexesha waqonda ukuba koNebhukadenetsare ka Duchy of Lithuania, wakhokela inkqubo rhoqo ukulwa nezinye nazo izilawuli Russian. Kodwa ke imbali ubulawuli eMoscow kukuba le nguqulo ezingaqondakaliyo. Kungenzeka, Ivan Iii ngaba ungathanda ukuba balahle unit ozimeleyo ononyawo.

ulwazi olusisiseko

Ngehlobo lowe-1471 kwiphulo wenza njengoko bamphendula ngako abantu abamalunga ne-10 lamawaka amadoda. Wasuka wayalela ukuba kubhalwe Prince DD Holm, ngubani wamsikelela Ivan ukuba "njengombingelelo" of Novgorod. le yokugqibela akazange ayithande umgaqo-nkqubo Pskovians nokuba uzimele, nayo leyo wathumela umkhosi ukunceda okuvula eMoscow. Noko ke, umnqweno wabo ovuthayo podsobit Ivan kungayimimandla kuchaphazela nonozakuzaku eMoscow kutshanje ebezifuna umkhosi 'ukuba ityala elikhulu iPrince. " Ukuba Pskov wala, wayeya ngoko nangoko phakathi iintshaba abanobubi kakumkani eMoscow nabantu bonke iziphumo ...

Ngokutsho chroniclers, umkhosi Novgorod kwaba kane umkhosi rhoqo Moscow, kodwa uninzi izilingo abangaqeqeshelwanga wabasebenzi baloo dolophu. D. Boretsky waya kuyo. Novgorodians kwanyanzeleka mandikhawulezise kunye iseti-mkhosi, njengoko kwakufuneka enze ngokukhawuleza ukuba ganga ngoku Pskov ngethemba soyisa utshaba ukukhusela umqosheliso wakhe.

ngqa

Kwaye kunjalo, kusasa ngoJulayi 14, eli qela le "halophyte" Novgorod ngesiquphe badibana kunye elincinane (akukho ngaphezulu kwe amawaka amahlanu) Pskov looding, uhamba ukuba bajoyine nenxalenye ephambili yomkhosi. Nangona esibayeni ezisibhozo-(!) Ukuphakama lotshaba, ngesibindi wahlasela Kholmsk. Noko ke, yena wayengekho isidenge; umkhosi Ukukhetha njengenkosana of vigilantes abaqeqeshwe kakuhle kwaye axhobileyo ngokoqobo itshayelwe wamajoni ka Novgorod, uninzi lwabo wayengazi ukuba alwe njani. Ngoko (ngokufutshane) wathabatha edabini Shelon emlanjeni.

Kuthathwa ukuba ukulahleka ochaphazelekayo yaba kungekho ngaphantsi kwe-12 amawaka. Man, amawaka amabini yanikezela. Abanye e yokothuka eyoyikekayo, sabalekela ehlathini. Le kokoyiswa wagqiba ekupheleni geqe Novgorod kunye Ukudlala wakhe Lithuanians.

Imeko yezopolitiko ngelo xesha

Noko ke, yena Novgorod kwinkulungwane ye-15 bakude ekubeni ezona amaxesha. Yazi abacinezelekileyo luze lube sezantsi ngakumbi phakathi kwezakhi labemi, ebangela imvukelo zangaphakathi ziqheleke. Umphezulu akwazi ukuphatha nabo ngokwabo, yaye ke ngoko bangena kwisivumelwano inenkohliso nokumkani Polish-Lithuanian, ngubani wayikhupha imikhosi kunye libamba labo Novgorod. Baba amisiweyo Casimir IV Prince Michael Olelkovich. Le impangele kwinkulungwane ye-15 akanakundixolela.

Le umququ yokugqibela kukuba nkqu ukuqeshwa Metropolitan of Novgorod ibango hayi eyayiseKiev. Kwangaxeshanye, baqalisa ukuvula thethwano kunye Lithuanians nezibonda efuna izibophelelo encedisayo xa imfazwe Ivan III. Nokuba phakathi kwabo Novgorod yi ewolo evulekileyo yabangela uqhwithela wobhavumo. Ngelishwa, umanyano "umgca engundoqo" wayengekho phakathi belinye icala. City zibandakanyeke iphazanyiswa, umkhosi wamajoni Novgorod ndandibuthathaka kakhulu kwaye ezimagqagala.

Ivan III kwindima yokuba umenzi

It zifanele ukuba zingathathwa ngokuba enguzwilakhe gazi Ivan. Wazama ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ukuqiqa Novgorod, esebenzisa impembelelo ibandla. Metropolitan ngazo zonke iindlela bazama ukulumkisa ngumzi ogwilikayo ekwenzeni ushishino i "Latins", kodwa impumelelo amazwi akhe akazange. Akumangalisi, omnye ubulawuli ka Novgorod kakhulu inyathelo ukungcatshwa lizwe kunye nokholo.

NgoMatshi 1471, uMikhail Olelkovich ushiye Novgorod waza waya eKiev for iintetho. Kodwa Ivan III abagulayo le perfidy ka Novgorod, ngoko ugqiba ukuba abize elwela nxamnye bonke abanginizayo. Enyanisweni, bonke babeyazi imfazwe ezayo nezepolitiki, kodwa yinto umbala yonqulo wayefanele ukuba ibe ngundoqo oluhlanganisa ukuzimisela iinkosana.

Entlakohlaza baqalisa ukuya lamalungiselelo phulo. Kwacetywa ukutsala ku vyatchan zalo ezisemacaleni, ustyuzhan, Pskov, ahlale enyanisekile eMoscow fifths yabemi Novgorod kunye namadlelo ayo. Okokuqala siye sagqiba ukulujikeleza umzi, lunqumle kuzo zonke iindlela zorhwebo sinxibelelanisa abangcatshi ku Lithuania. Enyanisweni, iindaba imfazwe eMoscow-Novgorod azizange (ukuba bayathetha ngayo feuds rhoqo), kodwa eli xesha umthetheli akadlali.

plan umkhankaso

Ukususela entshonalanga kunye wasempumalanga kufika squad ezimbini eyomeleleyo, yaye sele ukusuka ezantsi eyayicwangciselwe ukuba bambethe nzima umkhosi, leyo okhokelwa ngokwakhe, Ivan III. Ngo Ustyug (Meyi 1471) athume isigidimi, njongo ogama ephambili ukutsala kwicala layo kunye vyatchan ustyuzhan. Bona yadityaniswa umkhosi uIvan ezithenjiweyo ukuyisebenzisa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa ephazamisayo eyayiza buthathaka amandla eziphambili Novgorod. Esi sicwangciso laphumelela ngokunamathelene-. Battle komlambo Shelon elo.

iziganeko

Sam kukaMatshi kude ngempazamo kwakulindeleke ukonga ixesha entlakohlaza nasekwindla imigxobhozo ngeenxa Novgorod waba ivaleke ukuba enempi enkulu, yaye ebusika ukulwa imali eninzi kakhulu. Imozulu intle ngokupheleleyo: kwakukho ubushushu eyoyikekayo, omninzi imigxobhozo yomile, kunye nomlambo Shelon nzulu kakhulu.

Ndiyalele lamabutho abathetheli Kholmsk kunye Fedor Davidovich motley-Starodub. Eyenziwe amajoni ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Bazalwana Ivan III, Prince uYuri kunye Boris wajoyina ukuvunywa kamva. Kholmsk squad ngokukhawuleza ungayithandi watshisa ngokupheleleyo Staraya Russa. Wandula ke wathetha Shelon komlambo kweendonga zayo walinda ukuba inxalenye esondela iphambili yomkhosi. Njengoko Bathi ke chroniclers yexesha, amajoni wabulawa mercilessly nasekuphangweni abahlali eMoscow ndingcatshe kwicala abavukeli.

Eza ku Novgorod

Phakathi-Juni, Prince Obolensky Striga-and Danyarov - Tatar prince - weza evela eMoscow waza wafudukela Vishny Volochek, isihloko umlambo emazantsi Meta, ezama ukufikelela Novgorod empumalanga. Umkhosi ephambili yasuka eMoscow de kuye ekupheleni kuka Juni, ngeenyawo ehamba yaseTver kunye Torzhok, apho zangamawele, zithabathela yimikhosi abathetheli zasekuhlaleni.

Novgorod ngelo xesha bakhuthalele ulungiselela edabini. Bonke abemi eyomeleleyo ukwazi amandla basekuhlaleni wathuma umkhosi wamajoni. Nangona inani elikhulu imikhosi owathunywa amalungu ayo ukuba balwe ngamxhelo eMoscow kunye nezinye izixeko Russian nje eqwengiweyo. ukusebenza ukulwa kwaye mood jikelele ephantsi kakhulu, njengoko Grand Duchy of eMoscow wayesaziwa onamandla kunene, nozimanya uncedo imiqobo kunye Lithuanians, omnye wayengaqinisekanga.

amacebo Novgorod

Ithuba kuphela abantu Novgorod umele ukuba kuhlasela njalo kwi umkhosi Ivan ukuze ukumelana ngcembe kunye nemikhosi eziphambili kwiindawo. ibutho lakhe Novgorod wathumela kummandla Pskov. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, eli butho ukuthintela uxhulumaniso evela Pskov kunye nemikhosi eziphambili. Elihamba wathunyelwa kwi Shelon umlambo efanayo ukuze ukubhaqa ukuhlakaza lamabutho ePrince Kholmsk.

Vasiliy Shuysky wayalela Terceiro Comando, owathi, geqe zomkhosi eziphambili, ukuba "zonke iintlobo amaqhinga ukuba ukulungisa." Kodwa ke, isicwangciso lonke ukususela ekuqaleni aluphumelelanga, njengoko Novgorod wenza inconsistently kakhulu. Muscovites ziye kancinane ngcono - kwaye olucothayo kakhulu phambili kuqwalaselwa ngamnye. Ngenxa konke oku, lo wona libutho ezithembekileyo kuphela kwezo ndawo yaba umkhosi Prince Kholmsk. Isiphumo yonke le mfazwe ndini isigqibo apho kukho umlambo Shelon.

Kwesifo impi

Kufutshane kwilali Korostyn Novgorod wagqiba ukusebenzisa isikhundla bodwa Kholmsk bayidiliza. Lo mkhosi yahlulwe ngamaqela amabini: mabutho wayeza kusukela ephangweni ekunene, kunye nomkhosi abangafumani msebenzi ukuhlasela Ezomva Muscovites. Bona kwakhona ayeshwankathela disorganization jikelele. Athathwe wenza sluggishly, andiqondi, ukuze alwe umlambo Shelon baphulukana elide phambi kokuba eyona kokuqala kwalo.

Nangona Novgorod uthethathethwano, oko yaye njani ngesiquphe wabonakala Holmogorski kufuphi elalini, ehlasela utshaba elihamba. imikhosi Novgorod ahlulwa ngokupheleleyo. Ke umthetheli waya Staraya Russa, eyaqala kwakhona ukulindela amandla eziphambili. Kwakhona wadibana Novgorod, umkhosi rhoqo nephakame umfula Poly River. prince eNamandla ephinda ehlasela kwaye kwakhona boyisiwe. Okumangalisayo kukuba, i-mahashe elite Novgorod ngexesha zombini amadabi engasebenziyo ngokupheleleyo.

Ngoko wamiselwa uxhulumaniso Novgorod ukuya ubulawuli eMoscow.

Ukuziphatha Ivan III

Holmogorski waqonda ukuba eli phulo, nokuba impumelelo, nako kufika ngathi nguzwilakhe indelelo. Chroniclers ingxelo wathumela abathunywa kukumkani kunye iingxelo zoloyiso, kwaye bafuna icebiso ngendlela yokwenza oku. Ivan akazange ukufumana (Akumangalisi) nomsindo, waza wayalela isikhulu nangoku ukudibanisa kunye nomkhosi wakhe Pskov.

Noko ke, umthetheli, yaye wayeqonda ukuba amanye amanyathelo elizimeleyo sele ungenza niwenze zibiza kakhulu: Novgorod, yonke yawo ezingaqondakaliyo ozikhethayo zezopolitiko, balwa kakhulu ngesibindi. Kholmsk squad yayisele ezilahlekileyo bungaphezu kweekhilogram ezingamawaka amane amadoda.

Le nkcazelo idabi engundoqo

elihamba kanye olwaludiliziwe, owamahashe Republic kodwa deigned ukuvela kwi ngasechwebeni lomlambo. Aphuma aya kumkhawulela lonke Chelm enye, sinyuka Shelon. Kunye abachasi zihlukaniswe kuphela emlanjeni. Novgorod, wayephakathi apho umbala ungunyana wabanumzana zabo, waba ebusuku. Ngosuku olulandelayo baqala Shelonskoy edabini.

Ukususela ekuseni, imikhosi ezimbini baqalisa ukuze amgibisele iintolo kunye iimbumbulu ngaphesheya komlambo. Kwakhona Chelm wagqiba kwi kushenxa ngequbuliso. Ngokukhawuleza awela umlambo, ukuba incinane, kodwa nomsindo kakhulu kwaye squad friendly yahlaselwa Novgorod, ukusuka apho uxinzelelo enjalo yiyo yonke endoda zabo zokulwa. Ngeli xesha, bonke abantu ngokucotha lossless bawela umlambo waza wangena naso.

Nangona yokothuka sokuqala, Novgorod waqala ngamandla ukulwa, Bakuba ke bengenanto ukuba ulahlekelwe. Tatar kwamabutho iqembu wahlasela nangegxalaba zabo, emva koko amajoni ezininzi abaleka. Yintoni Akumangalisi ke, nangona imfazwe, Novgorod, ngokutsho memoirs ababephila, "ngathi nomxokelelwane wazidiliza." Baqalisa okukhulu ukulungisa izikolo omnye komnye, oko kukhokelele phantse isiqingatha izinduna wabulawa ngesibetho phaya emva.

iziphumo

Uloyiso akayisa anobukroti wamajoni, kodwa isothuse. Ukanti Novgorod waba okuninzi, nkqu nangona ihlabathi lahlulelene yabo. Uloyiso yayibaluleke qhinga: i Chamber of Novgorod ngebhaqo wabonisa sezingqondweni bagqiba kwelokuba bacele inceba Ivan III, apho Grand Duchy of eMoscow wavuma.

Muscovites amabutho baya kuba Shelon apho Juni 27 kwakufuneka ukudibana kunye nonozakuzaku, elikhokelwa Metropolitan Theophanes. Isimanga, kodwa ngokwemiqathango ukuxolelana baphatheka onobulali: okokuqala, Novgorod ukuwugqalela wawafungelayo kukumkani. Okwesibini, wahlawula i-indemnity kwi mali ka-16 amawaka engange Novgorod. Sinokuthi oko kwenzekileyo a kwinto yokukatswa kuphela zokwalatha, eyabonisa izinduna abanekratshi amandla kuyo yonke iRussia.

Kwaye ngeli xesha ...

Wona libutho lesithathu Novgorod, kwakhokelela Shumsky, waya Ustyug. Kwisiphumo edabini engundoqo, abazi nto. Izinduna of eMoscow, bahlanganisana nomkhosi ngenqindi Ustyug kunye Vyatichi, baba ukuhlangana. Siye sadibana mkhosi kwi Dvina emlanjeni. Precast iqembu Muscovites, ikhokelwa ngu Basil Sample umkhosi kwimicu wahlula Shumsky. Kwakhona Novgorod nto yandincedayo triple noludumileyo lwabo lwamanani, njengoko amandla ukulwa Sisonke ephantsi kakhulu.

Kakade ke, Novgorod ukujoyina lo ubulawuli eMoscow kwaba kukha ngephanyazo. Oku kwenzeka iminyaka esixhenxe kuphela, kodwa uloyiso ezozinto ezizanyazanyiswayo amandla inxalenye Novgorod wabanumzana, owenza konke ukuthobela Ivan III. Holmogorski, ngubani wamnika spanking umboniso, wabonisa ukuba axabene urhulumente kuyingozi kakhulu. Ngoko ke, lo imfazwe phezu komlambo Shelon 1471 wabeka ingongoma elityetyisiweyo kwimbali Novgorod elizimeleyo.