Battle of Gross-Egersdorf. Imbali uloyiso yomkhosi Russian

Kwimbali yethu emkhosini kufuneka 'amabala amhlophe "ngokwaneleyo. Ezinye amadabi ayazi mhlawumbi loo mbali abaqeqeshiweyo. Kwaye oku nangona uninzi lwabo wadlala indima ebalulekileyo hayi kuphela kuphuhliso lwelizwe lethu, kodwa kwimbali kwamanye amazwe. Injalo imfazwe Gross-Egersdorf. Kuye akabanga nempembelelo encinane ngesiphumo War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo, kodwa khumbula lo mcimbi rhoqo kakhulu.

Background Brief Historical

Gross Egersdorf (Gross-Jägersdorf) - le ndawo edabini, izinto ezo ezenzeka 19 (30) ngo-Agasti 1757. It yayihanjelwe Russia ne-Prussia. Kwelinye icala kukho aba 28,000 amajoni Prussia, owawukhokelwa Field Marshal ukuba Lewald. Kwelinye - 55 000 amajoni Russian, umyalelo zimiliselwe ukwenye intsimi-yalelani, SF Apraksin.

Eyaziwa impi ukuba ubhaptizo imikhosi Russian kwiMfazwe kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo. Kuyinto ingumnqa into apha ukuqhubeka ibali Ukoyisa Enkulu yomkhosi Russian. Nje amaqabane abafileyo kunye kokurhoxa iintloni koko, amajoni zethu perepalo. Ngoko ke, ngaba siqale phi ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18 kwimbali Russia?

prehistory

Kuloo minyaka, iYurophu sele ikwazile ukulibala malunga iimpawu ekulweni amabutho Russian. Kakade ke, kwakukho phambi War of the Polish kunye "ilifa" Austria, kodwa zombini amaxesha abantu abathinjiweyo IsiRashiya ukuya ukunceda sizana are "awungeni ndawo." Ngoko ke, Potr Lassi ngo-1735 uyakwazi ukufikelela kanye kunxweme iRhine, kunye nePrince Repnin squad (iminyaka eli-13 emva koko) bonke wafumana iindaba lesiphelo impi ngexesha komjikelo nje emdeni eBohemia kunye Moravia. Ngamafutshane, iimfazwe ezinkulu kuloo minyaka ezifana into ayisebenzi (Ngethamsanqa, kuba amajoni).

Uluvo Amagosa Friedrich

Ezinye iinkcukacha amabutho Russian ukusuka Frederick II ubenabongameli bakhe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha yakhe kwinkonzo yoBukhosi baseRashiya lwaluquka Kate treshka Fink, Manstein yaye uGrant. Bathetha ngokuzithoba okukhulu abasebenzi womyalelo yomkhosi Russian. Kodwa Frederick wayengekho isidenge, kunye imfazwe kwi miba mibini kwizicwangciso zakhe azifakwanga. Into asukuba esikelelwe ngayo wabona isakhono utshaba umkhosi, shlestyvayutsya ne-Russia akazange afune.

Ngoko Lewald, awonisa imfazwe Gross-Egersdorf ngecala Prussia, amandla ombuso kwafuneka ukuba balwe nje kuphela, kodwa iintetho uxolo. Ukongeza, Friedrich kumvelela kalukhuni xa lokoyisa phezu Russian acenge abo ukuba ihlabathi. Nazi nje senkulungwane 18-th kwimbali Russia, ngelishwa, kwaba zizityebi emfazweni.

Ngokubona icala Russian

Isimo enkampini Russian (kubandakanywa amagosa) ngukumkani waseKorinte: i invincibility ka-Frederick kuphela amabali nje yabhalwa. amadabi lakhe elikhulu sele ulawulwa ukwaphula umoya abo naye nkqu baqala ukulwa!

Ezahlukeneyo ngaloo evela Lehwaldt ngokupheleleyo "elizenzekelayo", Apraksin waba iphaphethi langoku, ukunyanzelwa ukuba ingxelo Petersburg nje malunga yonke into encinane. Ngowe-1757, yena ebengekamazi apho kwakuza kufuneka ukukhokela amajoni. "Strategy" ngaphandle komzi, Neva, ngokwemithetho, "Hamba uye kule ndlela, ukuze xa imfuneko ngempumelelo ngokulinganayo ukuba nkqu Prussia, nkqu eSilesia." Omkhulu, yintoni uthi ...

imikhosi State alwayo amaqela

NgoMeyi 1757, Apraksin umkhosi uqalisa ibutho. Umkhosi ubunjwe amajoni ukuya ku-100 lamawaka, yaye 20,000 lilungu umkhosi wamajoni motley. Army ngaphandle Livonia, liza kufika i Niemen. Nangona squad (20 amawaka abantu), Jikelele-in-Chief Fermor ngokwemvula Memel, ngenkxaso kwizithuthi Russian. Ekugqibeleni, ngoJuni 25, isimbo endala Memel wabanjwa, emva koko eli phulo liqala ngokusemthethweni. Fieldmarshal Apraxin, ukuthatha imikhosi eziphambili, edakasa kwicala Verzhbolovo kunye Gumbinnen.

Kwangaxeshanye, kunye nomkhosi Lewald nice ukuchitha ixesha iphumle phezu kwizikhundla kakuhle abaqeshwe Vela. Kuba amanyathelo Russian kulandela squad patrol encinane. Kodwa xa Prussia yalelani endle efumanise ukuba umlingane wakhe Russian, simanywe Fermor, 23 (12) ngo-Agasti uya ukuya isixeko Allenburg (Ilali Ubuhlobo kummandla eKaliningrad), Lewald yeny 'ikhefu "kwaye umngeni utshaba, efuna ukuba aye kuhlasela . Akazange bexakaniseka uloyiso yokugqibela umkhosi Russian ...

Ziziphi iimeko ngengingqi?

Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti (entsha) Apraxin yenza ekudibaneni umlambo Pregel ngxi ntshona Norkitena. Emva koko, injengele yomkhosi ugqiba iholide, iinkampu phakathi ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye Pregel auxin (isebe Preti). Le ndawo ukhethe ngengozi: i North ngaphambi kokuba lutshaba kunokwenzeka Pregel ziphele, ukusukela kwicala elingasempuma ukuma imikhosi Russian zagutyungelwa auxin, kumazantsi-ntshona yaba ihlathi ashinyeneyo, apho achitha ngasese umkhosi baba yingxaki. Ngenisa kweminquba ayikwazanga ezintathu kuphela ezityhutyhayo ezincinane ayakhuselwa ngokugqibeleleyo.

Elihamba baseka yokuhlasela eyandisiweyo, kunye icala layo ekhohlo waphumla nje auxin. Ifunyanwa kufuphi Schlossberg enqabeni yawo. Amaphiko onke amahashe, emi phambi kwiilali Veynoten. Eyona nto imbi kwafuneka ngasekhohlo, nto leyo kwimeko iyahlasela xihinga kuphela ngendlela uhlaselo engundoqo yotshaba.

Ngoko Apraksina abantu bema kweentsuku ezimbalwa, kwaye iqela emva lonke eli xesha andizange ndinikhathaze ukwenza nawuphi na umsebenzi yezobuntlola, ukuba ebumnyameni malunga nendlela deployment utshaba kunye namandla awo. Uva ngobudenge ekukhanyeni oko xa ukulahlwa kwe umphathi-16 amawaka Russian amahashe ubukhaphukhaphu efanelekileyo zokuhlola. Ukongeza, eminqubeni, waqhekeza defectors abaninzi nangoko walumkisa malunga yinjongo Lehwaldt ukuhlasela, ukuqala idabi Gross-Egersdorf. Lo mhla kwakhona eyaziwa njenge ethile kunene: ngentsasa Agasti 30.

Malunga isidingo sokuba ingqondo

Lewald, ngengozi, sele Agasti 29 velisa kwesimo ngokupheleleyo ngokuthumela le njongo kanye imikhosi ezimbini: ezincinane nezinkulu. Njengenxalenye yokugqibela, kwakukho abaninzi kangangoko 40 squadrons, inkokeli apho waqeshwa General Shorlemer. Noko ke, Lehwaldt nelishwa. Ngokomzekelo, Shorlemer akazange akwazi ukubona ephangweni lasekhohlo umkhosi Russian phantsi Zitenfelde. Kanye ngalo mzuzu kwi Zitenfelde wathumela ngamava encinane ekhokelwa uLieutenant-General Lieven. Kukwakho ke kwisahlulo sesibini, leyo wabelwa umyalelo Jikelele-in-Chief Lopuchin.

Ngamafutshane, ngoAgasti 30, bekukho imeko kokuzifaneleyo ye yeqonga ye ezitenxileyo: imikhosi ezimbini ezinkulu kuqalisa imfazwe, nangona ayisazi nayiphi yabantu yotshaba, okanye iingalo zakhe.

Forces Russian kunye nemikhosi Prussia

Ngoko ke, kweli dabi Gross-Egersdorf yi Prussians eze: 22 ithathele nomkhosi, owamahashe squadrons-50. Inani lilonke - malunga 25 okanye 28 amawaka abantu. inkxaso zokudubula inikwa 35 imipu entsimini, "zimisele umoya omawulawule" zokuhlola nje ezimbini guns enzima.

Apraksin 89 ithathele ndiyalele nomkhosi engumxube, grenadiers ezine umlomo nedazini 46 squadrons abakhwele uyakhetha. "Inkxaso yokuziphatha" enikiweyo engekho mgaqweni abakhwele ukukhanya. Zonke phantsi Russian yalelani endle, kwakukho malunga 50-55 amawaka amajoni. Gunners kanye 154 regimental kunye 79 imipu entsimini. Njengoko isimanga mathathu Prussia howitzers Shuvalovskie enzima wawukulungele.

mbali abaninzi Western ziye zaphawula ngokusa ukuba loo noludumileyo Russian ebantwini kunye zokudubula "ukwenza kwakungekho nto", kuphela bayalibala ngokupheleleyo malunga ezinye iinkcukacha: (!) ukuya ku 40-50% omkhosi Russian akazange athathe inxaxheba ekulweni, ukuba ezinxulumene odolo engacacanga kunye neemeko sendawo. Ukuba hayi inkuthazo yamajoni kunye namagosa, imfazwe Gross-Egersdorf onokuba ngumzekelo oyindumasi ngokoyiswa stupidest.

Njani idabi?

Ngokuhlwa, Agasti 29 Apraksin unika amajoni umyalelo ukuqala ukuthetha kusasa. Njengoko abanye ababhali-mbali bathi, akazange athembele iingxelo bamkelwe waza wagqiba ekubeni Babesinqinda indlela wakhe kusenokwenzeka ukuba imigibe. Abanye banoluvo lokuba umncedisi endle wayezimisele ukulwa kwindawo evulekileyo ngakumbi (ayengathandi Grosse Egersdorf), ezo kangcono amanyathelo amahashe. Kusasa kwakukho isiganeko: iiyunithi Russian kwangaphambili e engaphandle manga, ngesiquphe ubuso ngobuso kunye nenxalenye elichubekileyo Prussians.

Kwafika lokugqibela macala ngokukhawuleza, naphezu ezityhutyhayo ihlathi emxinwa kwakuvela sisiphithiphithi: ihashe onempambano kubanyathela phantsi abantu, kwaye kwithala abasemva ebengenakwenza nto ukunceda amaqabane bazo ngenxa yengxinano. Idabi Gross-Egersdorf.

Ukwakhiwa kwe Prussians

Ukutyunjwa Russian yaba yinto enkulu, ayifikela Prussians: Lewald wacebisa ukuya kuhlasela eminqubeni, kwaye alwe enezintlu uhamba wolula. Phambi ngobu busuku Prussians bashiya indawo yabo yaye 3.30 kusasa aqalisa ukuba yakhiwe, ukuba nje reference indawo ngokwakhe Gross Egersdorf. Scheme zokwakha ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ezimbini central uthabathe nomkhosi nomkhosi, nelisemihlubulweni inshorensi ezimbini nomkhosi kunye neeyunithi mahashe.

Phambi nangegxalaba ngalinye iibhetri ezintathu zokudubula, iyileyo yayinemipu ezintandathu. Kweli nqanaba, i Prussians akazange abone imikhosi Russian, kodwa yiva imiyalelo kunye drumbeat owawuvela inkampu yakhe. Umyalelo inikwa ukusebenza ngexesha kanye 4,00 kusasa. Makubekwe isiqingatha seyure emva umkhosi Prussia phezu hambo, kunye igubu impi zithatha indawo Russian. Ngelo xesha linye, ibe luya lusiba nochatha kunye amahashe kuzo zombini emihlubulweni. Okokuqala Battle of Gross-Egersdorf iphuhliswe egameni le Prussians.

Yokuqala impumelelo Prussians

Ngenxa "Bamangaliswa factor" Prussians kuqala lucky. 30 squadrons abakhwele undintlitha amahashe Russian uye ngqo ngasemva elihamba, leyo esiku- Veynotena. Prince of Holstein, lowo wongamele squadrons eziliqela ngeli xesha ehlasela kwamabutho ukukhanya, ngubani kunyanzeleke ukuba aye phantsi kokhuselo iibhetri zokudubula. Noko ke, ngelo xesha uninzi elihamba ayesele ndawonye, yaye, esebenza kunye amahashe rhoqo, wakwazi ukuba imbodlela Prussians.

Kuvuthelwa engundoqo wawa phezu amaqela amabini Lopuchin. Kulapha ukuba idabi kakhulu kokuvutha isaqhuma. Brigade Saltykov and Villebois, oluba ngamandla ngokupheleleyo yomkhosi Prussia, uzale nelahleko enkulu. Villebois iphelelwe phantse isiqingatha amajoni ayo, kodwa hayi isibindi: bagxothwa ehlathini, uyaqhubeka 'snap "isenza amagalelo anzima Prussia. EziBekekileyo kunye gunners: wathumela izandla zabo eligcisa, Shuvalovsky howitzers benze Frederick izikhewu ezinkulu amajoni. Ngokubanzi, ezininzi uloyiso olukhulu yomkhosi Russian bekunokwenzeka kanye yi ukusetyenziswa ngobuchule zokudubula.

Le wumbe point

Ngasemdeni edabini kakubi lombutho yehlathi uze iqala ukuya kwindawo melee eyoyikekayo. It avela kwicandelo reserve yesithathu ngoko nangoko abaxabela amahashe Shorlemera, emva koko kuyanyanzeleka ukuba siphumele, ithwele ilahleko enkulu. Holstein Prince izama ukuhlasela kwakhona, kodwa ukuhlasela lesibini kwawona ngempumelelo. Kweli nqanaba, iyantlukwano yesibini Russian, wazolula kwaye kwegazi, lisondele ngokuyingozi encirclement kunye bengaphumelelanga. Indawo igcina uMajor General PA Rumyantsev, ndiyamangaliswa regiments ezine entsha Prussia.

Le umvumbo kwaba obungahexiyo. Kuzo zombini ezintlwini kwizikhundla Prussia ezikhulayo nokudideka ngokukhawuleza iba yokothuka wokwenene ukudideka. Lwezintlu ze yesibini ngandlel lilawula yokugubungela zokudubula kunye umpu umlilo amajoni ezizezabo njengoko umgca kuqala, uze emva koko iqala bebulawa Prussians. Akhona eXcellent kwaba Shorlemera amahashe, amadoda okwacaca phantsi umlilo enzima Russian, wakwazi ukuba umoya iqhele ngocwangco. Ezinye iinxalenye umkhosi Prussia babaleka ngempumelelo ukuba ingqokelela yazo wathabatha imini ngaphezu kwesinye.

Ngoko ke, yintoni na iziphumo edabini olwenzeke kulo nyaka-1757? Imfazwe iye nje waqalisa ukuqokelela isivuno anegazi zabo: icala Prussia lelahleko uthelekelelwa 4.5 amawaka abantu, amajoni bethu baye balahlekelwa 5500. Abafa kwicala bethu malunga enye nesiqingatha amawaka.

Yintoni umphumo?

Apraksin, kokoyisa Lehwaldt edabini evulekileyo, wenza ngokungathi iphumelele yi Prussians. Prussia ukulawula endle ezolile kukhokelela umkhosi ukuya Vela. Apraksin efanayo, ukufika malunga kuloo ndawo apho kwidabi ukuya kwenqanaba yesibini yomkhosi Prussia, akenzi nto. Kuphela ngoSeptemba 5, yena uthabatha iinzame elidangeleyo ukuhlasela ephangweni ekhohlo Lehwaldt. Kwiimfanta Onobuqili, wakhetha ukugcina amajoni.

amabutho Russian kuhlangana naye 1760, xa kwingqwayi-Berlin, liya kuququzelela le ukuziphendulela kwekomkhulu Prussia kumanyathelo yaseRussia General Totleben.

Ekupheleni Agasti, ekugqibeleni Apraksin isusiwe esihlalweni sakhe bathi, bemthomalalisile ewela olukhawulezileyo ucaphula le Pregel, liqalisa ngokukhawuleza baleka Niemen. Ekubeni nokubambezeleka ngeveki, i Prussians baqale ukwenza rhoqo amajoni ethu, ukulandela nokubanikela emdeni wayo. Esifo iqala umkhosi Russian. Bibles mahashe ndinesifo bhubhane ezinjalo ilahleko zalo kwanyanzeleka ukuba abuyele kwilizwe lawo.

Apraksin yasuswa kwi-ofisi ze wagwetywa kwinkundla, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba afe zestrowuku. Izizathu yokothuka yakhe siphumele ingaziwa unanamhla. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba wanyanzelwa ukuba kuyo nayiphi na imiyalelo evela kwikomkhulu. Sele wakhankanya ukuba Marshal Field alikwazanga ukuthatha izigqibo ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo baqonde ngobungakanani uxanduva lwabo endisabela enjalo, ngoko kwaba nzima isigqibo sakhe.