Ziziphi nyaka ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya

1861 - apha ngaphakathi babe ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya. Lo mhla kubangelwa iintlanganiso ezininzi kunye namagosa karhulumente, abanini, iingangamsha, waba ngokunxulumene ngqo ubunini yabantu ifumana ingeniso yayo kusetyenziso ubume babo khoboka. Ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze ukupheliswa serfdom baqalisa izinto ezininzi ziye udale imeko zamehlo lwezopolitiko noqoqosho kuphuhliso Russia.

Intsusa neziphumo nokupheliswa serfdom

Esona sizathu kungathathwa ukoyiswa yoBukhosi Russian kwi iCrimea War. Isiphumo layo ngokupheleleyo backwardness of Russia abasuka kumazwe aseYurophu kuphuhliso kwemveliso yoshishino, inkokheli zopolitiko neyeemfazwe lizwe. Kuye kudala utsha imfuneko utshintsho ngokunxulumene abalimi, ingakumbi, utshintsho kumsebenzi, jikelele, yaba umdlali ophambili kuphuhliso kwezolimo iinguqulelo. Iingcebiso kunye komishini ezizodwa ebekwe phezulu urhulumente, eyaqala ukuba uxwebhu elo inkululeko ngamakhoboka, ukucacisa amalungelo abanini ababesakuba umyalelo omtsha wobomi abalimi kunye nonyaka ezayo ukupheliswa serfdom.

Kungekuphela nje inkululeko womlimi eziqhelekileyo ukubetha zonke iingqondo karhulumente kunye nabantu enakhanyiselwa ngayo bukhosi. Kufuneka wezabasebenzi free kwishishini ephakamise, ukwakhiwa izixeko ezintsha, bakhonze umkhosi, ekugqibeleni. Serfdom wenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa yokwaphuka abalimi. Inkonzo yenkosi yakhe, processing kwentsimi yayo nemihlaba - oko kukuthi iqashiso serfdom kunye nenzala yayo ukuba ihlobo elide. Ziziphi nyaka wabhangiswa serfdom, kunyaka omnye okokuqala ngqa umlimi enze ukhetho - into omele uyenze le nkululeko, nto leyo eli phupha ixesha elide kangaka? Ukuhlala kwindawo eqhelekileyo, kwaye ezifunyenwe, okanye yiya kunye impahla afumileyo ezifunyenwe zikhangela ubomi obungcono?

Umhla ukupheliswa serfdom - iimeko ezintsha lokuphila abalimi

Unyaka ukupheliswa serfdom yaba sisiphumo yomsebenzi onzima kunye comprehensive. UMlawuli Alexander II 19 Februwari 1861 , lityikitye imanifesto ukupheliswa serfdom. Yintoni eye yatshintsha ukuba umfama avareji kunye nentsapho yakhe emva kwalo mhla? Ziziphi nyaka ukupheliswa serfdom, kulo nyaka yaye yanikwa kuqaliso isicwangciso kuphuhliso lwelizwe kuqoqosho eqeshiweyo yabasebenzi. Umlimi kuhlala kwisikhundla sokuba umqeshi esemthethweni, umnini-mhlaba okanye umhlaba amanene, nokuhlawula umsebenzi okanye imali ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa kwayo. ukuthenga umhlaba Ngaba, noko ke, phantse akukho yamafama ababa ukuluthenga - ixabiso iye ayifumaneki.

Ukuthengisa izakhono zakho ezintsha ngokupheleleyo umlimi, wayesoloko hlobo lalimiselwa njengomphathi wendlu. Uyala kule nkonzo, ukuba kuthengiswa, ukuba ukungena Ekuthwaseni ezininzi kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho - etshintshe ubomi umlimi, waqala ukutshintsha zakhe iimbono ezopolitiko. Enye iziphumo ezingundoqo ukupheliswa serfdom nako kuqwalaselwa phakathi abalimi ukuvela iinkokeli zezopolitiko ukuchaza amalungelo noxanduva ilungu ngalinye kwenkqubo entsha - umthengisi kunye umthengi. Ngaphambili, umlimi ayikwazanga ukuba uluvo, ngoku ke bemphulaphula, akaba ngandlel 'ithile ukuba anilwele amancinci kodwa onke amalungelo afanayo. 1861 - umhla, ephendula umbuzo, koko kunyaka yaba ukupheliswa serfdom - bekunjalo kunyaka yokomeleza kunye kukuzukiswa lobuzwilakhe. Alexander II evela kubantu ombulelo obungunaphakade kunye ukukhunjulwa njenge "uMsindisi kwaye umkhululi." Ukupheliswa serfdom wabanika amandla okuqhubela kuphuhliso kwimizi-yokuzikhusela ubukhosi complex, utshintsho emkhosini, uphuhliso lomhlaba ezintsha kunye yokufuduka abantu oluphangelayo, ekomelezeni unxibelelwano ezidolophini nasemaphandleni kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi kunye neenkxalabo omnye komnye.